Ankle and Foot Flashcards
what is the purpose of the ankle and foot?
support, propulsion
what are the landmarks and pulley of the tibia?
Distal landmark: anterior crest, medial malleolus
Pulley: tibialis posterior, flexor digitorum longus, flexor hallucis longus
what are the landmarks and pulley of the fibula?
Distal landmark: lateral malleolus
Pulley: peroneals longus and brevis
what are the components of the rear foot?
Calcaneus
Talus
what are the components of the midfoot/tarsal?
Navicular
Cuboid
Cuniform (medial, intermediate, lateral)
what are the components of the forefoot?
Metatarsals
Phalangies
Sesamoids
describe the 2 ankle joints
tibiofibular joint
Amphiarthrodial
Bones: tibia and fibula
Connective tissue: ligaments and interosseus membrane
Talocrural joint
Ginglymus
Bones: tibia, fibula, talus
what are the 6 foot joints?
Subtalar
Transverse tarsal
Intertarsal
Tarsometatarsal
Metatarsophalangeal
Interphalangeal
define dorsiflexion and include degrees of motion
toes up - 20 degrees
define plantar flexion and include degrees of motion
toes down - 50 degrees
define eversion and include degrees of motion
toes lateral - 15-20 degrees
define inversion and include degrees of motion
toes medial - 20-30 degrees
what movement do the phalangies do?
MTP flexion/extension
IP flexion/extension
ADD
ABD
what are the different compartments and how are they divided?
Anterior, posterior superficial, posterior deep, and lateral
Divided by dense fascia
what are the 4 anterior muscles?
Tibialis anterior
Peroneus Tertius
Extensor digitorum longus
Extensor hallucis longus
what are the 2 lateral muscles?
Peroneus longus and brevis
what are the posterior: superficial muscles?
Triceps surae: gastrocnemius and soleus
Plantaris
what are the posterior: deep muscles?
Flexor digitorum longus
Flexor hallucis longus
Tibialis posterior
tibialis origin, insertion, movement, and innervation
Origin - superolateral tibia
Insertion -
Medial cuneiform
Base of 1st metatarsal
Movement -
Dorsiflexion
Inversion
Innervation - sciatic nerve (L4-S3)
peroneus longus origin insertion, movement, and innervation
Origin -
Fibular head
Lateral fibula
Insertion -
Medial cuneiform
1st metatarsal
Movement -
Plantarflexion
Eversion
Innervation - sciatic nerve (L4-S3)
peroneus brevis origin, insertion, movement, and innervation
Origin - lower lateral fibula
Insertion - 5th metatarsal
Movement -
Plantar flexion
Eversion
Innervation - sciatic nerve (L4-S3)
gastrocnemius origin, insertion, movement, and innervation
Origin - posterior femoral condyles
Insertion - calcaneus via achilles
Movement -
Ankle PF
Knee flexion
Innervation - sciatic nerve (L4-S3)
soleus origin, insertion, movement, and innervation
Origin - proximal posterior tibia and fibula
Insertion - calcaneus via achilles
Movement -
Ankle PF
Knee flexion
Innervation - sciatic nerve (L4-S3)
posterior tibialis origin, insertion, movement, and innervation
Origin -
Interosseous membrane
Posterior tib and fib
Insertion -
Navicular
Cuneiform
Cuboid
2nd, 3rd, and 4th metatarsal base
Movement -
PF
Inversion
Innervation - sciatic nerve (L4-S3)
what are the agonists and exercises of dorsiflexion?
A:
Anterior tibialis
Extensor digitorum longus
Peroneus tertius
E: TB OKC DF
what are the agonists and exercises of plantarflexion?
A:
Gastrocnemius
Soleus
E: calf raises
what are the agonists and exercises of inversion?
A:
Anterior tibialis
Posterior tibialis
E: longsit TB inversion
what are the agonists and exercises of eversion?
A:
Peroneals longus, brevis, and tertius
Extensor digitorum longus
E: TB eversion
what are the agonists and exercises of toe flexion?
A:
Flexor hallucis longus
Flexor digitorum longus
E:
Marble pick up
Towel scunch
what are the agonists and exercises of toe extension?
A:
Extensor hallucis longus
Extensor digitorum longus
E: manually resisted toe extension
what are the 3 different kinds of ankle sprains?
Lateral - ATFL
- inversion injury
Medial - deltoid
- eversion injury
High-syndesmosis sprain
- anterior inferior tibiofibular lig
- inv and/or DF trama in weight-bearing
what are some symptoms of ankle sprains?
- Pain with ROM and weight-bearing
- Swelling and bruising
- Decreased balance in unilateral stance
what is compartment syndrome?
- swelling or bleeding in the compartment
- most common in anterior compartment
what are the causes of compartment syndrome?
- Acute injury/trauma
- Chronic overuse/exertional
what are some symptoms of compartment syndrome?
- Sharp pain
- Swelling
- Numbness and tingling
- Weakness of mm in the affected compartment
what is plantar fasciitis?
a painful condition that causes inflammation in the plantar fascia, a tissue band that runs from the heel to the toes.
what are the factors that make it more likely for someone to develop plantar fasciitis?
Age
Activity
Foot mechanics
Weight
Occupation
what are some symptoms of plantar fasciitis?
- Pain at heel and plantar surface foot
- Worse at 1st step in the morning
- Antalgic gait
