Skeletal System Flashcards
What are the five functions of bone?
Support, Protect, Produce Blood, Leverage, Storage
What are the three cells found in bone?
Osteoblasts, Osteocytes, Osteoclasts
What do osteoblasts do?
Form Bone Tissue/Compose Inner Layer of Periosteum
What are osteocytes?
Mature Osteoblasts/Trapped in Lacunae
What do osteoclasts do?
Remodel/Breakdown Bones
What are the two types of bone formations?
Endochondral, Intramembranous
What does the endochondral bone process do?
Grows bones that replace cartilage
Where does the endochondral bone process happen?
Most of the bones
Where does the intramembranous bone process happen?
Skull
What are the two types of bone structure?
Compact, Cancellous
Where are compact bones found?
Shafts of bones, outer layer of bones
Where are cancellous bones found?
Within the bones
What are the features of cancellous bone?
Spongy and Light
What are the features of compact bone?
Heavy and Dense
What are cylinder shaped structures found within the bone that form around blood vessels called?
Haversion System
What is the Haversian Canal?
Canal that runs blood vessels in bone vertically
What is the Volkman’s Canal?
Canal that runs blood vessels in bone horizontally
What is the area called that houses osteocytes?
Lacunae
What consists of two layers that surround an entire bone?
Periosteum
What does the endosteum surround?
Medullary Cavity
What is the function of parathyroid hormone (PTH)?
Prevents hypocalcemia/Removes Calcium from Bones
Does yellow bone marrow produce blood cells?
No
Does red bone marrow produce blood cells?
Yes
What is yellow bone marrow mostly composed of?
Adipose Connective Tissue
What is red bone marrow mostly composed of?
Hemopoietic Tissue/Red Blood Cells
What animals are known to mostly have yellow bone marrow?
Mature
What animals are known to mostly have red bone marrow?
Young
How many cervical vertebral bones do dogs have?
7
How many cervical vertebral bones do horses have?
7
How many thoracic vertebral bones do dogs have?
13
How many thoracic vertebral bones do horses have?
18
How many lumbar vertebral bones do dogs have?
7
How many lumbar vertebral bones do horses have?
6
How many sacral vertebral bones do dogs have?
3
How many sacral vertebral bones do horses have?
5
How many caudal/coccygeal bones do dogs have?
20-23
How many caudal/coccygeal bones do horses have?
15-21
What does the prefix “myelo-“ refer to?
Bone Marrow/Spinal Cord
What does the suffix “-clast” mean?
Break
What does the suffix “-blast” mean?
Produce
What does the prefix “costo-“ refer to?
Ribs
What does hematopoeisis mean?
Production of Blood Cells
What does cortex mean?
Outer
What does medulla mean?
Inner/Middle
What are the three skeleton categories?
Axial, Appendicular, Visceral
What bones can be found in the axial skeleton?
Skull/Ribs/Vertebral Column
What bones can be found in the appendicular skeleton?
Forelimbs/Hindlimbs
What bones can be found in the visceral skeleton?
Os rostra/os penis/os cordis
What are the four shapes of bones?
Long, Short, Irregular, Flat
What bone shape category describes bones that are longer than wide?
Long Bones
What is an example of a long bone?
Femur
What bone shape category describes bones that are cuboidal, or look more like cubes?
Short Bones
What is an example of a short bone?
Carpus/Tarsus Bones
What bone shape category describes bones that do not fit in any other category because they are weird shaped?
Irregular Bones
What is an example of an irregular shaped bone?
Pelvis/Vertebrae
What bone shape category describes bones that are flat?
Flat Bones
What is an example of a flat bone?
Scapula
What are the three types of joints?
Fibrous, Cartilaginous, Synovial
Describe fibrous joints.
Immovable, two bones firmly united by fibrous tissue
What is an example of a fibrous joint?
Splint Bones/Skull
Describe cartilaginous joints.
Slightly movable
What is an example of a cartilaginous joint?
Pelvis
Describe synovial joints.
Freely movable
What is an example of a synovial joint?
Shoulder
Which joint movement decreases the angle between two bones?
Flexion
Which joint movement increases the angle between two bones?
Extension
Which joint movement is away from the body?
Abduction
Which joint movement is towards the body?
Adduction
What joint movement is twisting?
Rotation
What joint movement is twisting in a circle?
Circumduction
What is a condyle on a bone?
Large, Cylinder shaped articular surface
What is a head on a bone?
Spherical articular surface on proximal ends of long bones
What is a foramen on a bone?
Hole
What is a fossa on a bone?
Indention
What is a process on a bone?
Projections
What are the two rules for naming anatomical joints?
- Start with the most proximal
2. Must include all bones articulating
List the bones of the thoracic limb starting from most proximal.
Scapula Humerus Radius Ulna Carpal Bones Metacarpal Bones Phalanges
List the bones of the pelvic limb starting from the most proximal.
Pelvis Femur Fibula Tibia Tarsal Bones Metatarsal Bones Phalanges
List the vertebral regions in order starting with most cranial.
Cervical Thoracic Lumbar Sacral Bones Coccygeal
What does the prefix “articulo-“ refer to?
Joints
What does diarthrosis mean?
Freely movable synovial joint
What does amphiarthrosis mean?
Slightly movable joint
What does synarthrosis mean?
Suture of a bone
What does the prefix “brachio-“ refer to?
Arm
What does brachium mean?
Humerus
What does antebrachium mean?
Radius
What is the term for the area of the rear limb between the stifle and the hock?
Crus
What is the term for the two bands of connective tissue that attach the penis to the pelvis?
Crura
What is the manus?
Front Paw
What is the pes?
Rear Paw
What does crural mean?
Pertaining to the leg or thigh
