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Medical Terminology > Skeletal System > Flashcards

Skeletal System Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

periosteum

A

outermost layer of the bone, made up of fibrous tissue

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2
Q

compact bone

A

dense, hard layers of bone tissue that lie underneath the periosteum

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3
Q

cancellous (spongy) bone

A

contains little spaces like a sponge and is encased in the layers of compact bones

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4
Q

endosteum

A

membranous lining of the hollow cavity of the bone

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5
Q

diaphysis

A

shaft of the long bones

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6
Q

epiphysis (pl. epiphyses)

A

end of each long bone

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7
Q

bone marrow

A

material found in the cavities of the bones

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8
Q

red marrow

A

thick, bloodlike material found in flat bones and the ends of long bones; location of blood cell formaiton

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9
Q

yellow marrow

A

soft, fatty material found in the medullary cavity of long bones

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10
Q

maxilla

A

upper jaw bone

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11
Q

mandible

A

lower jaw bone

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12
Q

vertebral column

A

made up of bones called vertebrae (pl) or vertebra (singular) through which the spinal cord runs. The vertebral column protects the spinal cord

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13
Q

cervical vertebrae (C1 to C7)

A

first set of seven bones, froming the neck

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14
Q

thoracic vertebrae (T1 to T12)

A

second set of 12 vertebrae. They articulate with the 12 pair of ribs to form the outward curve of the spin.

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15
Q

lumbar vertebrae (L1 to L5)

A

third set of five larger vertebrae, which form the inward curve of the spine

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16
Q

sacrum

A

next five vertebrae, which fuse together to form a triangular bone positioned between the two hip bones

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17
Q

coccyx

A

four vertebrae fused together to form the tailbone

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18
Q

lamina (pl. laminae)

A

part of the vertebral arch

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19
Q

clavicle

A

collarbone

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20
Q

scapula

A

shoulder blade

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21
Q

acromion process

A

extension of the scapula, which forms the high point of the shoulder

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22
Q

sternum

A

breastbone

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23
Q

xiphoid process

A

lower portion of the sternum

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24
Q

humerus

A

upper arm bone

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25
Q

ulna and radius

A

lower arm bones

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26
Q

olecranon process

A

projection at the upper end of the ulnathat forms the the bony point of the elbow

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27
Q

carpal bones

A

wrist bones

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28
Q

metacarpal bones

A

hand bones

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29
Q

phalanges (sing. phalanx)

A

finger and toe bones

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30
Q

pelvic bone, hip bone

A

made up of three bones fused together

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31
Q

ischium

A

lower rear portion on which one sits

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32
Q

ilium

A

upper, wing-shaped part on each side

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33
Q

pubis

A

anterior portion of the pelvic bone

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34
Q

acetabulum

A

large socket in the pelvic bone for the head of the femur

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35
Q

femur

A

upper leg bone

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36
Q

tibia and fibula

A

lower leg bones

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37
Q

patella (pl. patellae)

A

kneecap

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38
Q

tarsal bones

A

ankle bones

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39
Q

calcaneus

A

heel bone

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40
Q

metatarsal bones

A

foot bones

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41
Q

articular cartilage

A

smooth layer of firm, fibrous tissue covering the contacting surface of joints

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42
Q

meniscus

A

crescent-shaped cartilage found in the knee

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43
Q

intervertebral disk

A

cartilaginous pad found between the vertebrae in the spine

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44
Q

pubic symphysis

A

cartilaginous joint at which two pubic bones come together

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45
Q

synovia

A

fluid secreted by the synovial membrane and found in joint cavities

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46
Q

bursa (pl. bursae)

A

fluid-filled sac that allows for easy movement of one part of the joint or the other

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47
Q

ligament

A

flexible, tough band of fibrous connective tissue that attaches one bone to another at a joint

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48
Q

tendon

A

band of fibrous connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone

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49
Q

aponeurosis

A

strong sheet of tissue that acts as a tendon to attach muscles to bone

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50
Q

skeletal muscles (also known as striated muscles)

A

attached to bones by tendons and make body movement possible. Skeletal muscles produce action by pulling and by working in pairs. They are also called voluntary muscles because we have control over these muscles.

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51
Q

smooth muscles (also known as unstriated muscles)

A

located in internal organs such as the walls of blood vessels and the digestive tract. They are also called involuntary muscles because they respond to impulses from the autonomic nerves and are not controlled voluntarily

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52
Q

cardiac muscle (known as myocardium)

A

forms most of the wall of the heart. Its involuntary contraction produces the heartbeat

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53
Q

abduction (ab-DUK-shun)

A

moving away from the midline

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54
Q

adduction (ad-DUK-shun)

A

moving toward the midline

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55
Q

inversion (in-VER-zhun)

A

turning inward

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56
Q

eversion (e-VER-zhun)

A

turning outward

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57
Q

extension (ek-STEN-shun)

A

movement in which a limb is placed in a straight position

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58
Q

flexion

A

movement in which the limb is bent

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59
Q

pronation

A

movement that turns the palm down

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60
Q

supination

A

movement tha turns the palm up

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61
Q

rotation

A

turning around its own axis

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62
Q

carp/o

A

carpals (wrist bone)

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63
Q

clavic/o, clavicul/o

A

clavicle (collarbone)

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64
Q

cost/o

A

rib

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65
Q

crani/o

A

cranium (skull)

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66
Q

femor/o

A

femur (upper leg bone)

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67
Q

fibul/o

A

fibula (lower leg bone)

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68
Q

humer/o

A

humerus (upper arm bone)

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69
Q

ili/o

A

ilium

70
Q

ischi/o

A

ischium

71
Q

lumb/o

A

loin, lumbar region of the spine

72
Q

mandibul/o

A

mandible (lower jawbone)

73
Q

maxil/o

A

maxilla (upper jawbone)

74
Q

patell/o

A

patella (kneecap)

75
Q

pelv/i, pelv/o

A

pelvis, pelvic bone

76
Q

phalang/o

A

phalanges (finger or toe bones)

77
Q

pub/o

A

pubis

78
Q

rachi/o

A

spine/vertebral column

79
Q

radi/o

A

radius (lower arm bone)

80
Q

sacr/o

A

sacrum

81
Q

scapul/o

A

scapula (shoulder blade)

82
Q

spondyl/o, vertebr/o

A

vertebra

83
Q

stern/o

A

sternum

84
Q

tars/o

A

tarsals (ankle bone)

85
Q

tibi/o

A

tibia (lower leg bone)

86
Q

uln/o

A

ulna (lower arm bone)

87
Q

aponeur/o

A

aponeurosis

88
Q

arthr/o

A

joint

89
Q

burs/o

A

bursa (cavity)

90
Q

chondr/o

A

cartilage

91
Q

disk/o

A

intervertebral disk

92
Q

menisc/o

A

meniscus (crescent)

93
Q

synovi/o

A

synovia, synovial membrane

94
Q

ten/o, tend/o, tendin/o

A

tendon

95
Q

ankyl/o

A

crooked, stiff, bent

96
Q

kinesi/o

A

movement, motion

97
Q

kyph/o

A

hump (increased convexity of the spine)

98
Q

lamin/o

A

lamina (thin, flat plate or layer)

99
Q

lord/o

A

bent forward (increased concavity of the spine)

100
Q

myel/o (also means spinal cord)

A

bone marrow

101
Q

my/o, myos/o

A

muscle

102
Q

oste/o

A

bone

103
Q

petr/o

A

stone

104
Q

scoli/o

A

crooked, curved

105
Q

inter-

A

between

106
Q

supra-

A

above

107
Q

sym-, syn-

A

together, jointed

108
Q

-asthenia

A

weakness

109
Q

-clasia, clasis, -clast

A

break

110
Q

-desis

A

surgical fixation, fusion

111
Q

-physis

A

growth

112
Q

-schisis

A

split, fissure

113
Q

ankylosis (ang-ki-LO-sis)

A

abnormal condition of stiffness

114
Q

arthritis (ar-THRI-tis)

A

inflammation of a joint

115
Q

bursitis (ber-SI-tis)

A

inflammation of the bursa

116
Q

chondromalacia (kon-dro-ma-LA-sha)

A

softening of the cartilage

117
Q

cranioschisis (kra-ne-OS-ki-sis)

A

fissure of the skull (congenital)

118
Q

diskitis (dis-KI-tis)

A

inflammation of the an intervertebral disk (also called discitis)

119
Q

fibromyalgia (fi-bro-mi-AL-ja)

A

pain in the fibrous tissues and muscles

120
Q

kyphosis (ki-FO-sis)

A

abnormal condition of a hump (also called humpback or hunchback)

121
Q

lordosis (lor-DO-sis)

A

abnormal condition of bending forward (also called swayback)

122
Q

maxillitis (mak-si-LI-tis)

A

inflammation of the maxilla

123
Q

meniscitis (men-i-SI-tis)

A

inflammation of the meniscus

124
Q

myasthenia (mi-as-THE-ne-a)

A

muscle weakness

125
Q

myeloma (mi-e-LO-ma)

A

tumor of the bone marrow (malignant)

126
Q

osteitis (os-te-I-tis)

A

inflammation of the bone

127
Q

osteoarthritis (os-te-o-ar-THRI-tis)

A

inflammation of the bone and joint

128
Q

osteochondritis (os-te-o-kon-DRI-tis)

A

inflammation of the bone and cartilage

129
Q

osteofibroma (os-te-o-fi-BRO-ma)

A

tumor of the bone and fibrous tissue (benign)

130
Q

osteomalacia (os-te-o-ma-LA-sha)

A

softening of bones

131
Q

osteomyelitis (os-te-o-mi-e-LI-tis)

A

inflammation of the bone and bone marrow (caused by bacterial infection)

132
Q

osteopenia (os-te-o-PE-ne-a)

A

abnormal reduction of bone mass (caused bu inadequate replacement of bone lost to normal bone lysis and can lead to osteoporosis)

133
Q

osteopetrosis (os-te-o-pe-TRO-sis)

A

abnormal condition of stonelike bones (marble like bones caused by increased formation of bone)

134
Q

osteosarcoma (os-te-o-sar-KO-ma)

A

malignant tumor of the bone

135
Q

polymyositis (pol-e-mi-o-SI-tis)

A

inflammation of many muscles

136
Q

rachischisis (ra-KIS-ki-sis)

A

fissure of the vertebral column (also called spinal bifida)

137
Q

rhabdomyolysis (rab-do-mi-OL-i-sis)

A

dissolution of striated muscle (severity can vary can be caused trauma, extreme exertion and drug toxicity)

138
Q

sarcopenia (sar-ko-PE-ne-a)

A

abnormal reduction of connective tissue

139
Q

scoliosis (sko-le-O-sis)

A

abnormal condition of (lateral) curved spine

140
Q

spondylarthritis (spon-dil-ar-THRI-tis)

A

inflammation of the vertebral joints

141
Q

spondylosis (spon-di-LO-sis)

A

abnormal condition of the vertebra

142
Q

synoviosarcoma (si-no-ve-o-sar-KO-ma)

A

malignant tumor of the synovial membrane

143
Q

tendinitis (ten-di-NI-tis)

A

inflammation of a tendon (also spelt tendonitis)

144
Q

tenosynovitis (ten-o-sin-o-VI-tis)

A

inflammation of the tendon and synovial membrane

145
Q

ankylosing spondylitis (ang-ki-LO-sing spon-di-LI-tis)

A

form of arthirits that first affects the spine and adjacent structures and that, as it progresses, causes a forward bend to the spine (also called strumpell-Marie arthritis or disease, or rheumatiod spondylitis)

146
Q

bunion (BUN-yun)

A

abnormal prominence of the joint at the base of the great toe. It is a common problem, often hereditary or caused by poorly fitted shoes (also called hallux valgus)

147
Q

carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS)

A

a common nerve entrapment disorder of the wrist caused by compression of the median nerve. Symptoms include pain and paresthesia in portions of the hand

148
Q

Colles fracture (KOL-ez)

A

a type of wrist fracture. The fracture is at the distal end of the radius, the distal fragment being displaced backward.

149
Q

exostosis (ek-sos-TO-sis)

A

abnormal benign growth on the surface of a bone (also called spur)

150
Q

fracture (fx)

A

broken bone

151
Q

gout

A

disease in which an excessive amount of uric acid in the blood causes sodium urate crystals (tophi) to be deposited in the joints, especially that of the great toe, producing arthritis

152
Q

herniated disk

A

rupture of the intervertebral disk cartilage, which allows the contents to protude through it, putting pressure of the spinal nerve roots (also called slipped disk, ruptured disk, herniated intervertebral disk or herniated nucleus pulposus [HNP])

153
Q

lyme disease

A

an infection caused by bacteria carried by deer ticks and transmitted to humans by the bite of an infected tick. May include rash and flu like symptoms.

154
Q

muscular dystrophy (MD)

A

group of hereditary diseases characterized by degeneration of muscles and weakness

155
Q

myasthenia gravis (MG)

A

chronic disease characterized by muscle weakness and thought to be caused by a defect in the transmission of impulses from nerve to muscle cell. The face, larynx and throat are frequently affected; no true paralysis of the muscles exists.

156
Q

osteoporosis (os-te-o-po-RO-sis)

A

abnormal loss of bone density that may lead to an increase in fractures of the ribs, thoracic and lumbar vertebrae, hips, and wrists after slight trauma

157
Q

rheumatoid arthritis (RA)

A

a chronic systemic disease characterized by autoimmune inflammatory changes in the connective tissue throughout the body

158
Q

spinal stenosis

A

narrowing of the spinal canal with compression of nerve roots. The condition is wither congenital or due to spinal degeneration. Symptoms are pain radiating to the thigh or lower legs and numbness or tingling in the lower extremities.

159
Q

spondylolisthesis (spon-di-lo-lis-THE-sis)

A

forward slipping of one vertebra over another

160
Q

aponeurorrhaphy (ap-o-nu-ROR-a-fe)

A

suture of an aponeurosis

161
Q

arthrocentesis (ar-thro-sen-TE-sis)

A

surgical puncture of a joint to aspirate fluid

162
Q

arthroclasia (ar-thro-KLA-zha)

A

surgical breaking of a stiff joint

163
Q

arthrodesis (ar-thro-DE-sis)

A

surgical fixation of a joint (also called joint fusion)

164
Q

arthroplasty (AR-thro-plas-te)

A

surgical repair of a joint

165
Q

bursectomy

A

excision of a bursa

166
Q

carpectomy (kar-PEK-to-me)

A

excision of a carpal bone

167
Q

chondrectomy (kon-DREK-to-me)

A

excision of a cartilage

168
Q

Total hip replacement arthroplasty (THA)

A

replacement of the hip joint with a metallic femoral head and a plastic coated acetabulum

169
Q

Birmingham hip resurfacing

A

used for younger active patients. removal of a few millimeters of bone from the femoral head instead of the entire femoral head. a metal cap is placed on top of the femur, and smooth metal is placed in the acetabulum.

170
Q

Total knee joint replacement arthroplasty (TKA)

A

is designed to replace worn surfaces of the knee joint. Various prostheses are used.

171
Q

metatarsal arthroplasty

A

is used to treat deformities associated with rheumatoid arthritis or hallux valgus and to treat painful or unstable joints.

172
Q

chondroplasty (KON-dor-plas-te)

A

surgical repair of a cartilage

Medical Terminology (19 decks)

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