Body Position & Integumentary Flashcards
Term
Definition
anter/o
front
caudo/o
tail (downward)
cephal/0
head (upward)
dist/o
away (from the point of attachment of a body part)
dors/o
back
infer/o
below
later/o
side
medi/o
middle
poster/o
back, behind
proxim/o
near (the point of attachment of a body part)
super/o
above
ventr/o
belly (front)
bi-
two
uni-
one
ad
toward
ior
pertaining to
caudad
toward the tail (downward)
cephalad
toward the head (upward)
lateral (lat)
pertaining to the side
medial (med)
pertaining to the middle
unilateral
pertaining to one side (only)
bilateral
pertaining to two sides
mediolateral
pertaining to the middle and to the side
distal
pertaining to away (from the point of attachment of a body part)
proximal
pertaining to near (to the point of attachment of a body part)
inferior (inf)
pertaining to below
superior (sup)
pertaining to above
caudal
pertaining to the tail (similar to inferior in most instances related to human anatomy)
cephalic
pertaining to the head
anterior (ant)
pertaining to the front
posterior
pertaining to the back
dorsal
pertaining to the back
ventral
pertaining to the belly (front)
anteroposterior (AP)
pertaining to the front and to the back
posteroanterior (PA)
pertaining to the back and to the front
frontal or coronal
vertical field passing through the body from side to side, dividing the body into anterior and posterior portions
midsagittal
vertical field running through the body from front to back at the midline, dividin the body equally into right and left halves
parasagittal
vertical field running through the body from front to back, dividing the body into right and left sides (any plane parallel to the midsagittal plane)
transverse
horizontal field dividing the body into superior and inferior portions
midline
an imaginary line that seperates the body, or body parts, into halves. In medical language, midline is used as a common reference point.
Fowler position
semi-sitting position with slight elevation of the knees
lithotomy position
lying on back with legs raised and feet in stirrups
orthopnea position
sitting erect in a chair or sitting upright in bed supported by pillows behind the head and chest (also called orthopneic position)
prone position
lying on abdomen, facing downward (head may be turned to one side)
recumbent position
lying down in any position
Sims position
lying on left side with right knee drawn up and with left arm drawn begind parallel to the back
supine position
lying on back, facing upward
Trendelenburg position
lying on back with body tilted so that the head is lower than the feet
high Fowler
upright position at approximately 90 degrees
Fowler
indicating an angle between 45 degrees and 60 degrees
semi-Fowler
30 degrees to 45 degrees
low Fowler
where the head is slightly elevated
umbilical region
around the navel (umbilicus)
lumbar regions
to the right and left of the umbilical region, near the waist
epigastric region
superior to the umbilical region, generally above the stomach
hypochondriac regions
to the right and left of the epigastric region
hypogastric region
inferior to the umbilical region
iliac regions
to the right and left of the hypogastric region, near the groin (also called inguinal regions)
umbilicus
derived from the Latin umbro (protuberant part of a shield) raised or depressed spot in the middle of anything
Hypochodriac
derived from the Greek hypo (under) and chondros (cartilage) Hippocrates referred to the region just below the cartilages of the ribs. People who experienced discomfort in this area but had no organic findings. Now, a person who falsely believes he or she has an illness is regerred to as a hypochodriac
Cyberchondria
emerged in 2000 as a term describing a pattern of using internet research to self diagnose symptoms, fueling health anxiety and worry
right upper quadrant (RUQ)
refers to the area encompassing the right lobe of the liver, the gallblader, part of the pancreas, and portions of the small and large intestines
left upper quadrant (LUQ)
referes to the area encompassing the left lobe of the liver, the stomach, the spleen, part of the pancreas, and portions of the small and large intestines
right lower quadrant (RLQ)
refers to the area encompassing portions of the small and large intestines, the appendix, the right ureter, and the right ovary and uterine tube in women or the right spermatic duct in men
left lower quadrant (LLQ)
refers to the area encompassing portions of the small and large intestines, the left ureter, and the left ovary and uterine tube in women or the left spermatic duct in men
Temporal palpating
palpate over the temporal bone on each side of the head lateral to each eyebrow
Carotid palpating
palpate the anterior edge of the sternocleidomastoid muscle, just medial and inferior to the angle of the jaw. To avoid reduction of blood flow, do not palpate right and left carotid pulses simultaneously
Brachial palpating
palpate in the groove between the biceps and tricept, just medial to the biceps tendon
Radial palpating
palpate lateral and anterior side of wrist, proximal to the first metacarpal phalangeal joint
Femoral palpating
This pulse is inferior to the inquinal ligament; if the patient is obese, the pulse is found midway between anterior superior iliac spine and pubic tubercle
Dorsalis pedis palpating
Lightly palpate the dorsal surface of the foot, with the foot slightly dorsiflexed
Posterior tibial palpating
This pulse is found posterior and slightly inferior to the medial malleolus of the ankle
epidermis
outer layer of the skin
keratin
horny, or cornified, layer composed of protein. It is contained in the hair, skin and nails
melanin
color, or pigmentation of the skin
dermis
inner layer of skin (also called the true skin)
sudoriferous (sweat) glands
tiny, coiled, tubular structures, that emerge through pores on the skin’s surface and secrete sweat
sebaceous glands
secrete sebum (oil) into the hair follicles where the hair shafts pass through the dermis
hair
compressed, keratinized cells that arise from hair follicles, the sacs that enclose the hair fibers
nails
originate in the epidermis. Nails are found on the upper surface of the ends of the fingers and toes. The white area at the base of the nail is called the lunula or moon
cutane/o, derm/o, dermat/o
skin
hidr/o
sweat
kerat/o
horny tissue, hard
onych/o, ungu/o
nail
seb/o
sebum (oil)
trich/o
hair
a
noun suffix, no meaning
coccus (pl. cocci)
berry-shaped (form of bacterium)
ectomy
exicision or surgical removal
ia
diseased or abnormal state, condition of
itis
inflammation
malacia
softening
opsy
view or, viewing
phagia
eating or swallowing
plasty
surgical repair
rrhea
flow, discharge
tome
instrument used to cut
dermatitis
inflammatino of the skin
dermatoconiosis
abnormal conditino of the skin caused by dust
dermatofibroma
fibrous tumor of the skin
hidradentitis
inflammation of a sweat gland
leiodermia
condition of smooth skin
onychocryptosis
abnormal condition of a hidden nail (also called ingrown nail)
leukoderma
white skin (white patches caused by depigmentation)
onychomalacia
softening of the nails
onychomycosis
eating the nails (nail biting)
pachyderma
thickening of the skin
paronychia (note the a from para has been dropped. The final vowel ina prefix may be dropped when the word to which it is added begins with a vowel.
dieased state around the nail
seborrhea
discharge of sebum (excessive)
trichomycosis
abnormal condition of a fungus in the hair
xeroderma
dry skin (a mild form of cutaneous disorder characterized by keratinization and noninflammatory scaling)
abrasion
scraping away of the skin by mechanical process or injury
abcess
localized collection of pus
acne
inflammatory disease of the skin involving the sabaceous glands and hair follicles
actinic keratosis
a precancerous skin condition of horny tissue formation that results from excessive exposure to sunlight. It may evolve into a squamous cell carcinoma.
albinism
congenital hereditary condition characterized by partial or total lack of pigment in the skin, hair and eyes.
basal cell carcinoma
epithelial tumor arising from the epidermis. It seldom metastasizes but invades local tissue. Common in individuals who have had excessive sun exposure.
Kaposi sarcoma
a cancerous condition starting as purple or brown papules on the lower extremeties that spreads through the skin to the lymph nodes and internal orgrans. Frequently seen with AIDS
laceration
torn, ragged-edged wound
lesion
any visible change in tissue resulting from inury or disease. It is a broad term that includes sores, wounds, ulcers and tumors.
MRSA infection
Invasion of body tissue by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, a strain of common bacteria that has developed resistance to penicillin and other antibiotics. It can produce skin and soft tissue infections and sometimes bloodstream infections and pneumonia, which can be fatal if not treated. MRSA is quite common in hospitals and long-term facilities but is increasingly emerging as an important infection in the general population.
pediculosis
invasion into the skin and hair by lice
psoriasis
chronic skin condition producing red lesions covered with silvery scales
rosacea
chronic disorder of the skin that produces erythema, papules, pustules, and broken blood vessels, usually occurring on the central area of the face in people older than 30 years (also called acne rosacea)
scabies
skin infection caused by the itch mite, characterized by papule eruptions that are caused by the female burrowing into the outer layer of the skin and laying eggs. This condition is accompanied by sever itching.
scleroderma
a disease characterized by chronic hardening (induration) of the connective tissue of the skin and other body organs,
squamous cell carncinoma (SqCCA)
a malignant growth that develops from scalelike epithelial tissue. Unlike basal cell carcinoma, there is a significant potential for metastasis. The most frequent cause is chronic exposure to sunlight.
systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
a chronic inflammatory disease involving the skin, joints, kidneys, and nervous system. This auto immune disease is characterized by periouds of remission and exacerbations. It also may affect other organs.
tinea
fungal infection of the skin. The fungi may infect keratin of the skin, hair and nails. Infectinos are classified by body regions such as tinea capitis (scalp) tinea corporis (body) and tinea pedis (foot). Tinea in general is also called ringworm and tinea pedis specifically is also called athlete’s foot.
urticaria
an itching skin eruption composed of wheals of varying size and shape, which usually resolves in a shor period of time. While often idiopathic, urticaria is sometimes associated with infections and with allergic reactions to food, medicine or other agents. Other causes include internal diseaes, physical stimuli and genetic disorders (also called hives)
vitiligo
white patches on the skin caused by the destruction of melanocytes associated with autoimmune disorders
biopsy (bx)
view of life (the removal of living tissue from the body to be viewed under the microscope)
excisional biopsy
removes the entire lesion along with a margin of surrounding tissue
punch biopsy
removes a cylindrical portion of tissue with a specifically designed round knife.
shave biopsy
removes a sample of tissue with a cut parallel to the surrounding skin
dermatoautoplasty
surgical repair using one’s own skin (skin graft) (also called autograft)
dermatoheteroplasty
surgical repair using skin from others (skin graft) (also called allograft)
dermatome
instrument used to cut skin (in thin slices for skin grafts)
dermatoplasty
surgical repair of the skin
onychectomy
excision of a nail
rhytidectomy
excision of wrinkles (also called facelift)
rhytidoplasty
surgical repair of wrinkles
cauterization
destruction of tissue with a hot or cold instrument, electric current, or caustic substance (also called cautery)
cryosurgery
destruction of tissue by using extreme cold, often by using liquid nitrogen
debridement
removal of contaminated or dead tissue and foreign matter from an open wound
dermabrasion
procedure to remove skin scars with abrasive material, such as sandpaper
excision
removal by cutting
incision
surgical cut or wound produced by a sharp instrument
incision and drainage (I & D)
surgical cut made to allow the free flow or withdrawal of fluids from a lesion, wound or cavity
laser surgery
procedure using an instrument that emits a high-powered beam of light used to cut, burn, vaporize, or destroy tissue
Mohs surgery
technique or microscopically controlled serial excisions of skin cancers
suturing
to stich edges of a wound surgically
dermatologist
a physician who studies and treats skin (diseases)
dermatology (derm)
study of the skin (a branch of medicine that deals with the diagnosis and treatment of skin disease)
epidermal
pertaining to upon the skin
erythroderma
red skin (abnormal redness of the skin)
hypodermic
pertaining to under the skin
intradermal
pertaining to within the skin
keratogenic
originating in horny tissue
necrosis
abnormal condition of death (cells and tissue die because of disease)
percutaneous
pertaining to through the skin
Staphylococcus
berry-shaped (bacterium) in grapelike clusters (thse bacteria cause many skin diseases)
streptococcus (pl. streptococci)
berry-shaped (bacterium) in twisted chains
subcutaneous (subcut)
pertaining to under the skin
transdermal (TD)
pertaining to through the skin
ungual
pertaining to the nail
xanthoderma
yellow skin (also called jaundice)
alopecia
loss of hair
bacteria (s. bacterium)
single celled micoroorganisms that reproduce by cell division and may cause infection by invading body tissue
cicatrix
scar
cyst
a closed sac containing fluid or semisolid material
cytomegalovirus (CMV)
a herpe-type virus that usually causes disease when the immune system is compromised
diaphoresis
profuse sweating
ecchymosis (pl. ecchymoses)
escape of blood into the skin (or mucous membrane), causing a small, flat, purple or blue discoloration, as may occur when blood is withdrawn by a needle and syringe from an arm vein
edema
puffy swelling of tissue from the accumulation of fluid
erythema
redness
fugus (pl. fungi)
organism that feeds by absorbing organic molecules from its surrounding and may cause infection by invading body tissue; single-celled fungi (yeast) reproduce by budding, mulicelled fungi (mold) reproduce by spore formation
induration
abnormal hard spot(s)
jaundice
condition characterized by a yellow tinge to the skin (also called xanthoderma)
keloid
overgrowth of scar tissue
leukoplakia
condition characterized by white spots or patches on mucous membrane, which may be precancerous
macule
flat, covered spot on the skin
nevus (pl. nevi)
circumscribed malformation of the skin, usually brown, black or flesh colored. A congenital nevus is present at births and is referred to as a birthmark (also called a mole)
nodule
a small, knotlike mass that can be felt by touch
pallor
small, solid skin elevation
papule
a pinpoint skin hemorrhage
petechia (pl. petechia)
a pinpoint skin hemorrhage
pressure ulcer (decub)
erosion of the skin caused by prolonged pressure, often occurring in bedridden patients (also called decubitus ulcer or bed sore)
pruritus
severe itching
purpura
small hemorrhages in the skin (or mucous membrane) giving a purple-red discoloration; associated with blood disorders or vascular abnormalities
pustule
elevation of skin containing pus
ulcer
erosion of the skin or mucous membrane
macule
flat, colored spot on the skin (freckle)
papule
small, solid skin elevation (skin tag, basal cell carcinoma)
nodule
a small, knotlike mass (lipoma, metastic carcinoma, rheumatoid nodule)
wheal
round, itchy elevation of the skin (urticaria or hive)
vesicle
small elevation of epidermis containing liquid (herpes zoster-shingles, herpes simplex, contact dermatitis)
pustule
elevation of the skin containing pus (impetigo, acne)
cyst
a closed sac containing fluid or semisolid material (acne)
cough
sudden, noisy expulsion of air from the lungs
hiccup
sudden catching of breath with a spasmodic contraction of the diaphragm
hyperventilation
ventilation of the lungs beyond normal body needs
hypoventilation
ventilation of the lungs that does not fullfill the body’s gas exchange needs
mucopurulent
containing both mucus and pus
mucus
slimy fluid secreted by the mucous membranes
nebulizer
device that creates a mist used to deliver medication for giving respiratory treatment
nosocomial infection
an infection acquired during hospitalization
paroxysm
periodic, sudden attack
patent
open, the opposite of closed or compromised, thus allowing passage of air, as in patent trachea and bronchi
sputum
muccous secretion from the lungs, bronchi, and trachea expelled through the mouth
ventilator
mechanical device used to assist with or substitute for breathing
ABGs
arterial blood gases
AFB
acid-fast bacilli
ARDS
acute respiratory distress syndrome
CF
cystic fibrosis
COPD
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
CT
computed tomography
CXR
chest radiograph
flu
influenza
LLL
left lower lobe
LTB
Laryngotracheobronchitis
LUL
Left Upper Lobe
OSA
obstructive sleep disorder
PE
pulmonary embolism
PFM
peak flow meter
PFTs
pulmonary function test
PSG
polysomnography
RLL
Right Lower Lobe
RML
Right Middle Lobe
RUL
Right Upper Lobe
SOB
shortness of breath
TB
tuberculosis
URI
Upper respiratory infection
VPS
ventilation-perfussion scanning
