Cervical and Thoracic Flashcards
what is the purpose of the cervical and thoracic spine?
movement of head; line of sight
what bones are included in the cervical and thoracic spine?
atlas, axis, C3-C7
describe the landmarks of the atlas
- No body
- Facet for dens (connects to other vertebrae below)
- Articular facets
- Transverse process
- Arches
describe the landmarks of the axis
- Has a body
- Dens (connects to other vertebrae)
- Articular facets
- Transverse process
- Spinous process (is palpable)
describe the landmarks of C3-C7
- Body
- Articular facets
- Transverse process
- Spinous process is short and divided
describe the function of the atlantooccipital joint
connects cranium to atlas - functions for “yes” nod
describe function of the atlantoaxial joint
connects atlas to axis - functions for “no” nod
describe kind of joint, bones involved, and movement of the articular vertebral joints
- Arthrodial
- Bones: sup art facets and inf art facets
- Movement: gliding for flexion, extension, SB, and rotation
describe kind of joint and parts of the C2-S1 vertebral joints
- Amphiarthrodial symphysis joints
- Parts: vertebral discs and vertebral bodies
describe the parts of intervertebral discs
- Outer layer = annulus fibrosus
- dense fibrocartilage
- Inner layer = nucleus pulposus
- gelatinous/pulpy substance
what is the function of intervertebral discs?
Function to compress vertebral bodies in all directions
what is a herniation and what affect does it have on the functionality of the spine?
when the nucleus pulposus protrudes annulus fibrosus
Changes to annulus decrease resilience
what are the landmarks of the thoracic spine?
- Body
- Articular facets: costal facets
- Transverse process
- Spinous process: long and downward pointing
how many total ribs are there and how are they put into groups?
12 pairs
- 7 true ribs
- 5 false ribs: 3 indirect, 2 floating
what are the landmarks of the ribs?
head, neck, shaft, tubercle
describe cervical flexion and include degrees of motion
chin to chest - 45 degrees
describe cervical extension and include degrees of motion
look up - 45 degrees
describe cervical SB and include degrees of motion
SB left - left ear to left shoulder - 45 degrees
SB right - right ear to right shoulder - 45 degrees
describe cervical rotation and include degrees of motion
Rotation left - look over left shoulder - 60 degrees
Rotation right - look over right shoulder - 60 degrees
longus colli origin and movement
Origin: anterior neck
Movement: cervical and upper T-spine flexion
SCM origin, insertion, and movement
- Origin:
Medial clavicle
Manubrium - Insertion:
Mastoid process - Cervical movement:
Atlantoaxial extension
Cervical flexion
SB - ipsilateral
Rotation - contralateral
splenius cervicis origin, insertion, and movement
- Origin: SP T3-T6
- Insertion: TP C1-C3
- Cervical movement:
Extension
SB - ipsilateral
Rotation - ipsilateral
splenius capitis origin, insertion, and movement
- Origin:
Ligamentum nuchae
SP C7-T4 - Insertion:
Mastoid process
Occiput - Cervical movement:
Extension
SB - ipsilateral
Rotation - ipsilateral
what are the erector spinae muscles from medial to lateral?
- spinalis (medial)
- longissimus (middle)
- iliocostalis (lateral)
what pelvis and spine movement does the erector spinae do?
- Spine extension, SB ipsilateral, rotation ipsilateral
- Pelvis anterior tilt, contralateral lateral rotation
what are the 7 thoracic muscles?
- Diaphragm
- Intercostals internal and external
- Levator costarum
- Subcostals
- Scalenes
- Serratus posterior
- Transversus thoracic
what muscles are used in primary inspiration?
diaphragm, external intercostals
what muscles are used in secondary inspiration?
levator costarum, scalenes, serratus posterior
what muscles are used in forced expiration?
internal intercostals, abdominals, transversus thoracis, subcostals
what is tidal volume?
relaxed breathing
what are the agonists and exercises of cervical flexion?
A:
SCM
Deep neck flexors: longus colli, longs capitus, rectus capitus
E:
Chin tucks
what are the agonists and exercises of cervical extension?
A:
Erector spinae
Spenius cervicis
Splenius capitis
E:
Prone chin tucks
ROM - cat/cow
what are the agonists and exercises of cervical SB/lateral flexion
A:
SCM
Erector spinae
Splenius capitis
Splenius cervicis
E:
Cervical isometrics (hand to head)
what are the agonists and exercises of cervical rotation?
A:
SCM
Erector spinae
Splenius capitis
Splenius cervicis
E:
TB cervical rotation
what is degenerative disc disease?
disc space collapse; cartilaginous endplate erosion
what are the causes of degenerative disc disease?
Aging
History of injury
what are the symptoms of degenerative disc disease?
- Pain at level of degeneration
- Increased pain with flexion and rotation
- Muscle spasms
- Radiating pain/numbness/tingling
what is whiplash?
forceful flex/ext neck movement
what are the causes of whiplash?
MVA - rear-ended
Fall, shaken, punched, sports
what are the symptoms of whiplash?
- Neck pain and stiffness
- Increased pain with neck movement
- Loss of cervical ROM
- Headaches that start at the base of the skull
- numbness/tingling in UEs
what is scoliosis?
side to side curvature of the spine (C or S shaped)
what are the causes of scoliosis?
- Nonstructural: symptoms of another condition
- Structural: birth defect, injury, infection, abnormal growth
what are the symptoms of scoliosis?
- Difference in shoulder height (asymmetrical scapula)
- Head off center
- Difference in iliac crest height
