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Anatomy > Nervous System - The "Basics" > Flashcards

Nervous System - The "Basics" Flashcards

Exam 3

1
Q

what are the 4 main functions of the nervous system ?

A

communication/coordination/control
sensory
integration
motor

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2
Q

sensory funcition def

A

the gathering of information

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3
Q

what are receptors mostly

A

modified neurons

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4
Q

what does the sensory function for the NS

A

receptors

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5
Q

integration def

A

make decisions based on info gathered
involved with memory/intelligence/learning/ and emotion

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6
Q

what thing does the integration function for the NS

A

brain and spinal cord

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7
Q

motor def

A

sending instructions

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8
Q

what are the two main components of the nervous system

A

the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system

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9
Q

what is in the CNS

A

brain and spinal cord
integration

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10
Q

What is in the PNS

A

spinal nerves and branches
cranial nerves and branches
sensory and motor

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11
Q

how many spinal nerves are there?
how many cranial ?

A

31 pairs of spinal
12 pairs of cranial

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12
Q

said before but
what are the 2 components of the PNS (functionally wise)

A

sensory and motor

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13
Q

what is sensory in the PNS

A

goes towards the CNS
Afferent

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14
Q

what is motor in the PNS

A

goes away from CNS
Efferent

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15
Q

what are the 3 main components of the Afferent division of the PNS (sensory aspect)

A

Special Sensory
Somatic sensory
Visceral sensory

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16
Q

what is special sensory

A

concentrated in the head
reception tends to be complicated

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17
Q

what is somatic sensory

A

gathers info from skin and skeletal muscle

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18
Q

what is visceral sensory

A

in smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands, guts

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19
Q

What are the 2 main components of the Efferent division of the PNS (motor)

A

somatic motor
autonomic nervous system

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20
Q

What is somatic motor in relation to

A

The efferent nervous system
Skeletal muscle
voluntary control

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21
Q

what is autonomic ns in relation to

A

viscera
involuntary control

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22
Q

what are the 3 types of nervous systems apart of the autonomic NS

A

Enteric NS, Sympathetic NS, and Parasymphatetic NS

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23
Q

what is enteric nervous system in relation to

A

it is within the guy/digestive tract

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24
Q

what does the sympathetic NS do

A

it is a stimulating effect. more alert
a stress response
fight for flight mode
primes body for intense skeletal activity

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25
Q

what is the sympathetic ns a neurotransmitter of

A

norephrine (acts like adrenalin)

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26
Q

what does the parasymphathetic nervous system do

A

is a relaxing effect
rest and digest and repair
maintenance
counterbalances SNS

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27
Q

what is the parasymphathetic ns a neurotransmitter of

A

acetylcholine

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28
Q

examples of effectors

A

skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands

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29
Q

what are the 2 types of cells within the nervous system

A

neurons and neuroglia

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30
Q

what are neurons (info)

A

basic functional unit
cells that recieve and send signals
have electrical impulses

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31
Q

what are neuroglia (info)

A

supporting and or protecting cells of the neurons
surround the neurons also
they are non excitable

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32
Q

what does the number of neuroglia increase

A

the complexity of the nervous system (behaviors)

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33
Q

what can increase synapses when neuroglia are grown in a lab

A

astrocytes

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34
Q

what are some characteristics of neurons in depth

A

longevity (long life)
amitotic ( dont divide) (besides those involved in smell and taste)
High metabolic rate (needs lots of glucose and oxygen)
Excitable (able to generate an action potention)
Conductive (series of AP generates)
Secretory (neurotransmitters)

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35
Q

What is Action potential

A

a rapid reversal of electrical potential across cell membrane electrical behavior

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36
Q

characteristics of neruons simple

A

longevity
amitotic
High metablic rate
Excitable
Conductive
SEcretory

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37
Q

what are the structural parts of a neuron

A

dendrites
cell body (soma)
Axon
Telodendria

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38
Q

dendrites def simple

A

cytoplasmic processes that receive sensory input
have a large surface area

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39
Q

cell body def simple

A

in charge of integration

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40
Q

axon def simple

A

sends instructions to effectors
works with action potentials

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41
Q

telodendria def simple

A

the final branching of axon

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42
Q

are dendrites highly or lowly branced

A

highly

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43
Q

what are dendritic spines

A

parts of dendrites that are extensions from dendrites to further increase surface area

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44
Q

what are 3 parts of the cell body

A

perikaryon
nucleus
axon hillock

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45
Q

perikaryon def and whats in it

A

cytoplasm basically
includes
nissl bodies, mitochondria, and cytoskeleton

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46
Q

what is in the nucleus

A

nucleolus

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47
Q

what does the axon hillock do

A

it is able to generate the first action potential

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48
Q

what are some of the parts of an axon

A

initial segment
axon collaterals
telodendria
synaptic knobs

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49
Q

what is the initial segment of an axon

A

the axon hillock

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50
Q

what are axon collaterals

A

large branches of axon

51
Q

what are telodendria

A

final branching of axon

52
Q

what are synaptic knobs

A

also called terminal boutons
very tips of axon telodendria

53
Q

what is chemical synapse needed for

A

for a neuron to communicate with different cell types

54
Q

what are the 3 steps of chemical synapse

A

presynaptic cell
synaptic cleft
postsynaptic cell

55
Q

what is the presynaptic cell

A

a neuron that sends message terminal bouton
is synaptic vesicles with a neurotransmitter present

56
Q

what happens at the synaptic cleft

A

when the action potential arrives at terminal bouton, neurotransmitter are realsed in gap. then the neurotransmitter diffuses across the gap

57
Q

what is the postsynaptic cell

A

the cell being communicated with . it is a neurotransmitter binding to neurotransmitter receptors.

58
Q

what can binding enough receptors at the postsynaptic cell change

A

cell behavior

59
Q

where is the term tract used
CNS or PNS

A

within CNS

60
Q

where is the term Nerve used
CNS or PNS

A

within PNS

61
Q

are bundles of neuron processes myelinated or unmyelinated

A

myelinated axons

62
Q

what do myelinated axons do

A

conduct electrical impulses
ascending/descending tracks

63
Q

what are the terms for neuron processes (2 types)

A

tract in CNS
and
Neve in PNS

64
Q

what are the terms for cell bodies (2 types )

A

Nuclus in CNS
and
Ganglion in PNS

65
Q

are groups of cells bodies myelinated or unmyelinated

A

unmyelinated

66
Q

what is at the dorsal root ganglion

A

cell bodies of sensory neurons

67
Q

what are the 4 structural classifications of neurons

A

anaxonic
unipolar
bipolar
multipolar

68
Q

anaxonic def

A

structural classification of a neuron
they are small cells with lots of small processes . they look similar

69
Q

unipolar def

A

structural classification of a neuron
the axon and dendrites are fused
very long axon with cell body off to one side

70
Q

bipolar def

A

structural classification of a neuron
one axon and one dendrite attached to cell body
in eyes and ears

71
Q

multipolar def

A

structural classification of a neuron
most common type
lots of dendrites, one axon
seen in all motor neurons

72
Q

what are the 3 behavioral classifications of neurons

A

sensory (afferent)
motor (efferent)
interneurons (association)

73
Q

afferent neurons do what

A

send info to CNS
most are unipolar
they monitor environment

74
Q

Efferent neurons do what

A

send instructions to effectors
are multipolar

75
Q

assiciation neurons do what

A

go between other neurons
involved wiht higher functions like coordination
found in CNS

76
Q

how many types of neuroglia are there

A

6

77
Q

do nuroglia conduct electrical impulses

A

no

78
Q

are neuroglia mitotic

A

yes

79
Q

what are the 4 types of neuroglia of the CNS

A

astrocytes
Oligodendrocytes
Microglia
Ependymal cells

80
Q

astrocytes info overview

A

Neuroglia of the CNS
look like stars
have a large cell body with many processes

81
Q

Oligodendrocytes info overview

A

Neuroglia of the CNS
long processes that wrap around axon

82
Q

Microglia info overview

A

Neuroglia of the CNS
Small with many processes

83
Q

Ependymal cells info overview

A

Neuroglia of the CNS
Line cavities within the brain and spinal cord

84
Q

what is the most numerous Neuroglia of the CNS

A

astrocytes

85
Q

do astrocytes have one specific funciton?

A

no, they have the most diverse function

86
Q

what do astrocytes maintin in the brain

A

the blood-brain barrier because they are found between blood vessels and nervous tissue: they isolate nervous tissue

87
Q

what do astrocytes control

A

intersitial environment. they control they ion concentration within the ECF

88
Q

how do astrocytes create a 3D framework for the CNS

A

they provide structure that anchors other cells
like scaffolding

89
Q

what do astrocytes guide

A

neuron development through the migration of neuron (provide paths)

90
Q

what do astrocytes repair

A

damaged neural tissue

91
Q

how do astrocytes repair damaged neural tissue

A

fill gaps/spaces folliwn injury
form scar tissue
prevent regrowth of connections (btw axons and dendrites)

92
Q

how do astrocytes for the blood brain barrier

A

have 2 layers where astrocyte processes line capillaries and papillary epithelium

93
Q

why are the capillaries in the brain relatively impermeable

A

they lack pores
have tight junctions between adjacent cells
and anything that crosses the barrier must go through cytoplasm of 2 cell layers

94
Q

OVerall role of astrocytes

A

secrete chemicals that tell the endothelium to behave as it does (Be less permeable)

95
Q

what are microglia derived from

A

mesoderm

96
Q

what do microglia start out as

A

white blood cells

97
Q

where do microglia migrate

A

through neural tissue

98
Q

do microglia do phagocytosis, if yes, how

A

yes
they clean up infected areas
they are an immune response

99
Q

what nueroglia is an immune response

A

microglia

100
Q

what do oligodendrocytes wrap around and what does that form

A

wrap around axons to form myelin sheaths

101
Q

where does AP occur in myelin

A

at the gaps… NODES

102
Q

is myelin sheath grey or white matter

A

white matter

103
Q

what is white matter

A

regions of CNS with many myelinated axons

104
Q

what is gray matter

A

unmyelinated areas of CNS, has a higher number of ribosomes and cell bodies

105
Q

what do ependymal cells form

A

ependyma

106
Q

what does ependyma do

A

lines ventricals and central canal and cavities inside the brain and spinal cord
produces and circulates cerebral spinal fluid

107
Q

what do tufts of capillaries covered by ependyma allow for

A

filtration of blood

108
Q

What is the ventricular systme

A

dorsal tubular nerve code
movement of CSF

109
Q

ventricular system order

A

lateral ventricles
interventricular foramen of monro
3rd ventricle
cerebral aqueduct of sylvius
4th ventricle
central canal
medial and lateral aperatures
subarachnoid space

110
Q

what are the 3 main functions of Cerebrospinal fluid

A

protection - acts like a cusion from trama
Bouys CNS - lessens weight
CHemical stability - rinses wastes

111
Q

What 3 things are in relation to the resorption of CSF

A

Arachnoid villi
Dural sinus
Jugular veins

112
Q

order of how CSF is resorption

A

arachnoid villi project from the arachnoid membrane to the dural sinus. csf is delivered between the 2 to dural sinus. it is returned to blood through jugular veins

113
Q

what are 2 cells of neuroglia in the PNS

A

schwann cells
and
satellite cells

114
Q

what are schwann cells and what do they form
what are their gaps

A

they are layers of phospholipds that surround axon
form the myelin sheath as well as neurilemma
their gaps are nodes

115
Q

what happens at nodes

A

action potentials are generated

116
Q

what are neurilemma, what forms them

A

cytoplasm and nucleus get squeeze into outer layer. caused by schwann cells

117
Q

what are the 4 things that happen if an axon is cut

A
  1. distal portion dies
  2. Phagocytosis will clean up area
  3. Schwann cells create a tunnel and secrete chemicals to attract the growing axon
  4. remyelinate
118
Q

what do satellite cells surround

A

cell body within ganglia

119
Q

what do satellite cells regulate

A

the environment around a neuron (chem stability and remove debris)

120
Q

Epineurium def

A

surrounds entire nerve
dense, irregular ct

121
Q

perineurium def

A

portions of epineurium that penetrate the nerve and divide it into fasciles

122
Q

endoneurium def

A

portions of the perineurium that penetrate fasciles and separate individual axons
is outside schwann cells

123
Q

order of sizes within the layers of a nerve

A

largest, epineurium
then perineurium
smallest, endoneurium

Anatomy (18 decks)

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