skeletal system Flashcards
vitamins for bones
vitamin a
vitamin c
vitamin d
vitamin a
helps make white blood cells and shape bones
vitamin c
fight infection and helps build collagen
vitamin d
helps gather calcium and phosphorus
skeletal cartilage
AVASCULAR no blood vessels or nerves
flexible and strong
surrounded by perichondrium (membrane) which in dense irregular ct that resists outward expansion
hyaline cartilage
hyaline: support, flexibility, resilience.
MOST ABUNDANT
present in articular, intercostal, respiratory and nasal
elastic cartilage
stretchy not strong.
contains elastic fibers.
found in external ear, epiglottis/larynx and vocal cords
fibro cartilage
highly compressed w great tensile strength.
found in menisci of the knee and in intervertebral discs
3 types of skeletal cartilage
hyaline
elastic
fibrocartilage
articular cartilage
covers ends of long bones
intercostal cartilage
connects ribs to the sternum (inside ribs)
respiratory cartilage
makes you larynx and reinforces air passages
nasal
supports the nose
appositional
growth from the perichondrium (outside wall) inwards toward the middle
-> <-
interstitial
chondocytes (cartilage cells) divide and grow w/in matrix and expand from middle
calcification
solidification with calcium salts of cartilage occurs
-during normal bone growth
-during old age
axial skeleton
bones of the skull, vertebral column and rib cage
-down middle
appendicular skeleton
bones of the upper and lower limbs, shoulder and hip
-attachments
long bones
longer than they are wide
ex. hand feet tibia humerous
short bones
-cube shaped bones of the wrist and ankle
-bones that form within tendons
ex.patella
flat bones
thin flattened, and a bit curved
ex.rib bones and most skull bones
irregular bones
bones w complicated shapes
ex.vertebral and hip bones
function of the bones
support
protect
movement
mineral storage
blood cell formation
compact bone
dense outer layer
spongy bone
honeycomb of trabeculae (divider) filled with YELLOW MARROW
short, irregular, and flat bones
-thin plates of the periosteum)covered compact bone) on the outside w endosteum (covered spongy bone) on the inside
-No epiphysis and diaphysis
-yellow marrow between trabeculae
red marrow
-only in long bones
-creation of red blood cells, platelets and most white blood cells
yellow marrow
-FAT storage
-mesenchymal stem cells that differentiate into fat,cartilage, and bone
(stem cells can turn into what they want from differentiation by gene activation)
diaphysis
MIDDLE
-tubular shaft that forms the axis (middle) of long bones
-composed of compact bone that surrounds the medullary cavity (thick outer part)
-yellow bone marrow is in the medullary cavity
epiphysis
expanded ENDS “knuckles”
-exterior is compact bones, interior is spongy
-joint surface is cover w ARTICULAR HYALINE CARTILAGE
what separates the diaphysis and epiphysis
growth plate
articular cartilage
covers the surface of the epiphysis
decreases friction at the joint surfaces
periosteum
-double layered protective membrane
-bundle of cells that form protective layer
-around the bone/ protect
nutrient foramina
where nerve fibers, blood and lymphatic vessels enter the bone
sharpeys fibers
secure the periosteum to underlying bone
endosteum
delicate membrane covering internal surfaces of bone
(separates different tissues)
(surround outside of the cavity)
