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Veterinary Anatomy & Physiology > Chemical Basis for Life > Flashcards

Chemical Basis for Life Flashcards

1
Q

What is matter?

A

Anything that occupies space and has mass

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2
Q

What is matter composed of?

A

Elements

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3
Q

What is the smallest unit of an element that retains the unique properties of the element?

A

Atom

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4
Q

What is the atom composed of?

A

Protons, Neutrons, Electrons

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5
Q

What type of charge do protons carry?

A

Positive

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6
Q

What type of charge do neurons carry?

A

None

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7
Q

What type of charge do electrons carry?

A

Negative

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8
Q

What is the formula for atomic weight?

A

Protons + Neutrons

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9
Q

How many electrons can the first electron shell contain?

A

Two

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10
Q

How many electrons can the second electron shell contain?

A

Eight

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11
Q

What is an ion?

A

An atom that has gained/lost an electron

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12
Q

What is the term used for two or more atoms joined together by a chemical bond?

A

Molecule

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13
Q

What is the term used for a type of molecule with two different elements?

A

Compound

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14
Q

What type of bond happens when electrons are transferred from one atom to another?

A

Ionic Bond

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15
Q

What type of bond happens when electrons are shared between atoms?

A

Covalent Bond

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16
Q

What is the universal solvent?

A

Water

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17
Q

What is the term used for mineral compounds that have ionic bonds?

A

Salts

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18
Q

Describe electrolytes.

A

Have an electrical charge & Ionize in water

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19
Q

Ionically bonded substances that release hydrogen ions (H+) in water are known as what?

A

Acids

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20
Q

Ionically bonded substances that either release a hydroxyl ion (OH-) in water, or retain a H+ are known as what?

A

Bases

21
Q

Bases are also known as what?

A

Alkaline

22
Q

What two numbers are the range of the pH scale?

A

1 - 14

23
Q

Which number is considered neutral on the pH scale?

A

7

24
Q

On the pH scale. which number represents the most acidic chemicals?

A

1

25
Q

On the pH scale, which number represents the most alkaline chemicals?

A

14

26
Q

On the pH scale, what is the average blood pH of a healthy animal?

A

7.4

27
Q

What is the function of lipids?

A

Used in the body for energy and stored in fat for future energy needs

28
Q

What are the four classes of lipids?

A

Neutral fats, Phosopholipids, Steroids, Eicosanoids

29
Q

Lipids that take the form of four interlocking hydrocarbon rings are known as what?

A

Steroids

30
Q

Lipids formed from a 20-carbon fatty acid and a ring structure are known as what?

A

Eicosanoids

31
Q

What do prostaglandins (eicosanoids) mediate?

A

Inflammation

32
Q

What does thromboxane (eicosanoids) mediate?

A

Platelet Function

33
Q

What do leukotrienes (eicosanoids) mediate?

A

Bronchoconstriction/Increase mucous production

34
Q

What is the most abundant molecule in the body?

A

Protein

35
Q

What are proteins made of?

A

Amino Acids

36
Q

What proteins act as catalysts to speed up a chemical reaction without themselves being altered or destroyed?

A

Enzymes

37
Q

What are the largest molecules of the body?

A

Nucleic Acids

38
Q

What are the two classes of nucleic acids?

A

DNA, RNA

39
Q

Where can nucleic acids be found?

A

Nucleus, Mitochondria

40
Q

What are the segments found in DNA called?

A

Genes

41
Q

What is a chromosome?

A

Long Chain of Genes

42
Q

What molecule contains all the instructions needed by the cell to build a protein?

A

DNA

43
Q

What molecule carries the instruction out of the nucleus to build proteins?

A

RNA

44
Q

What are the three types of RNA?

A

Transfer (tRNA), Messenger (mRNA), Ribosomal (rRNA)

45
Q

What is adenosine triphosphate (ATP)?

A

Actual Energy of the Cell

46
Q

What type of charge does an anion atom have?

A

Negative

47
Q

What type of charge does a cation atom have?

A

Positive

48
Q

What element is the primary component of organic molecules?

A

Carbon

49
Q

What are the four most important electrolytes?

A

Calcium, Potassium, Sodium, Chloride

Veterinary Anatomy & Physiology (17 decks)

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