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Anatomy > General Senses, Hearing, and Equilibrium > Flashcards

General Senses, Hearing, and Equilibrium Flashcards

Exam 3

1
Q

what is sensation in relation to

A

receptors that collect info about your environment. that is converted to electrical signals which are relayed to the brain

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2
Q

Perception is in relation to what

A

occurs at the brain
is the awareness of sensation

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3
Q

what does transducers mean for receptors

A

they convert one from of energy to another form
usually neurons do this

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4
Q

what are the 5 types of receptors

A

nociceptors (pain)
thermoreceptors (temp)
mechanoreceptors (physical distoriton)
chemoreceptors (chemicals)
Photoreceptors (light )

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5
Q

basic info on special senses

A

they are concentrated in the head and are structurally more complex (use organs)

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6
Q

5 types of special senses

A

hearing
equilibrium
vision
olfaction
gustation

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7
Q

what are the two goals of the ear

A

hearing and equilibrium

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8
Q

what are the 3 main parts of the external ear

A

auricle/pinna
external auditory meatus (acoustic canal)
tympanic membrane

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9
Q

what is the auricle

A

the flap of elastic cartilage that is covered by skin
protect opening to ear
provided some directional sensitivity

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10
Q

what does the external auditory meatus do

A

direct sound waves to the tympanic membrane

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11
Q

what type of hairs are in the external auditory meatus / acoustic canal

A

outward projecting hairs

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12
Q

what do ceruminour glands do

A

secrete ear wax for moisturizing and trapping tiny debris

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13
Q

what structure is affected by cauliflower ear

A

the auricle

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14
Q

what structure is affected by swimmers ear

A

external auditory meatus

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15
Q

what is the tympanic membrane

A

a thin, semi transparent sheet that is flexible and vibrates when sound waves hit it

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16
Q

what is the tympanic membrane the boundary between

A

external ear and middle ear

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17
Q

what are the main structures within the middle ear

A

tympanic membrane
auditory ossicles
muscles
eustachian tube
oval window

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18
Q

what are the 3 auditory ossicles

A

malleus/hammer
incus/anvil
stapes/stir-up

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19
Q

what are the 2 muslces in the middle ear

A

tensor tympani muslce
stapedius muscle

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20
Q

what are auditory ossicles basic

A

tiny bbones that form smallest synovial joints in body.
they amplify sound

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21
Q

what is the malleus attached to

A

tympanic membrane and incus

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22
Q

what is the incus attached to

A

malleus and stapes

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23
Q

what is the stapes attached to

A

incus and oval window

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24
Q

what do muscles in the middle ear do

A

reduce amplication when sound is dangerously loud

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25
Q

what does the tensor tympani muscle do

A

pulls on malleus to stiffen tympanic membrane

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26
Q

what does the stapedius muscle do

A

pulls on stapes to stiffen oval window

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27
Q

what does the eustachian tube allow us to do ?
what does it connect?

A

it allows you to equilate pressure within middle ear to match air pressure in room
it connect the middle ear to the pharynx

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28
Q

what does the oval window do

A

takes mechanical vibrations from stages and converts to fluid waves

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29
Q

what is the oval window the boundary between

A

middle ear and inner ear

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30
Q

what is the boundary between outer and middle ear

A

tympanic membrane

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31
Q

what is the boundary between middle ear and inner ear

A

oval window

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32
Q

is the oval window flexible

A

yes, flexible membrane

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33
Q

what are the components of the inner ear

A

(oval window)
semicircular canals
vestibule
cochlea
round window

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34
Q

what does semicircular canals do functionally

A

they are 3 rings that collect info of X Y Z rotational acceleration

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35
Q

what are the vestibule connecting to functionally

A

head position and linear acceleration

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36
Q

what is the cochlea mainly in relation to funcitonally

A

hearing

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37
Q

what is the round window in relation to functionally

A

to dissipate sound

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38
Q

what is the boney labryinth

A

mechanical protection

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39
Q

what is perilymph

A

fluid within boney labyrinth

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40
Q

what is the mebranous labyrinth

A

flexible membrane that contains sensroy structures.
is between perilymph and endolymph

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41
Q

what is endolymph

A

fluid within membranous labyrinth

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42
Q

what are the 3 structural components of hair cells

A

mechanoreceptor (main cell)
stereocillia
kinocilium

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43
Q

what are sterocilia

A

long microvilli in hair cells

44
Q

what are kinocilium

A

vestibule. the longest microvillli
in hari cells

45
Q

what do external forces do to stereocilia

A

bend them

46
Q

what does bending of stereocililia do

A

cause change in action potential generation

47
Q

is direction of mechanial stimulation importnant ?

A

sometimes

48
Q

is strength of mechanical stimulation important -?

A

always

49
Q

What are the strucutral parts of the cochlea

A

scala vestibule (vestibular duct)
vestibular membrane
scala media (cochlear duct)
organ of corti
basilar membrane
scala tympani (tympanic duct )

50
Q

what is the organ of corti

A

a sensory structure

51
Q

what are the 2 tubes filled with perilymph in the cochlea

A

scala vestibule
scala tympani

52
Q

what is in the scala media/cochlear duct

A

endolymph

53
Q

what is the flexible membrane of the cochlea

A

vestibular membrane

54
Q

what can hair cells sense

A

sound

55
Q

what is the tectorial membrane

A

stiff shelf that sits above sterocillia

56
Q

what are the sturctural parts of the organ of corti

A

basilar membrane
hair cells
tecotrial membrane
cochlear nerve

57
Q

what is the cochlear nerve doing

A

goes to organ of corti.
is CN # VIII

58
Q

in the physiology of hearing… what is step 1

A

sound travels in waves, hits the tympanic membrane, and causes typanic membrane to resonate

59
Q

what are waves

A

fluctuations in how closely together air molecules are packed

60
Q

what does vary frequency lead to

A

perception of pitch

61
Q

what does varying volume lead to

A

amplitute

62
Q

resonate def

A

vibrate at same frequency

63
Q

in the physiology of hearing… what is step
2

A

movement of tympanic membrane causes displacement of maleus causing auditory ossicles to vibrate

64
Q

what happens if joint stiffen

A

can contribute to hearing loss

65
Q

in the physiology of hearing… what is step
3

A

stapes vibration causes movement of oval window. this causes fluid waves in perilymph within vestibular duct

66
Q

in the physiology of hearing… what is step
4

A

pressure waves in vestibular duct push on vestibular membrane (A) causes pressure waves within endolymph of cochlear duct (B) then push on basilar membrane to cause pressure waves within perilymph of tympanic duct

67
Q

in the physiology of hearing… what is step
5

A

pressure waves within perilymph of the tympanic duct push on round window to dissipate sound

68
Q

in the physiology of hearing… what is step
6

A

movement of hair cells which cause bending of stereocillia as they are pushed against tectorial membrane , this causes generation of action potential sent through cochlear nerve

69
Q

in the physiology of hearing… what are the steps

A

cant type it all,
on page 186 and 187

70
Q

hwo do hair cells move

A

up and down

71
Q

how does the basilar membrane move

A

up and down

72
Q

how does the tectorial membrane move

A

does NOT move up and down

73
Q

what is amplittude in relation to

A

intensity/volume

74
Q

what is wavelength in relation to

A

frequency/ pitch

75
Q

what can damage to stereocillia do

A

causes hearing loss

76
Q

what determines amplitude (stereocilia)

A

to what extent are sterocilia bent and how many hair cells are involved

77
Q

what is the unit of wavelength

A

hertz
range is 20 to 20,000 (range of hearing)

78
Q

what aspect is frequency dependent

A

where waves cross from vestibular duct to cochlear duct

79
Q

wavelength def

A

frequency of waves that pass a fixed reference point in a given time

80
Q

What are the main two parts of the vestibule

A

utricle and saccule

81
Q

what is the utricle and saccule

A

area with sensory sturcutres

82
Q

what happens if utricle is standing to hairs

A

hairs extned upward

83
Q

what happens if saccule is standing to hairs

A

hairs extend sideways

84
Q

what are the microscopic structures of the utricle and saccule (components)

A

endolymph
maculae ( area with hair cells)

85
Q

what is in the maculae of the vestible

A

hair cells and otolith

86
Q

what is in otolith of the maculae of the vestibule

A

gelatinous material and statoconia

87
Q

what extends into the otolith

A

stereocilia

88
Q

what are statoconia

A

calcium carbonate crystals

89
Q

what happens during linear acceleration to hair cells

A

hair cells accelerate but statocoinia lag behind

90
Q

what is the cause of motion sickness

A

conflicitn info

91
Q

what anatomical piece is responsible for
position sense
linear acceleration
motion sickness

A

vestibule

92
Q

what happnes to the stetoconia when you look up

A

they resond to gravity and are pulledd downward

93
Q

how are semicircular canals orientated

A

in 3 planes

94
Q

what are the 3 plances of the semicircular canals

A

lateral
anterior
posterior
(semicircular duct ) ^^^

95
Q

what is the lateral semicircular duct

A

like a crown .
for spinning awareness , acceleration of that

96
Q

what is the anterior semicircular duct

A

like a mohawk
awareness of up and down (somersaults )

97
Q

what is the posterior semicircular duct

A

like a head band
awareness of cartwheels

98
Q

what is the ampulae apart of

A

semicircular canals

99
Q

what are the 3 structurla components of ampulae

A

endolymph
crista
cupula

100
Q

what is crista

A

the ridge where you find the hair cells

101
Q

what is cupula
what does it act like

A

the gelatinous structure that stereocillia extent into
acts like a sail

102
Q

what is aware of static equilbirum
vs
what is aware of dynamic equilibrium

A

vestibule
vs
semicircular canals

103
Q

what are the 2 parts of dynamic equilibrium

A

rotational acceleration
stabilize vision when turning head

104
Q

what happens during rotational acceleration

A

endolymph moves, pushes on cupula, bends hairs of hair cells

105
Q

how do we stabilize vision when turnign our heads

A

when you head moves in one direciton, our eyes counteract it by moving in the opposite direction

Anatomy (18 decks)

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