General Senses, Hearing, and Equilibrium Flashcards
Exam 3
what is sensation in relation to
receptors that collect info about your environment. that is converted to electrical signals which are relayed to the brain
Perception is in relation to what
occurs at the brain
is the awareness of sensation
what does transducers mean for receptors
they convert one from of energy to another form
usually neurons do this
what are the 5 types of receptors
nociceptors (pain)
thermoreceptors (temp)
mechanoreceptors (physical distoriton)
chemoreceptors (chemicals)
Photoreceptors (light )
basic info on special senses
they are concentrated in the head and are structurally more complex (use organs)
5 types of special senses
hearing
equilibrium
vision
olfaction
gustation
what are the two goals of the ear
hearing and equilibrium
what are the 3 main parts of the external ear
auricle/pinna
external auditory meatus (acoustic canal)
tympanic membrane
what is the auricle
the flap of elastic cartilage that is covered by skin
protect opening to ear
provided some directional sensitivity
what does the external auditory meatus do
direct sound waves to the tympanic membrane
what type of hairs are in the external auditory meatus / acoustic canal
outward projecting hairs
what do ceruminour glands do
secrete ear wax for moisturizing and trapping tiny debris
what structure is affected by cauliflower ear
the auricle
what structure is affected by swimmers ear
external auditory meatus
what is the tympanic membrane
a thin, semi transparent sheet that is flexible and vibrates when sound waves hit it
what is the tympanic membrane the boundary between
external ear and middle ear
what are the main structures within the middle ear
tympanic membrane
auditory ossicles
muscles
eustachian tube
oval window
what are the 3 auditory ossicles
malleus/hammer
incus/anvil
stapes/stir-up
what are the 2 muslces in the middle ear
tensor tympani muslce
stapedius muscle
what are auditory ossicles basic
tiny bbones that form smallest synovial joints in body.
they amplify sound
what is the malleus attached to
tympanic membrane and incus
what is the incus attached to
malleus and stapes
what is the stapes attached to
incus and oval window
what do muscles in the middle ear do
reduce amplication when sound is dangerously loud
what does the tensor tympani muscle do
pulls on malleus to stiffen tympanic membrane
what does the stapedius muscle do
pulls on stapes to stiffen oval window
what does the eustachian tube allow us to do ?
what does it connect?
it allows you to equilate pressure within middle ear to match air pressure in room
it connect the middle ear to the pharynx
what does the oval window do
takes mechanical vibrations from stages and converts to fluid waves
what is the oval window the boundary between
middle ear and inner ear
what is the boundary between outer and middle ear
tympanic membrane
what is the boundary between middle ear and inner ear
oval window
is the oval window flexible
yes, flexible membrane
what are the components of the inner ear
(oval window)
semicircular canals
vestibule
cochlea
round window
what does semicircular canals do functionally
they are 3 rings that collect info of X Y Z rotational acceleration
what are the vestibule connecting to functionally
head position and linear acceleration
what is the cochlea mainly in relation to funcitonally
hearing
what is the round window in relation to functionally
to dissipate sound
what is the boney labryinth
mechanical protection
what is perilymph
fluid within boney labyrinth
what is the mebranous labyrinth
flexible membrane that contains sensroy structures.
is between perilymph and endolymph
what is endolymph
fluid within membranous labyrinth
what are the 3 structural components of hair cells
mechanoreceptor (main cell)
stereocillia
kinocilium
what are sterocilia
long microvilli in hair cells
what are kinocilium
vestibule. the longest microvillli
in hari cells
what do external forces do to stereocilia
bend them
what does bending of stereocililia do
cause change in action potential generation
is direction of mechanial stimulation importnant ?
sometimes
is strength of mechanical stimulation important -?
always
What are the strucutral parts of the cochlea
scala vestibule (vestibular duct)
vestibular membrane
scala media (cochlear duct)
organ of corti
basilar membrane
scala tympani (tympanic duct )
what is the organ of corti
a sensory structure
what are the 2 tubes filled with perilymph in the cochlea
scala vestibule
scala tympani
what is in the scala media/cochlear duct
endolymph
what is the flexible membrane of the cochlea
vestibular membrane
what can hair cells sense
sound
what is the tectorial membrane
stiff shelf that sits above sterocillia
what are the sturctural parts of the organ of corti
basilar membrane
hair cells
tecotrial membrane
cochlear nerve
what is the cochlear nerve doing
goes to organ of corti.
is CN # VIII
in the physiology of hearing… what is step 1
sound travels in waves, hits the tympanic membrane, and causes typanic membrane to resonate
what are waves
fluctuations in how closely together air molecules are packed
what does vary frequency lead to
perception of pitch
what does varying volume lead to
amplitute
resonate def
vibrate at same frequency
in the physiology of hearing… what is step
2
movement of tympanic membrane causes displacement of maleus causing auditory ossicles to vibrate
what happens if joint stiffen
can contribute to hearing loss
in the physiology of hearing… what is step
3
stapes vibration causes movement of oval window. this causes fluid waves in perilymph within vestibular duct
in the physiology of hearing… what is step
4
pressure waves in vestibular duct push on vestibular membrane (A) causes pressure waves within endolymph of cochlear duct (B) then push on basilar membrane to cause pressure waves within perilymph of tympanic duct
in the physiology of hearing… what is step
5
pressure waves within perilymph of the tympanic duct push on round window to dissipate sound
in the physiology of hearing… what is step
6
movement of hair cells which cause bending of stereocillia as they are pushed against tectorial membrane , this causes generation of action potential sent through cochlear nerve
in the physiology of hearing… what are the steps
cant type it all,
on page 186 and 187
hwo do hair cells move
up and down
how does the basilar membrane move
up and down
how does the tectorial membrane move
does NOT move up and down
what is amplittude in relation to
intensity/volume
what is wavelength in relation to
frequency/ pitch
what can damage to stereocillia do
causes hearing loss
what determines amplitude (stereocilia)
to what extent are sterocilia bent and how many hair cells are involved
what is the unit of wavelength
hertz
range is 20 to 20,000 (range of hearing)
what aspect is frequency dependent
where waves cross from vestibular duct to cochlear duct
wavelength def
frequency of waves that pass a fixed reference point in a given time
What are the main two parts of the vestibule
utricle and saccule
what is the utricle and saccule
area with sensory sturcutres
what happens if utricle is standing to hairs
hairs extned upward
what happens if saccule is standing to hairs
hairs extend sideways
what are the microscopic structures of the utricle and saccule (components)
endolymph
maculae ( area with hair cells)
what is in the maculae of the vestible
hair cells and otolith
what is in otolith of the maculae of the vestibule
gelatinous material and statoconia
what extends into the otolith
stereocilia
what are statoconia
calcium carbonate crystals
what happens during linear acceleration to hair cells
hair cells accelerate but statocoinia lag behind
what is the cause of motion sickness
conflicitn info
what anatomical piece is responsible for
position sense
linear acceleration
motion sickness
vestibule
what happnes to the stetoconia when you look up
they resond to gravity and are pulledd downward
how are semicircular canals orientated
in 3 planes
what are the 3 plances of the semicircular canals
lateral
anterior
posterior
(semicircular duct ) ^^^
what is the lateral semicircular duct
like a crown .
for spinning awareness , acceleration of that
what is the anterior semicircular duct
like a mohawk
awareness of up and down (somersaults )
what is the posterior semicircular duct
like a head band
awareness of cartwheels
what is the ampulae apart of
semicircular canals
what are the 3 structurla components of ampulae
endolymph
crista
cupula
what is crista
the ridge where you find the hair cells
what is cupula
what does it act like
the gelatinous structure that stereocillia extent into
acts like a sail
what is aware of static equilbirum
vs
what is aware of dynamic equilibrium
vestibule
vs
semicircular canals
what are the 2 parts of dynamic equilibrium
rotational acceleration
stabilize vision when turning head
what happens during rotational acceleration
endolymph moves, pushes on cupula, bends hairs of hair cells
how do we stabilize vision when turnign our heads
when you head moves in one direciton, our eyes counteract it by moving in the opposite direction
