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Anatomy & Physiology > Blood, it's components and groups > Flashcards

Blood, it's components and groups Flashcards

1
Q

List the 3 functions of blood

A

Transportation
Protection
Regulation

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2
Q

What gases does blood transport?

A

Oxygen

Carbon dioxide

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3
Q

What substances other than gases does blood transport?

A

H2O, nutrients, waste products and hormones

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4
Q

How is blood involved in temperature regulation?

A

It transports heat - vaso constriction and vaso dilation

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5
Q

How does blood fulfil a protective function?

A

Clotting/Coagulation
Immunity/Defense
Inflammation (WBC)

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6
Q

What does blood help to regulate?

A

Fluid
pH
Temperature
Hormones

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7
Q

What type of tissue is blood?

A

Liquid connective tissue

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8
Q

What makes blood a connective tissue?

A

Cells are contained in a liquid plasma matrix

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9
Q

What is the composition of blood in percentages?

A

Plasma 55%

Cells 45%

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10
Q

What is the process that seperates cells from plasma?

A

Centrifuging

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11
Q

What is haematocrit?

A

The cells separated from plasma by the centrifuge

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12
Q

What does PCV stand for?

A

Percentage Cellular Volume

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13
Q

What is a normal PCV in males?

A

40-54%

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14
Q

What is a normal PCV in females?

A

37-47%

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15
Q

What are the components of plasma?

A 
Water 
Protein
Electrolytes
Glucose/hormones
Organic waste products
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16
Q

What percentage of Plasma is water?

A

90%

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17
Q

What percentage of Plasma is protein?

A

8%

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18
Q

What percentage of Plasma is electrolytes?

A

0.9%

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19
Q

What are the plasma proteins?

A

Albumins
Globulins
Fibrinogen

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20
Q

What are the organic waste products found in Plasma?

A

Urea
Creatinine
Uric Acid

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21
Q

What is the width of a mature RBC?

A

7microns

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22
Q

What is the lifespan of an RBC?

A

120 days

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23
Q

What is the shape of an RBC?

A

Bi-Concave discs

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24
Q

What is the function of an RBC?

A

Transport Gas

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25
Q

What gases are transported by RBC?

A

Oxygen

Carbon Dioxide

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26
Q

What do RBC’s contain?

A

Haemoglobin

Carbonic Anhydrase Enzyme

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27
Q

Why do RBC’s have a special shape?

A

Increased flexibility

Increased surface area

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28
Q

Why do RBC’s contain Carbonic Anhydrase enzyme

A

To produce Carbonic Acid from CO2 and Water

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29
Q

On average how many haemoglobin molecules does an RBC contain?

A

Over 1 million

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30
Q

How many protein chains does a Haemoglobin molecule contain?

A

4 chains

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31
Q

What is the protein part of Haemoglobin?

A

Globin

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32
Q

How many Oxygen atoms does Haemoglobin carry?

A

4

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33
Q

What metal does Haemoglobin contain that blinds with oxygen molecule?

A

Iron (Fe+2)

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34
Q

How does Foetal haemoglobin differ to adult haemoglobin?

A

In it’s affinity to O2, which is greater in foetal haemoglobin.

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35
Q

Why is RBC count lower in women?

A

Androgens (male hormones) stimulate RBC production

Menstrual losses

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36
Q

List the two categories of Leukocytes

A

Granulocytes

AGranulocytes

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37
Q

List the three types of Granulocytes

A

Neutrophils 60-70%
Eosinophils 2-4%
Basophils <1%

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38
Q

List the two types of AGranulocytes

A

Lymphocytes 25-33%

Monocytes 3-8%

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39
Q

What is the function of a Neutrophil?

A

Phagocyte in bacterial infections

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40
Q

When are eosinophil counts high?

A

Parasitic infections

Allergies

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41
Q

When are basophil counts high?

A

Chicken Pox
Sinusitis
Diabetes

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42
Q

When are lymphocyte counts high?

A

During infection and immune responses

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43
Q

What is the function of lymphocytes?

A

Destroy foreign cells & virally infected cells

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44
Q

What triggers a macrophagic response in Monocytes?

A

Cytokines

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45
Q

Where are monocytes active when under the influence of cytokines?

A

Spleen
Kidney - mesangial cells
Liver - Kupfer cells
Brain - microglia

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46
Q

In an embryo where are blood cells manufactured?

A

Yolk Sac

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47
Q

In an unborn baby where are blood cells manufactured?

A

Liver, spleen

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48
Q

Following birth, where are blood cells manufactured?

A 
Red Bone Marrow (RBC, WBC, Platelets)
Lymphoid Tissues (WBC production/maturation)
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49
Q

What is Haemopoiesis?

A

Manufacture of Blood cells

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50
Q

What is EPO?

A

Ertythropoietin

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51
Q

Where is EPO secreted?

A

Kidney and Liver

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52
Q

What is EPO?

A

Hormone that controls manufacture of Red Blood Cells

53
Q

What triggers release of EPO?

A

Hypoxia

54
Q

What type of cell gives rise to all cell types?

A

Stem Cells

55
Q

What are the names of the transitional cells that eventually develop into an Erythrocyte?

A

Pro-erythroblast (committed cell)
Erythroblast
Normoblast
Reticulocyte

56
Q

At what rate are RBC’s manufactured on average?

A

2.5 million per second

57
Q

Over what period do RBC’s develop?

A

3-5 days

58
Q

What happens to a committed and precursor cell as it matures into an RBC?

A

Reduction in cell size
Synthesis of Haemoglobin
Loss of nucleus

59
Q

What percentage of circulating RBC’s are reticulocytes?

A

0.5 - 1.5%

60
Q

Where in the body do RBC’s expire?

A

Spleen - cells burst in narrow channels

61
Q

What function do the macrophages in the liver and spleen perform in relation to RBC expiration?

A

They digest the RBC components

Convert Haem to bilirubin

62
Q

How is Haem dealt with when an RBC expires?

A

Broken down to Iron which is stored by the body

Haem in turn broken down into Biliverdin, then bilirubin.

63
Q

What happens to Bilirubin?

A

This forms part of bile and is then expelled by the body in faecal matter, giving faeces it’s brown colour

64
Q

What are some typical causes of Hypoxia?

A 
Lung disease
Smoking
High Altitude
Increase in exercise
Bleeding
65
Q

What is hypoxaemia?

A

An abnormally low amount of oxygen in the blood

66
Q

Which organs in the body register hypoxaemia and in turn release EPO?

A

Liver and kidneys

67
Q

What action does EPO have on red bone marrows?

A

Stimulates them to produce more Red blood cells

68
Q

What does the body need for RBC production?

A

Iron
B12
Folic Acid

69
Q

What are common food sources of iron?

A 
Red Meat
Shellfish
Dried Fruit
Nuts
Legumes
70
Q

How is iron lost from the body?

A

Urine
Faeces
Bleeding

71
Q

Where is iron stored in the body?

A

Liver

72
Q

Where in the body is iron utilised?

A 
Bone Marrow (Haemoglobin)
Muscle (myoglobin)
All cells (enzymes in mitochondria)
73
Q

What are the causes of anaemia?

A 
Decrease RBC production or Haemoglobin synthesis
Inadequate nutrition
Loss of blood
RBC destruction (haemolytic anaemias)
Cell abnormalities (Sickle Cell disease)
74
Q

List the types of Anaemia

A 
Diet Induced
Macrocytic/Microcytic
Pernicious - Macrocytic
Haemorrhagic - normocytic
Haemolytic
Aplastic
75
Q

What is a platelet?

A

Small fragment of megakaryocyte cytoplasm

76
Q

How do platelets move?

A

Amoeboid movement

77
Q

What size are platelets?

A

2-4 microns

78
Q

What are the functions of platelets?

A

Secrete Chemicals
Form temporary platelet plugs
Dissolve old blood clots
Attract leukocytes to sites of inflammation

79
Q

What chemicals do Platelets secrete?

A

Clotting factors
Factors for endothelial repair
vasoconstrictors in broken vessels

80
Q

What is primary haemostasis

A

Temporary Platelet plug

81
Q

What is secondary haemostasis

A

Co-agulation, stable clot

82
Q

What is vascular spasm?

A

Constriction of a broken blood vessel

83
Q

What triggers vascular spasm?

A

Pain receptors

84
Q

What causes the blood vessel to constrict?

A

The release of serotonin by platelets

85
Q

Thrombin is a clotting factor found in Plasma? True or False

A

True

86
Q

Which organ manufactures pro-thrombin?

A

Liver

87
Q

What action does Thrombin have on Fibrinogen?

A

Turns it from soluble to insoluble fibrin

88
Q

What are the two coagulation pathways?

A

Extrinsic

Intrinsic

89
Q

What is the difference between the two coagulation pathways

A

Extrinsic is very fast and factors are released by tissues

Intrinsic factors are found only in the blood

90
Q

What is the Common Pathway?

A

Where the two coagulation pathways converge

91
Q

What substance is essential for coagulation?

A

Calcium (CA2+)

92
Q

In which coagulation pathway is Factor VIII found?

A

Intrinsic Pathway

93
Q

Which factors do platelets release in the Intrinsic Coagulation pathway?

A

Factor XII
Factor XI
Factor IX
Factor VIII

94
Q

What factors do damaged tissues release during the extrinsic coagulation pathway?

A

Thromboplastin

Factor VII

95
Q

What is Factor III otherwise known as?

A

Thromboplastin

96
Q

What is Factor II otherwise known as?

A

Prothrombin

97
Q

What is Factor I otherwise known as?

A

Fibrinogen

98
Q

What is Factor IV otherwise known as?

A

Ca2+

99
Q

What is Factor IX otherwise known as?

A

Christmas Factor

100
Q

What is Factor VIII otherwise known as?

A

Anti-haemophiliac Factor A

101
Q

What is the significance of Coagulation factor numbers?

A

They are numbered in the order they were discovered

102
Q

What is fibrinolysis?

A

Dissolving of a blood clot

103
Q

What is plasmin?

A

A fibrin dissolving enzyme or clot buster

104
Q

What eventually causes clotting to stop?

A

Platelets produce clot inhibiting chemicals

Heparin etc inhibit clotting action

105
Q

Do platelets stick to smooth vessel walls?

A

No

106
Q

Why is rapid blood flow important in prevent clots?

A

Clotting factors are normally diluted by rapid blood flow

107
Q

What can be a side effect of slow blood flow?

A

DVT

108
Q

What are the natural anti-coagulants present in blood?

A

Anti-thrombin

Heparin

109
Q

Where is Anti-thrombin produced in the body?

A

Liver

110
Q

Which cells secrete Heparin?

A

Basophils

Mast Cells

111
Q

How does Heparin act as an anti-coagulant?

A

It inhibits the action of thrombin preventing it converting fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin

112
Q

On which chromosome is the gene that determines blood type?

A

Chromosome 9

113
Q

What are the main blood groups?

A

A
B
AB
O

114
Q

What is the Rhesus Factor?

A

Discovered in Rhesus monkeys
A type of antigen
85% of people have Rhesus antigen
15% do not and are therefore capable of making anti-rhesus antibodies

115
Q

Why can blood group A not receive blood from group B

A

Because the antigen A will generate anti-body B in response to the foreign cell leading to illness and death.

116
Q

Why can blood group A receive a donation from blood group A?

A

Because it’s own cells contain antigen A, they are not capable of developing Antibody A so preventing any attack.

117
Q

Why is Group O sometimes referred to as the universal Donor?

A

A, B, AB and O can all receive blood from group O because it doesn’t contain any antigens

118
Q

What is the split of blood groups across the population?

A

A - 44%
B - 9%
AB - 4%
O - 43%

119
Q

What antigen is present on Rhesus positive Blood Cells

A

D Antigen

120
Q

What will occur during a mismatched transfusion?

A

Agglutination

Haemolysis

121
Q

Rhesus Positive Blood can only be given to Rhesus Positive individuals? True or False

A

True

122
Q

O- blood can be given to any individual? True or False

A

True

123
Q

What is Haemolytic Disease of Newborn?

A

Severe Anaemia
Toxic Brain Syndrome
Linked to Rh- mother and Rh+ baby

124
Q

Why is it especially important for Rh- women to be aware of their blood type?

A

During their first pregnancy if the baby is Rh+ the blood from the baby may mix with the mothers blood leading to anti-d agglutinin production. Then for consecutive pregnancies if the baby is Rh+ they are at risk of developing Haemolytic Disease of the Newborn if the anti-d agglutinins mix with the foetuses blood.

125
Q

What causes toxic brain syndrome in Haemolytic disease of the newborn?

A

Excessive Bilirubin

126
Q

How is Haemolytic Disease of Newborn prevented?

A

Anti-D immunoglobulin given to mother during pregnancy, after delivery and within 3 days after birth

127
Q

How many times a year is it safe to donate blood?

A

Three times

128
Q

How much blood is it safe to donate at any one time?

A

500ml or 1 unit

Anatomy & Physiology (24 decks)

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