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Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

List the functions of the skeletal system. (Tip - PMS SB)

A

Protect internal organs Movement - provides leverage Support Storage of calcium Blood cell production

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2
Q

What tissue forms bone structure?

A

Specialised connective tissue

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3
Q

What are the two components of the Matrix?

A

Organic component Inorganic component

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4
Q

What properties does osteoid have? (SEF)

A

Strong Easily compressed Flexible

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5
Q

What properties does hydroxyapatite have? (HIB)

A

Hard Inflexible Brittle

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6
Q

What properties does the combination of osteoid and hydroxyapatite give to bone? (SFR)

A

Strength Flexibility Resistance to shattering

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7
Q

What 2 complexes make up osteoid?

A

Collagen Protein

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8
Q

What are the mineral salts that make up most of hydroxyapatite?

A

Calcium Phosphate Calcium Carbonate

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9
Q

Is osteoid organic or inorganic?

A

Organic (O for osteoid and organic)

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10
Q

Is hydroxyapatite organic or inorganic?

A

Inorganic

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11
Q

Cells are suspended in the matrix of bones? True or false?

A

True

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12
Q

Name the four cell types suspended in connective tissue matrix?

A

Osteoblasts Osteocytes Osteoclasts Osteogenic Stem Cells

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13
Q

Which cells produce new bone and secrete osteoid?

A

Osteoblasts

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14
Q

What is a mature osteoblast called?

A

Osteocyte

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15
Q

What is the function of an osteocyte?

A

To maintain the connective tissue matrix in the bone

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16
Q

Where are osteocytes located?

A

Lacunae

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17
Q

What does Lacunae mean?

A

Nest

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18
Q

What is the function of an osteoclast?

A

Removes mineral from the matrix Bone remodelling

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19
Q

What is a mature osteogenic stem cell known as?

A

Osteoblast

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20
Q

Where are osteogenic stem cells found?

A

Perisoteum Endosteum

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21
Q

What are the two types of bone tissue?

A

Compact (hard, on surface) Cancellous (spongy, interior)

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22
Q

What are the component parts of a haversian system? (BLOC)

A

Blood vessels Lamallae Osteocytes in lacunae Canaliculi

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23
Q

What is another name for haversian system?

A

Osteon

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24
Q

What are the different types of lamellae? (ICC)

A

Interstitial Circumferential Concentric

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25
Q

What is a Canal of Volkman?

A

Space through which blood vessels interconnect between the individual osteons.

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26
Q

What is the benefit of osteons aligning in the same direction?

A

Increases unidirectional strength

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27
Q

What is lamellae?

A

A sheet like structure present in

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28
Q

What is the name given to the structures in cancellous bone that give rise to the spongy appearance?

A

Trabeculae (small beams)

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29
Q

What is contained in the spaces between trabeculae?

A

Red or Yellow bone marrow

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30
Q

What type of tissue is red bone marrow?

A

Myeloid tissue

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31
Q

Why is red bone marrow described as Haemopoietic?

A

It is the site of blood cell production

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32
Q

What tissue type is yellow bone marrow?

A

Fatty tissue

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33
Q

Under what circumstances might YBM transform back to Haemopoietic RBM?

A

Severe Anaemia

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34
Q

What are the different categories of bone by shape? (FLIS)

A

Flat Long Short Irregular

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35
Q

What are the layers of a strong bone? (PEM)

A

Periosteum Endosteum Marrow Cavity

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36
Q

What are the parts of a long bone? (EMD)

A

Epiphysis Metaphysis Diaphysis

37
Q

What is the Diaphysis?

A

Shaft of a long bone

38
Q

What is the Epiphysis?

A

The very end of a long bone

39
Q

What is the metaphysis?

A

The part of the long bone in between the epiphysis and the diaphysis

40
Q

What are the correct terms for bone formation?

A

Ossification or osteogenesis

41
Q

What are the two methods of bone formation?

A

Intramembranous Endochondral

42
Q

How many stages does intramembranous ossification have?

43
Q

What are the first stage of intramembranous ossification?

A

Mesenchymal cells secrete osteoid. Calcification from deposition of calcium salts. Mesenchymal cells differentiate into osteoblasts

44
Q

What is the second stage of intramembranous ossification?

A

Blood vessels grow into area to supply nutrients and oxygen

45
Q

What is the third and final stage of intramembranous ossification?

A

Initially only cancellous bone but remodelling occurs and compact bone develops

46
Q

Where does intramembranous ossification occur?

A

Flat bones Clavicle

47
Q

How many stages are there to Endochondral ossification?

48
Q

What does Endochondral translate to?

A

Endo = inside Chondral = Cartilage

49
Q

What is the first stage of EO?

A

Cartilage model laid down

50
Q

What is the second stage of EO?

A

Outer cells differentiate into osteoblasts & Produce a thin outer collar of bone. Blood supply develops

51
Q

What is the third stage of EO?

A

Cells in diaphysis differentiate into osteoblasts - primary ossification centre

52
Q

What is the fourth stage of EO?

A

Osteoclasts erode centre of diaphysis to form the marrow cavity

53
Q

What is the fifth stage of EO?

A

Secondary ossification centres develop in the epiphyses and epiphyseal cartilage replaced by bone

54
Q

What is the sixth stage of EO?

A

Thin plate of cartilage remains at the metaphysis - epiphyseal plate

55
Q

What happens at puberty to stimulate bone growth?

A

An increase in sex, growth and thyroid hormones

56
Q

What is an open fracture otherwise known as?

57
Q

What is a closed fracture otherwise known as?

58
Q

What is a compound fracture otherwise known as?

59
Q

What is a simple fracture otherwise known as?

60
Q

What are the 6 classifications of fracture by break?

A

Spiral Oblique Transverse Greenstick Linear Comminuted

61
Q

Why is a comminuted fracture so bad?

A

Because the bone shatters

62
Q

How many stages are their involved in bone healing?

63
Q

What is the average minimum length of time a bone takes to heal from a fracture?

A

About 8 weeks

64
Q

What is the first stage of bone healing?

A

Haematoma formation

65
Q

What is the second stage of bone healing?

A

Area invaded by capillaries, fibroblasts, macrophages, osteoclasts & osteogenic cells. Soft Callus forms

66
Q

What is the third stage of bone healing?

A

The soft callus hardens due to mineral deposition

67
Q

What is fourth stage of bone healing?

A

Remodelling by osteoclasts

68
Q

What is a haematoma?

A

A solid swelling of clotted blood in the tissues

69
Q

What are the functional classification of joints? (SAD)

A

Synarthrosis Amphiarthrosis Diarthrosis

70
Q

What are the structural classification of joints? (CFS)

A

Cartilaginous Fibrous Synovial

71
Q

A joint with little or no movement is otherwise known as?

A

Synarthrosis

72
Q

A slightly moveable joint eg intervertebral discs?

A

Amphiarthrosis

73
Q

A freely moveable joint eg hip?

A

Diarthrosis

74
Q

A joint where bones are held together by cartilage eg intervertebral discs?

A

Cartilaginous

75
Q

A joint where bones are held together by collagenous fibres eg skull sutures

76
Q

A joint where bones are separated by a joint cavity and enclosed in a fibrous capsule?

77
Q

What are the classifications of synovial joints?

A

Ball & Socket

Hinge

Gliding

Pivot

Ellipsoid

Saddle

78
Q

A shoulder joint is an example of what type of synovial joint?

A

Ball and socket

79
Q

An elbow is an example of what type of synovial joint?

A

A hinge joint

80
Q

A sternoclavicular joint is an example of what type of synovial joint?

A

A gliding joint

81
Q

An atlantoaxial joint is what type of synovial joint?

82
Q

A radiocarpal is what type of synovial joint?

83
Q

A thumb is what type of synovial joint?

84
Q

What movement occurs in a ball and socket joint?

A

Flexion and extension

Abbduction and adduction

circumduction

rotation

85
Q

What type of movement takes place at a hinge joint?

A

Flexion and extension

86
Q

What type of movement occurs in a gliding joint?

87
Q

What type of movement takes place in a pivot joint?

88
Q

What type of movement takes place in a ellipsoid joint?

A

Flexion and extension

Abduction and adduction

89
Q

What type of movement takes place in a saddle joint?

A

Flexion and extension

Adduction and abduction

Anatomy & Physiology (24 decks)

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