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Anatomy 1 > General Senses, Hearing, and Equilibrium > Flashcards

General Senses, Hearing, and Equilibrium Flashcards

Exam 3

1
Q

what is sensation in relation to

A

receptors that collect info about your environment. that is converted to electrical signals which are relayed to the brain

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2
Q

Perception is in relation to what

A

occurs at the brain
is the awareness of sensation

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3
Q

what does transducers mean for receptors

A

they convert one from of energy to another form
usually neurons do this

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4
Q

what are the 5 types of receptors

A

nociceptors (pain)
thermoreceptors (temp)
mechanoreceptors (physical distoriton)
chemoreceptors (chemicals)
Photoreceptors (light )

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5
Q

basic info on special senses

A

they are concentrated in the head and are structurally more complex (use organs)

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6
Q

5 types of special senses

A

hearing
equilibrium
vision
olfaction
gustation

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7
Q

what are the two goals of the ear

A

hearing and equilibrium

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8
Q

what are the 3 main parts of the external ear

A

auricle/pinna
external auditory meatus (acoustic canal)
tympanic membrane

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9
Q

what is the auricle

A

the flap of elastic cartilage that is covered by skin
protect opening to ear
provided some directional sensitivity

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10
Q

what does the external auditory meatus do

A

direct sound waves to the tympanic membrane

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11
Q

what type of hairs are in the external auditory meatus / acoustic canal

A

outward projecting hairs

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12
Q

what do ceruminour glands do

A

secrete ear wax for moisturizing and trapping tiny debris

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13
Q

what structure is affected by cauliflower ear

A

the auricle

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14
Q

what structure is affected by swimmers ear

A

external auditory meatus

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15
Q

what is the tympanic membrane

A

a thin, semi transparent sheet that is flexible and vibrates when sound waves hit it

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16
Q

what is the tympanic membrane the boundary between

A

external ear and middle ear

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17
Q

what are the main structures within the middle ear

A

tympanic membrane
auditory ossicles
muscles
eustachian tube
oval window

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18
Q

what are the 3 auditory ossicles

A

malleus/hammer
incus/anvil
stapes/stir-up

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19
Q

what are the 2 muslces in the middle ear

A

tensor tympani muslce
stapedius muscle

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20
Q

what are auditory ossicles basic

A

tiny bbones that form smallest synovial joints in body.
they amplify sound

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21
Q

what is the malleus attached to

A

tympanic membrane and incus

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22
Q

what is the incus attached to

A

malleus and stapes

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23
Q

what is the stapes attached to

A

incus and oval window

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24
Q

what do muscles in the middle ear do

A

reduce amplication when sound is dangerously loud

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25
what does the tensor tympani muscle do
pulls on malleus to stiffen tympanic membrane
26
what does the stapedius muscle do
pulls on stapes to stiffen oval window
27
what does the eustachian tube allow us to do ? what does it connect?
it allows you to equilate pressure within middle ear to match air pressure in room it connect the middle ear to the pharynx
28
what does the oval window do
takes mechanical vibrations from stages and converts to fluid waves
29
what is the oval window the boundary between
middle ear and inner ear
30
what is the boundary between outer and middle ear
tympanic membrane
31
what is the boundary between middle ear and inner ear
oval window
32
is the oval window flexible
yes, flexible membrane
33
what are the components of the inner ear
(oval window) semicircular canals vestibule cochlea round window
34
what does semicircular canals do functionally
they are 3 rings that collect info of X Y Z rotational acceleration
35
what are the vestibule connecting to functionally
head position and linear acceleration
36
what is the cochlea mainly in relation to funcitonally
hearing
37
what is the round window in relation to functionally
to dissipate sound
38
what is the boney labryinth
mechanical protection
39
what is perilymph
fluid within boney labyrinth
40
what is the mebranous labyrinth
flexible membrane that contains sensroy structures. is between perilymph and endolymph
41
what is endolymph
fluid within membranous labyrinth
42
what are the 3 structural components of hair cells
mechanoreceptor (main cell) stereocillia kinocilium
43
what are sterocilia
long microvilli in hair cells
44
what are kinocilium
vestibule. the longest microvillli in hari cells
45
what do external forces do to stereocilia
bend them
46
what does bending of stereocililia do
cause change in action potential generation
47
is direction of mechanial stimulation importnant ?
sometimes
48
is strength of mechanical stimulation important -?
always
49
What are the strucutral parts of the cochlea
scala vestibule (vestibular duct) vestibular membrane scala media (cochlear duct) organ of corti basilar membrane scala tympani (tympanic duct )
50
what is the organ of corti
a sensory structure
51
what are the 2 tubes filled with perilymph in the cochlea
scala vestibule scala tympani
52
what is in the scala media/cochlear duct
endolymph
53
what is the flexible membrane of the cochlea
vestibular membrane
54
what can hair cells sense
sound
55
what is the tectorial membrane
stiff shelf that sits above sterocillia
56
what are the sturctural parts of the organ of corti
basilar membrane hair cells tecotrial membrane cochlear nerve
57
what is the cochlear nerve doing
goes to organ of corti. is CN # VIII
58
in the physiology of hearing... what is step 1
sound travels in waves, hits the tympanic membrane, and causes typanic membrane to resonate
59
what are waves
fluctuations in how closely together air molecules are packed
60
what does vary frequency lead to
perception of pitch
61
what does varying volume lead to
amplitute
62
resonate def
vibrate at same frequency
63
in the physiology of hearing... what is step 2
movement of tympanic membrane causes displacement of maleus causing auditory ossicles to vibrate
64
what happens if joint stiffen
can contribute to hearing loss
65
in the physiology of hearing... what is step 3
stapes vibration causes movement of oval window. this causes fluid waves in perilymph within vestibular duct
66
in the physiology of hearing... what is step 4
pressure waves in vestibular duct push on vestibular membrane (A) causes pressure waves within endolymph of cochlear duct (B) then push on basilar membrane to cause pressure waves within perilymph of tympanic duct
67
in the physiology of hearing... what is step 5
pressure waves within perilymph of the tympanic duct push on round window to dissipate sound
68
in the physiology of hearing... what is step 6
movement of hair cells which cause bending of stereocillia as they are pushed against tectorial membrane , this causes generation of action potential sent through cochlear nerve
69
in the physiology of hearing... what are the steps
cant type it all, on page 186 and 187
70
hwo do hair cells move
up and down
71
how does the basilar membrane move
up and down
72
how does the tectorial membrane move
does NOT move up and down
73
what is amplittude in relation to
intensity/volume
74
what is wavelength in relation to
frequency/ pitch
75
what can damage to stereocillia do
causes hearing loss
76
what determines amplitude (stereocilia)
to what extent are sterocilia bent and how many hair cells are involved
77
what is the unit of wavelength
hertz range is 20 to 20,000 (range of hearing)
78
what aspect is frequency dependent
where waves cross from vestibular duct to cochlear duct
79
wavelength def
frequency of waves that pass a fixed reference point in a given time
80
What are the main two parts of the vestibule
utricle and saccule
81
what is the utricle and saccule
area with sensory sturcutres
82
what happens if utricle is standing to hairs
hairs extned upward
83
what happens if saccule is standing to hairs
hairs extend sideways
84
what are the microscopic structures of the utricle and saccule (components)
endolymph maculae ( area with hair cells)
85
what is in the maculae of the vestible
hair cells and otolith
86
what is in otolith of the maculae of the vestibule
gelatinous material and statoconia
87
what extends into the otolith
stereocilia
88
what are statoconia
calcium carbonate crystals
89
what happens during linear acceleration to hair cells
hair cells accelerate but statocoinia lag behind
90
what is the cause of motion sickness
conflicitn info
91
what anatomical piece is responsible for position sense linear acceleration motion sickness
vestibule
92
what happnes to the stetoconia when you look up
they resond to gravity and are pulledd downward
93
how are semicircular canals orientated
in 3 planes
94
what are the 3 plances of the semicircular canals
lateral anterior posterior (semicircular duct ) ^^^
95
what is the lateral semicircular duct
like a crown . for spinning awareness , acceleration of that
96
what is the anterior semicircular duct
like a mohawk awareness of up and down (somersaults )
97
what is the posterior semicircular duct
like a head band awareness of cartwheels
98
what is the ampulae apart of
semicircular canals
99
what are the 3 structurla components of ampulae
endolymph crista cupula
100
what is crista
the ridge where you find the hair cells
101
what is cupula what does it act like
the gelatinous structure that stereocillia extent into acts like a sail
102
what is aware of static equilbirum vs what is aware of dynamic equilibrium
vestibule vs semicircular canals
103
what are the 2 parts of dynamic equilibrium
rotational acceleration stabilize vision when turning head
104
what happens during rotational acceleration
endolymph moves, pushes on cupula, bends hairs of hair cells
105
how do we stabilize vision when turnign our heads
when you head moves in one direciton, our eyes counteract it by moving in the opposite direction

Anatomy 1 (18 decks)

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