Skeletal system

Question 1

describe the primary functions of the skeletal system

Answer 1

• support/framework
• Protection of the axial skeleton
• Movement of joints and muscles
• Storage of yellow marrow and minerals
• Blood cell formation

Question 2

differentiate between the axial and appendicular skeletons

Answer 2

axial:
- thoracic cage
- skull
- vertebral column
appendicular:
- extremities
- pelvic girdle
- shoulder girdle

Question 3

explain the process of bone remodeling and the factors that influence it

Answer 3

bone remodeling is the continuous process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts.
It can be influenced by factors such as mechanical stress from gravity and muscle pull and calcium ion levels in the blood.

Question 4

compare and contrast osteoarthritis (OA) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA)

Answer 4

Rheumatoid Arthritis is chronic and inflammatory, has remissions and flare-ups, and does not improve with movement.

Osteoarthritis is chronic and degenerative, affects articular cartilage, and does improve with movement.

Question 5

explain the 6 different types of fractures

Answer 5

• Comminuted: bone breaks into 3 or more fragments; common in older people
• Compression: bone is crushed; common in osteoporotic bones of older people
• Depressed: broken bone portion is pressed inward; typical of skull fracture
• Impacted: broken bone ends are forced into each other; typical of FOOSH
• Spiral: ragged break from twisting; common sports fracture
• Greenstick: a bone breaks incompletely; common in children

Question 6

Explain the 2 different types of fracture treatment

Answer 6

Open: surgical alignment of bone ends or fragments
Closed: bone ends aligned through manual adjustment externally

Question 7

explain the 4 parts of long bones

Answer 7

• Epiphysis: ends made of spongy bone (proximal vs distal)
• Diaphysis: middle/shaft made of compact bone
• Epiphyseal line/plate: growth plates
• Medullary cavity: inside shaft

Question 8

explain the difference between projections/processes and depression/cavities in long bones

Answer 8

projections/processes: grow outward
depression/cavities: grow inward

Question 9

what is rickets?

Answer 9

When bones fail to calcify in children

Question 10

what is osteoporosis and what are the causes and effects?

Answer 10

Osteoporosis is a bone-thinning disease.
- Causes: aging, immobility, hormonal changes, dietary deficits, smoking
- Effects: fractures, vertebral collapse

Question 11

How is the vertebral column separated into 5 segments?

Answer 11

Cervical: 7 vertebrae (breakfast)
Thoracic: 12 vertebrae (lunch)
Lumbar: 5 vertebrae (dinner)
Sacrum: 5 fused vertebrae
Coccyx: 4 fused vertebrae

Question 12

primary vs secondary curvatures of the spine

Answer 12

Primary curvature: thoracic and sacral (out curve)
Secondary curvature: cervical and lumbar (in curve)

Question 13

define the parts and function of the thoracic cage

Answer 13

• Parts: sternum, ribs, costal cartilage thoracic vertebrae
• Function: protection of the heart, lungs, and major blood vessels

Question 14

define the parts, landmarks, and attachments of the sternum

Answer 14

Parts
- manubrium
- body
- xiphoid process
Landmarks
- jugular notch
- sternal angle
- xiphisternal joint
Attachments
- clavicles
- ribs

Question 15

which ribs are true, false, and floating?

Answer 15

12 pairs
- true ribs 1-7
- false ribs 8-12
- floating ribs 11-12

Question 16

outline the key differences between the structure and function of compact bone and spongy bone

Answer 16

compact bone: forms the outer layer of bones
- dense and hard
- provides strength and protection
spongy bone: found inside bones
- porous and lightweight
- provides strength without adding excessive weight

Question 17

define the parts of the appendicular skeleton

Answer 17

Upper extremities
Lower extremities
Pelvic girdle
- coxal bones
- sacrum
Shoulder girdle
- clavicles
- scapulae

Question 18

what 2 bones make up the shoulder girdle?

Answer 18

clavicles and scapulae

Question 19

define the parts of the upper extremity

Answer 19

Arm
- humorous
Forearm
- ulna
- radius
Wrist
- 8 carpal bones
Hand
- metacarpals
- phalangies

Question 20

define the parts of the humerous

Answer 20

Humeral head
Greater and lesser tubercles
Deltoid tuberosity
Surgical neck
Medial and lateral epicondyles
Fossae
Capitulum
Trochlea

Question 21

what are the 3 parts of the forearm?

Answer 21

Radius
Ulna
Radioulnar joints

Question 22

what bones make up the wrist?

Answer 22

carpal bones
- “Some Couples Try Positions That They Cannot Handle”

Question 23

what are the 2 kinds of bones that make up the hand?

Answer 23

Metacarpals and Phalangies

Question 24

define the parts of the pelvic girdle

Answer 24

Sacrum
- sacroiliac joints
Coxal bones
- illium
- ischium
- pubis
- acetabulum

Question 25

define the parts of the lower extremity

Answer 25

Patella
Leg
- tibia
- fibula
Foot
- tarsals
- metatarsals
- phalanges
Thigh
- femur

Question 26

define the parts of the femur

Answer 26

• Femoral head
• Greater and lesser trochanter
• Gluteal tuberosity
• Surgical neck
• Medial and lateral epicondyles and condyles
• Patellar surface

Question 27

define the parts of the leg

Answer 27

Interosseous membrane
Tibiofibular joints
Fibula
- fibular head
- lateral malleolus
Tibia
- medial and lateral epicondyle
- tibial tuberosity
- medial malleolus

Question 28

define the parts of the foot

Answer 28

3 arches
Metatarsals
Phalangies
- proximal
- middle
- distal
Tarsals
- talus
- calcaneus

Question 29

what are the 3 different kinds of joints?

Answer 29

Cartilaginous: bones united by cartilage
Fibrous: bones united by collagenic fibers
synovial:
- bone ends = articular cartilage
- articular capsule (lining = synovial membrane)

Question 30

define the 6 types of synovial joints and provide an example of each

Answer 30

Hinge (elbow/knee)
Pivot (proximal radioulnar)
Condylar (metacarpophalangeal)
Saddle (1st carpometacarpal)
Ball-and-socket (hip/shoulder)
Plane (intercarpal/intertarsal)