Skeletal system Flashcards
describe the primary functions of the skeletal system
- support/framework
- Protection of the axial skeleton
- Movement of joints and muscles
- Storage of yellow marrow and minerals
- Blood cell formation
differentiate between the axial and appendicular skeletons
axial:
- thoracic cage
- skull
- vertebral column
appendicular:
- extremities
- pelvic girdle
- shoulder girdle
explain the process of bone remodeling and the factors that influence it
bone remodeling is the continuous process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts.
It can be influenced by factors such as mechanical stress from gravity and muscle pull and calcium ion levels in the blood.
compare and contrast osteoarthritis (OA) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
Rheumatoid Arthritis is chronic and inflammatory, has remissions and flare-ups, and does not improve with movement.
Osteoarthritis is chronic and degenerative, affects articular cartilage, and does improve with movement.
explain the 6 different types of fractures
- Comminuted: bone breaks into 3 or more fragments; common in older people
- Compression: bone is crushed; common in osteoporotic bones of older people
- Depressed: broken bone portion is pressed inward; typical of skull fracture
- Impacted: broken bone ends are forced into each other; typical of FOOSH
- Spiral: ragged break from twisting; common sports fracture
- Greenstick: a bone breaks incompletely; common in children
Explain the 2 different types of fracture treatment
Open: surgical alignment of bone ends or fragments
Closed: bone ends aligned through manual adjustment externally
explain the 4 parts of long bones
- Epiphysis: ends made of spongy bone (proximal vs distal)
- Diaphysis: middle/shaft made of compact bone
- Epiphyseal line/plate: growth plates
- Medullary cavity: inside shaft
explain the difference between projections/processes and depression/cavities in long bones
projections/processes: grow outward
depression/cavities: grow inward
what is rickets?
When bones fail to calcify in children
what is osteoporosis and what are the causes and effects?
Osteoporosis is a bone-thinning disease.
- Causes: aging, immobility, hormonal changes, dietary deficits, smoking
- Effects: fractures, vertebral collapse
How is the vertebral column separated into 5 segments?
Cervical: 7 vertebrae (breakfast)
Thoracic: 12 vertebrae (lunch)
Lumbar: 5 vertebrae (dinner)
Sacrum: 5 fused vertebrae
Coccyx: 4 fused vertebrae
primary vs secondary curvatures of the spine
Primary curvature: thoracic and sacral (out curve)
Secondary curvature: cervical and lumbar (in curve)
define the parts and function of the thoracic cage
- Parts: sternum, ribs, costal cartilage thoracic vertebrae
- Function: protection of the heart, lungs, and major blood vessels
define the parts, landmarks, and attachments of the sternum
Parts
- manubrium
- body
- xiphoid process
Landmarks
- jugular notch
- sternal angle
- xiphisternal joint
Attachments
- clavicles
- ribs
which ribs are true, false, and floating?
12 pairs
- true ribs 1-7
- false ribs 8-12
- floating ribs 11-12
outline the key differences between the structure and function of compact bone and spongy bone
compact bone: forms the outer layer of bones
- dense and hard
- provides strength and protection
spongy bone: found inside bones
- porous and lightweight
- provides strength without adding excessive weight
define the parts of the appendicular skeleton
Upper extremities
Lower extremities
Pelvic girdle
- coxal bones
- sacrum
Shoulder girdle
- clavicles
- scapulae
what 2 bones make up the shoulder girdle?
clavicles and scapulae
define the parts of the upper extremity
Arm
- humorous
Forearm
- ulna
- radius
Wrist
- 8 carpal bones
Hand
- metacarpals
- phalangies
define the parts of the humerous
Humeral head
Greater and lesser tubercles
Deltoid tuberosity
Surgical neck
Medial and lateral epicondyles
Fossae
Capitulum
Trochlea
what are the 3 parts of the forearm?
Radius
Ulna
Radioulnar joints
what bones make up the wrist?
carpal bones
- “Some Couples Try Positions That They Cannot Handle”
what are the 2 kinds of bones that make up the hand?
Metacarpals and Phalangies
define the parts of the pelvic girdle
Sacrum
- sacroiliac joints
Coxal bones
- illium
- ischium
- pubis
- acetabulum
define the parts of the lower extremity
Patella
Leg
- tibia
- fibula
Foot
- tarsals
- metatarsals
- phalanges
Thigh
- femur
define the parts of the femur
- Femoral head
- Greater and lesser trochanter
- Gluteal tuberosity
- Surgical neck
- Medial and lateral epicondyles and condyles
- Patellar surface
define the parts of the leg
Interosseous membrane
Tibiofibular joints
Fibula
- fibular head
- lateral malleolus
Tibia
- medial and lateral epicondyle
- tibial tuberosity
- medial malleolus
define the parts of the foot
3 arches
Metatarsals
Phalangies
- proximal
- middle
- distal
Tarsals
- talus
- calcaneus
what are the 3 different kinds of joints?
Cartilaginous: bones united by cartilage
Fibrous: bones united by collagenic fibers
synovial:
- bone ends = articular cartilage
- articular capsule (lining = synovial membrane)
define the 6 types of synovial joints and provide an example of each
Hinge (elbow/knee)
Pivot (proximal radioulnar)
Condylar (metacarpophalangeal)
Saddle (1st carpometacarpal)
Ball-and-socket (hip/shoulder)
Plane (intercarpal/intertarsal)
