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Medical Terminology > Muscular System > Flashcards

Muscular System Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

myology

A

scientific study of muscles

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2
Q

skeletal muscle

A

attached primarily to bone, striated and voluntary

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3
Q

cardiac muscle

A

most of the heart, striated and involuntary

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4
Q

smooth muscle

A

walls of hollow internal organs, blood vessels, stomach, non-striated, involuntary

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5
Q

functions of muscle tissue

A
  1. produce body movements 2. stabilize body positions 3. store and move substances within the body 4. generate heat
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6
Q

tendon

A

"”pick up sticks”” (panty hose) fascia, stretched beyond muscle as connective tissue attaches muscle to bone

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7
Q

muscle fascicle

A

groups of 10 to 100 or more muscle fibers, arranged in bundles

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8
Q

muscle fiber (cell)

A

1 ““pick up stick”” each muscle is a separate organ composed of hundreds of long, cylindrical cells, lie parallel to one another. contains myofibrils

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9
Q

myofibrils

A

"”piece”” threads in sarcoplasm, extends lengthwise. contain the myofilaments

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10
Q

myofilaments

A

what thick and thin filaments are called, contractile proteins

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11
Q

thick filament- myosin

A

2 golf clubs twisted together, produce power stroke

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12
Q

thin filament- actin

A

twisted helix, binding site for myosin

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13
Q

thin filament- tropomyosin

A

covers the myosin head-binding site on actin in relaxed muscle

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14
Q

thin filament- troponin

A

once bound to calcium, drags tropomyosin away from the binding sites

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15
Q

sarcomere

A

describes the arrangement of the above myofilaments. compartments where think and thick filaments are arranged. basic functional unit of the muscle cell

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16
Q

sarcoplasm

A

muscle fiber cytoplasm

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17
Q

the sliding filament mechanism

A

describes a muscle contraction. the length of the filaments do not change, filaments overlap, shortening the sarcomere as the muscle contracts.

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18
Q

sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

a fluid filled cavity around each myofibril that stores calcium via the calcium pump

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19
Q

calcium

A

in relaxed muscle, calcium is stored in the sarcoplasmic reticulum. when released starts the filaments sliding (contracts)

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20
Q

what must happen for a muscle to contract?

A

motor neuron, action potential, acetylcholin is released, release of calcium, calcium released from sarcoplasmic reticulum, calcium binds to troponin

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21
Q

ATP

A

energy source that makes all this happen

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22
Q

how does muscle fiber relax?

A

action potential stops, acetylcholine stops, calcium chambers close, calcium pump removes the remaining calcium, myosin heads no longer can bind, muscle will now relax

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23
Q

origin of muscle

A

attachment to tendon to stationary bone

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24
Q

insertion of muscle

A

attachment of other tendon to movable bone

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25
Q

belly of muscle

A

fleshy portion of muscle between the tendons

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26
Q

muscles of facial expression

A

originate in the bones of skull and insert into the skin

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27
Q

frontal belly

A

scalp anteriorly

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28
Q

occipital belly

A

scalp posteriorly

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29
Q

orbicularis oris

A

closes and protrudes the lips. shapes the lips during speech

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30
Q

zygomaticus (major and minor)

A

muscles for smiling

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31
Q

levator labii superioris

A

raises upper lip

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32
Q

depressor labii inferioris

A

depresses lower lip

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33
Q

buccinator

A

major cheek muscle

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34
Q

platysma

A

draws lower lip inferiorly, depresses mandible

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35
Q

orbicularis oculi

A

closes eye

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36
Q

intrinsic of eyeball

A

muscles that would originate and insert inside the eye

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37
Q

extrinsic of eyeball

A

outside the eye. fastest contracting and most precisely controlled skeletal muscles of the body.

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38
Q

superior rectus

A

eyeball superiorly

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39
Q

inferior rectus

A

eyeball inferiorly

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40
Q

lateral rectus

A

eyeball laterally

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41
Q

medial rectus

A

eyeball medially

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42
Q

superior oblique

A

rotate eye on axis

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43
Q

inferior oblique

A

rotate eye on axis

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44
Q

muscles that move the mandible

A

muscles of mastication

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45
Q

masseter

A

elevates the mandible as in chewing

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46
Q

temporalis

A

elevates and retracts mandible as in chewing

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47
Q

muscles that move the tongue

A

need for chewing, swallowing

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48
Q

extrinsic of tongue

A

outside the tongue, moves the entire tongue

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49
Q

intrinsic of tongue

A

inside the tongue, alter the shape of the tongue

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50
Q

placement of hyoid bone

A

in the neck, between mandible & larynx, doesn’t articulate with any other bone

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51
Q

sternocleidomastoid

A

flex cervical/neck area, flex head and rotate head to side

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52
Q

semispinalis capitis

A

acting together, extend head, singly, rotate head to side

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53
Q

splenius capitis

A

acting together, extend head. singly rotate head to same side

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54
Q

tendionous intersections

A

anterior surface of the rectus abdominis is interrupted by 3 transverse fibrous bands of tissue

55
Q

linea alba

A

(white line) tough, fibrous band extends from the xiphoid process of the pubic symphysis

56
Q

rectus abdominis

A

flexes vertebral column, lumbar and compresses abdomen

57
Q

external oblique and internal oblique

A

acting together, flexes vertebral. singly, latterly flexes vertebral column

58
Q

transversus abdominis

A

compresses abdomen

59
Q

muscles in anterolateral abdominal wall superficial to deep

A

external oblique, internal oblique, transversus abdominis

60
Q

diaphragm

A

dome shaped, most important muscle that powers breathing. results in inhalation

61
Q

intercostals

A

breathing muscles, between the ribs

62
Q

external intercostals

A

inhalation

63
Q

internal intercostals

A

exhalation

64
Q

muscles of pelvic floor

A

pelvic diaphragm, stretches from pubis to the coccyx and one lateral wall to the other

65
Q

levator ani and coccygeus and ischiococcygeus

A

supports and maintains position of pelvic viscera

66
Q

muscles of the perineum

A

inferior to the pelvic diaphragm

67
Q

external urethral sphincter

A

expels last drop of urine and semen

68
Q

external anal sphincter

A

keeps anal canal and anus closed

69
Q

pectoralis minor

A

(anterior,deep) abducts scapula and rotates it downward

70
Q

serratus anterior

A

(anterior, saw-toothed) abducts scapula and rotates it upward. punching and pushing

71
Q

trapezius

A

(posterior) located in the neck and upper back area. elevates scapula, extends head

72
Q

pectoralis major

A

located in the upper chest. adducts and medially rotates arm at shoulder joint. crosses arms

73
Q

latissimus dorsi

A

triangular muscle located in the middle and inferior part of back. draws arms inferiorly and posteriorly

74
Q

deltoid

A

located over shoulder. abducts arm, flex and medially rotate and extend and laterally rotate at shoulder joint

75
Q

rotator cuff muscles

A

strengthens and stabilizes the shoulder joint. supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, subscapularis

76
Q

muscles that move the radius and ulna

A

most cause flexion and extension at the elbow which is a hinge joint

77
Q

flexors

A

anterior surface of the rectus abdominis is interrupted by 3 transverse fibrous bands of tissue

78
Q

biceps brachii

A

flexes forearm

79
Q

brachialis

A

flexes forearm

80
Q

brachioradialis

A

flexes forearm

81
Q

extensors

A

posterior surface

82
Q

triceps brachii

A

extends forearm

83
Q

muscles that move the wrist, hand and fingers

A

are many and varies; located in the forearm

84
Q

anterior compartment muscles

A

flexors

85
Q

posterior compartment muscles

A

extensors

86
Q

flexors retinaculum

A

over the palmar surface of the carpal bones

87
Q

gluteus maximus

A

extends thigh at hip joint and laterally rotates thigh

88
Q

gluteus medius

A

abducts thigh at hip joint and medially rotates thigh

89
Q

gluteus minimus

A

abducts thigh at hip joint and medially rotates thigh

90
Q

anterior (extensor) compartment

A

thigh extends the leg (at knee joint) and flexes the thigh (at hip joint)

91
Q

quadriceps femoris

A

largest muscle in the body. composite of four separate muscles

92
Q

rectus femoris

A

only one to flex thigh at hip joint

93
Q

vastus lateralis

A

all extends leg a knee joint

94
Q

sartorius

A

longest muscle in body. flexes leg at knee joint. rotates thigh at hip joint

95
Q

semimembranosus

A

extends thigh at hip joint

96
Q

anterior compartment (dorsiflex) - tibialis anterior

A

dorsiflexion of foot at ankle joint

97
Q

pasterior compartment (plantar flexion) -gastrocnemius

A

plantar flexes foot at ankle joint

98
Q

posterior compartment (plantar flexion) -soleus

A

plantar flexes foot at ankle joint

99
Q

calcaneal (achilles) tendon

A

superficial muscles share this common tendon of insertion. strongest tendon of the body, inserts into the calcaneal bone of the ankle

100
Q

posterior (flexor) compartment

A

thigh flexes the leg and extends the thigh

101
Q

hamstrings

A

composite of three separate muscles

102
Q

biceps femoris

A

all

103
Q

semitendinosus

A

flexes leg at knee joint

104
Q

isometric contractions

A

tension increases greatly without a change in muscle length

105
Q

isotonic contraction

A

tension remains constant as muscle length decreases or increases

106
Q

rigor mortis

A

state of rigidity after death, calcium ions leak from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Myosin heads bind to actin that won’t detach from ATP absence. stuck for 24 hours then disintegrate.

107
Q

twitch

A

brief contraction in motor unit in response to a single action potential in its motor neuron

108
Q

muscle tone

A

at rest, small amount of tautness or tension due to weak, involuntary contractions of its motor units

109
Q

hypotonia (flaccid paralysis)

A

loss of muscle tone, loose, flattened. muscles may atrophy and degenerate

110
Q

hypertonia (spasticity)

A

increased muscle tone may become stiff or rigid

111
Q

muscular atrophy

A

reduction in size

112
Q

disuse

A

casting, bedridden

113
Q

denervation

A

loss of nerve supply

114
Q

cellular respiration

A

oxygen + glucose = ATP

115
Q

botulism

A

a disease characterized by severe, potentially fatal paralysis of skeletal muscles, that results from the consumption of a bacterial toxin.

116
Q

carpal tunnel syndrome

A

inflammation of the sheath that surrounds the flexor tendons of the palm and leads to nerve compression and pain.

117
Q

compartment syndrome

A

Ischemia that results form accumulated blood and fluid trapped within limb muscle compartments formed by partitions of dense connenctive tissue

118
Q

fibrosis

A

a process in which a tissue is replaced by fibrous connective tissue. Fibrosis makes muscles weaker and less flexible.

119
Q

hernia

A

a condition involving an organ or a body part that protrudes through an abnormal opening in the wall fo a body cavity.

120
Q

Intramuscular Injection (IM)

A

the administration of a drug by injectiong it into the mass of a large skeletal muscle.

121
Q

ischemia

A

a deficiency of blood (‘‘blood starvation’’) in a body part due to compression of a regional vessels.

122
Q

muscle cramps

A

prolonged, involuntary, painful mussular contrations.

123
Q

muscular dystrophies

A

a varied collection of inherited diseases that produce progressive muscle weakness and deterioration.

124
Q

myalgia

A

muscular pain; a common symptom of a wide variety of conditions and infections.

125
Q

myasthenia gravis

A

a general muscular weakness that results from a reduction in the number of Ach receptors on the motor end plate

126
Q

myoma

A

a benign tumor of muscle tissue

127
Q

myositis

A

inflammation of muscle tissue

128
Q

polio

A

a viral disease in which the destruction of motor neurons produces paralysis and atrophy of motor units.

129
Q

rigor mortis

A

a state following death during which muscles are locked in the contracted position, which make sthe body extremely stiff.

130
Q

sarcoma

A

a malignant tumor of mesoderm-derived tissue (muscle, bone or other ocnnective tissue).

131
Q

strains

A

tears or breaks in muscles

132
Q

tendinitis

A

inflammation of the conenctive tissue that surrounds a tendon.

133
Q

tetanus

A

a disease caused by a bacterial toxin that results in sustained, powerful contractions of skeletal muscles throughout the body.

Medical Terminology (19 decks)

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