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FA final exam review > Cervical and Thoracic > Flashcards

Cervical and Thoracic Flashcards

1
Q

what is the purpose of the cervical and thoracic spine?

A

movement of head; line of sight

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2
Q

what bones are included in the cervical and thoracic spine?

A

atlas, axis, C3-C7

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3
Q

describe the landmarks of the atlas

A
  • No body
  • Facet for dens (connects to other vertebrae below)
  • Articular facets
  • Transverse process
  • Arches
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4
Q

describe the landmarks of the axis

A
  • Has a body
  • Dens (connects to other vertebrae)
  • Articular facets
  • Transverse process
  • Spinous process (is palpable)
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5
Q

describe the landmarks of C3-C7

A
  • Body
  • Articular facets
  • Transverse process
  • Spinous process is short and divided
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6
Q

describe the function of the atlantooccipital joint

A

connects cranium to atlas - functions for “yes” nod

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7
Q

describe function of the atlantoaxial joint

A

connects atlas to axis - functions for “no” nod

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8
Q

describe kind of joint, bones involved, and movement of the articular vertebral joints

A
  • Arthrodial
  • Bones: sup art facets and inf art facets
  • Movement: gliding for flexion, extension, SB, and rotation
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9
Q

describe kind of joint and parts of the C2-S1 vertebral joints

A
  • Amphiarthrodial symphysis joints
  • Parts: vertebral discs and vertebral bodies
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10
Q

describe the parts of intervertebral discs

A
  • Outer layer = annulus fibrosus
  • dense fibrocartilage
  • Inner layer = nucleus pulposus
  • gelatinous/pulpy substance
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11
Q

what is the function of intervertebral discs?

A

Function to compress vertebral bodies in all directions

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12
Q

what is a herniation and what affect does it have on the functionality of the spine?

A

when the nucleus pulposus protrudes annulus fibrosus

Changes to annulus decrease resilience

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13
Q

what are the landmarks of the thoracic spine?

A
  • Body
  • Articular facets: costal facets
  • Transverse process
  • Spinous process: long and downward pointing
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14
Q

how many total ribs are there and how are they put into groups?

A

12 pairs
- 7 true ribs
- 5 false ribs: 3 indirect, 2 floating

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15
Q

what are the landmarks of the ribs?

A

head, neck, shaft, tubercle

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16
Q

describe cervical flexion and include degrees of motion

A

chin to chest - 45 degrees

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17
Q

describe cervical extension and include degrees of motion

A

look up - 45 degrees

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18
Q

describe cervical SB and include degrees of motion

A

SB left - left ear to left shoulder - 45 degrees

SB right - right ear to right shoulder - 45 degrees

19
Q

describe cervical rotation and include degrees of motion

A

Rotation left - look over left shoulder - 60 degrees

Rotation right - look over right shoulder - 60 degrees

20
Q

longus colli origin and movement

A

Origin: anterior neck
Movement: cervical and upper T-spine flexion

21
Q

SCM origin, insertion, and movement

A
  • Origin:
    Medial clavicle
    Manubrium
  • Insertion:
    Mastoid process
  • Cervical movement:
    Atlantoaxial extension
    Cervical flexion
    SB - ipsilateral
    Rotation - contralateral
22
Q

splenius cervicis origin, insertion, and movement

A
  • Origin: SP T3-T6
  • Insertion: TP C1-C3
  • Cervical movement:
    Extension
    SB - ipsilateral
    Rotation - ipsilateral
23
Q

splenius capitis origin, insertion, and movement

A
  • Origin:
    Ligamentum nuchae
    SP C7-T4
  • Insertion:
    Mastoid process
    Occiput
  • Cervical movement:
    Extension
    SB - ipsilateral
    Rotation - ipsilateral
24
Q

what are the erector spinae muscles from medial to lateral?

A
  • spinalis (medial)
  • longissimus (middle)
  • iliocostalis (lateral)
25
what pelvis and spine movement does the erector spinae do?
- Spine extension, SB ipsilateral, rotation ipsilateral - Pelvis anterior tilt, contralateral lateral rotation
26
what are the 7 thoracic muscles?
- Diaphragm - Intercostals internal and external - Levator costarum - Subcostals - Scalenes - Serratus posterior - Transversus thoracic
27
what muscles are used in primary inspiration?
diaphragm, external intercostals
28
what muscles are used in secondary inspiration?
levator costarum, scalenes, serratus posterior
29
what muscles are used in forced expiration?
internal intercostals, abdominals, transversus thoracis, subcostals
30
what is tidal volume?
relaxed breathing
31
what are the agonists and exercises of cervical flexion?
A: SCM Deep neck flexors: longus colli, longs capitus, rectus capitus E: Chin tucks
32
what are the agonists and exercises of cervical extension?
A: Erector spinae Spenius cervicis Splenius capitis E: Prone chin tucks ROM - cat/cow
33
what are the agonists and exercises of cervical SB/lateral flexion
A: SCM Erector spinae Splenius capitis Splenius cervicis E: Cervical isometrics (hand to head)
34
what are the agonists and exercises of cervical rotation?
A: SCM Erector spinae Splenius capitis Splenius cervicis E: TB cervical rotation
35
what is degenerative disc disease?
disc space collapse; cartilaginous endplate erosion
36
what are the causes of degenerative disc disease?
Aging History of injury
37
what are the symptoms of degenerative disc disease?
- Pain at level of degeneration - Increased pain with flexion and rotation - Muscle spasms - Radiating pain/numbness/tingling
38
what is whiplash?
forceful flex/ext neck movement
39
what are the causes of whiplash?
MVA - rear-ended Fall, shaken, punched, sports
40
what are the symptoms of whiplash?
- Neck pain and stiffness - Increased pain with neck movement - Loss of cervical ROM - Headaches that start at the base of the skull - numbness/tingling in UEs
41
what is scoliosis?
side to side curvature of the spine (C or S shaped)
42
what are the causes of scoliosis?
- Nonstructural: symptoms of another condition - Structural: birth defect, injury, infection, abnormal growth
43
what are the symptoms of scoliosis?
- Difference in shoulder height (asymmetrical scapula) - Head off center - Difference in iliac crest height

FA final exam review (13 decks)

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