biochem & cells Flashcards
carbohydrates
FUEL FOR BODY (short term energy)
monomer- monosaccharide
elements- CHO
ex. glucose, starch
Lipids
AKA FATS (insulation, protection)
monomer- fatty acids
CHO (less oxygen)
ex. steroids, cholesterol
Proteins
Structure and immunity
monomer- amino acid
CHON
ex. ENZYMES, Support, Transport
Nucleic acid
stores genetic info
monomer-nucleotide
CHONP
ex. DNA & RNA
homeostasis
keeps body stable/ balanced
negative feedback
stops directional flow
keeps body within normal levels/ range
positive feedback
pushes body away from homeostasis
enhances directional flow (everything coming out)
ex. vomit, birth
Buffers
Keeps stable pH of body fluid
(stops things from going to high or low)
ATP
Stores energy for cells to do work!
(to get energy we have to break the bond to remove the last phosphate.)
hierarchy of cells
atoms-molecules-cells-tissue-organ level-organ system
(amc tigers orbit os)
protein synthesis
process cells use to create protein!
DNA-RNA-Protein
We need protein to have structure, energy, muscle etc.
role of genetics in body
.carry info needed by body to make certain proteins
.instructions
( all cells have dna without dna our cells couldn’t function and they would die) A permanent change in DNA is a mutation.
(our genetics/ DNA keeps our cells healthy and alive and gives them their jobs)
chemical bonds
Form elements together and allow them to function and form bonds.
influencing rate of CHEMICAL REACTIONS?
temp
pressure
concentration
particle size
catalyst
major element of basic biology
CHON
carbon hydrogen oxygen nitrogen
mutagen
causes change to DNA or causes rapid division
mixtures
components, physically, intermixed and not chemically bonded
ex.bloodcells
solution
homogeneous mixture
ex. urine electrolytes
organic compounds
CARBON
large, share electrons
inorganic compounds
NO CARBON
Monomers
Small molecules
Polymers
Long chains
Ex.carbon chain
Synthesis
COMBINING atoms/molecules.
Anabolic=energy taken in
Decomposition
BREAKING apart molecules.
Catabolic=energy released
Exchange reaction
Bonds made/broken to exchange parts
(Displacment)
Sequence of amino acids
Amino acid-polypeptide-protein
Enzymes & Catalyst
Speed up reactions
DNA
Double stranded
Provides instructions for protein
RNA
Single stranded
Helps with protein synthesis.
Gene expression
Cell specialize by producing specific sets of proteins.
Cell death
Lack of oxygen, DNA damage
1.Necrosis 2.Apoptosis
Electrolytes
Conduct electrical current in solution
Where do we get energy
CELLULAR RESPIRATION.. We use oxygen and glucose to get energy from ATP… we have to break the last bond to get the energy from ATP. (energy gets released)
denaturation
protein unfolds and loses 3D shape. (no longer function)
causes: decrease in pH, increase in Temp
CHANGE IN STRUCTURE=CHANGE IN FUNCTION
necrosis
cell explodes (external) lack of oxygen
apoptosis
cell shrinks (internal) DNA damage
cellular respiration
need glucose and oxygen…
sugars are converted to chemical energy (ATP)
Releases energy into ATP
4 things cells do during their life in order to be “normal functioning” ?
Homeostasis
Cellular respiration
Cell cycle
Die
