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Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

Which two hormones are released from the posterior pituitary?

A

Oxytocin

ADH/Vasopressin

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2
Q

What hormones are released by the Anterior Pituitary gland?

A 
TSH
ACTH
Prolactin
FSH
LH
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3
Q

What hormones synthesised by the Hypothalamus affect the Anterior Pituitary

A 
GHRH
GHIH
TRH
CRH
PRH
LHRH
GnRH
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4
Q

Which hormones does the Thyroid Gland Release?

A

T3
T4
Calcitonin

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5
Q

Which hormones does the Parathyroid gland release?

A

PTH (Parathormone)

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6
Q

What hormones are released by the Pancreatic Islets?

A

Glucagon
Insulin
Somatostatin

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7
Q

Where are Adrenocorticoids released from?

A

Adrenal Cortex

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8
Q

What are the names of the different Adrenocorticoids?

A

Glucocorticoids
Mineralocorticoids
Androgens

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9
Q

Which hormones are released from the Adrenal Medulla?

A

Adrenaline

Noradrenaline

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10
Q

Which hormones are released from the Ovaries?

A

Oestrogen
Progesterone
Inhibin
Relaxin

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11
Q

Which hormones are released by the testes?

A

Testosterone

Inhibin

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12
Q

What hormones are released by the kidneys?

A

EPO

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13
Q

What hormones are released by the Gastro-Intestinal Tract?

A

Gastrin
Secretin
Cholecystokinin (CCK)

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14
Q

What hormone is released by Adipose Tissue?

A

Leptin

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15
Q

What hormone is released in the heart?

A

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)

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16
Q

What hormone is released by the placenta?

A

hCG

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17
Q

What hormone is released by the Thymus?

A

Thymosin

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18
Q

Which hormone is controlled by GHRH?

A

Growth Hormone

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19
Q

What hormones are controlled by GHIH?

A

Growth Hormone

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone

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20
Q

What hormone is controlled by TRH?

A

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone

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21
Q

Which Hormone is controlled by CRH?

A

ACTH

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22
Q

What hormone is controlled by PRH?

A

Prolactin

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23
Q

What hormone is controlled by PIH?

A

Prolactin

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24
Q

What hormone is controlled by LHRH?

A

Follicle Stimulating Hormone

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25
Q

What hormone is controlled by GnRH?

A

Luteinising Hormone

26
Q

Growth Hormone affects what areas of the body?

A

Most tissues and many organs

27
Q

What is the alternative name for Growth Hormone Release Inhibiting Hormone?

A

Somatostatin

28
Q

What are the target glands or tissues affected by GHRIH?

A

Thyroid Gland
Pancreatic islets
Most Tissues

29
Q

What is the target gland for TSH?

30
Q

What is the target tissue for PRL or PIH?

31
Q

What is the target tissue for FSH and LH?

A

Ovaries and Testes

32
Q

Function of Growth Hormone?

A

Regulates metabolism

Promotes tissue growth (esp. bones & muscles)

33
Q

Function of Thyroid Stimulating Hormone?

A

Stimulates growth and activity of thyroid gland and secretion of T3 and T4

34
Q

Function of Adrenocorticotrophic hormone?

A

Stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids

35
Q

Function of prolactin?

A

Stimulates growth of breast tissue and milk production

36
Q

Function of FSH?

A

Stimulates production of sperm, Stimulates secretion of oestrogen,
Maturation of ovarian follicles, Ovulation

37
Q

Function of LH?

A

Stimulates secretion of testosterone by the testes,

Stimulates secretion of progesterone by the corpus luteum

38
Q

What is T3?

A

Tri-iodothyronine

39
Q

What is T4?

40
Q

What mineral is essential for the formation of thyroid hormones?

41
Q

Why are thyroid hormones referred to as T3 and T4?

A

Refers to the number of iodine atoms on each molecule

42
Q

What stimulates the release of TRH?

LESSM

A 
Low Plasma Glucose Levels
Exercise
Stress
Sleep
Malnutrition
43
Q

What triggers the release of PTH?

A

A fall in blood calcium levels

44
Q

How does PTH affect blood calcium?

A

It raises levels of blood calcium

45
Q

What are the target tissues of PTH?

A

Small intestine
Renal Tubules
Osteoclasts

46
Q

What cells in the thyroid gland release calcitonin?

A

Parafollicular or C-Cells

47
Q

How does Calcitonin affect the blood?

A

Reduces blood calcium levels

48
Q

What triggers calcitonin?

A

If blood calcium levels are too high

49
Q

What are the target tissues of Calcitonin?

A

Bone Cells

Kidney Tubules

50
Q

What affect does calcitonin have on the renal tubules?

A

Inhibits reabsorption of calcium in the tubules

51
Q

How does Calcitonin affect bone cells?

A

Promotes the storage of calcium

52
Q

How do thyroid hormones affect cells?

A

They enter the nucleus and regulate gene expression

Enhance effects of other hormones e.g. adrenaline/noradrenaline

53
Q

Which is more potent, T3 or T4?

54
Q

Which is more abundant, T3 or T4?

55
Q

What are hormones?

A

Chemical Messengers

56
Q

Where are lipid and protein hormone receptors located in target cells?

A

Lipid - inside the cell

Protein - On cell membrane

57
Q

Where is the pituitary gland located?

A

Hypophyseal fossa of the sphenoid bone below the hypothalamus

58
Q

What is an alternative name for the Posterior Pituitary Gland?

A

Neurohypophysis

59
Q

What is an alternative name for the anterior pituitary gland?

A

Adenohypophysis

60
Q

How large is the pituitary gland?

A

500g - size of a pea

61
Q

What is an up growth of glandular epithelium from the pharynx?

A

Anterior Pituitary Gland

62
Q

What is a down growth of nervous tissue from the brain?

A

Posterior Pituitary Gland

Anatomy & Physiology (24 decks)

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