Skeletal System Flashcards
The skeletal system’s major organs are the
Bones and ligaments
are simply cords of regular dense fibrous tissue that bind the bones to one another.
Ligaments
Bones of an adult
206
are cylindrical bones that are longer than they are wide.
Long bones
are as long as they are wide, sometimes having an almost cuboidal shape.
Short bones
arise when bone tissue invades and hardens fibrous membranes, so they are sheet-like in shape.
Flat bones
They are usually curved rather than absolutely flat.
Flat bones
do not quite fit any of the other categories because of the complexity of their shapes.
Irregular bones
The ___ is often used as a general specimen for study because it has all the features that any bone can have
long bone
The ___ is often used as a general specimen for study because it has all the features that any bone can have
long bone
The ____ is a sheet of irregular, dense fibrous connective tissue continuous with the ligaments.
It covers the shaft and part of the heads of a long bone.
Periosteum
The _____ is a smooth cap of hyaline cartilage found where the bone articulates (forms a joint) with another bone, Joints, or connections between bones, are often movable.
Articular cartilage
The ___ is the whole central shaft of the long bone. Only the external part of the shaft, made of solid bone tissue, is visible from the external aspect.
Diaphysis
are the “heads” of a long bone, one proximal to the diaphysis and one distal.
Only the external portions are visible in a whole specimen.
Epiphysis
Although actually a separate organ, some bits of these fibrous straps that hold bones together may still be attached to your specimen.
Ligament
As its name implies, is a space within the center of the diaphysis. The walls surrounding the space are made of both cancellous and compact bone.
Medullary cavity
In the adult, the cavity generally contains _____, which is a mass of fatty tissue.
Yellow bone marrow
What is the purpose of yellow bone marrow?
produce cartilage, fat and bone
is a thin epithelial membrane that lines the medullary cavity.
Endosteum
The epiphyses, like diaphyses, have a compact bone cortex, but the medulla is often different. The inside of each epiphysis has _____.
Cancellous bone
The soft tissue in the spaces of the cancellous bone is often ____, which produces blood cells.
red bone marrow
Connective Tissue, there are two basic types of bone tissue within a bone organ:
compact bone and cancellous bone
is found mainly in the hard outer shell of a bone organ
It is formed by solid cylindrical units called ___ packed tightly together.
Compact bone, osteons
The osteon, or ____, consists of multiple concentric layers of hard bone matrix, with cells sandwiched between each laver.
haversian system
COMPACT BONE
This bone matrix is made up of collagen fibers encrusted with crystals of a calcium-containing mineral called
Each layer of bone matrix is a __ (plural lamellae).
apatite
lamella
are literally trapped within lacunae between the lamellae. The ___ were once active osteoblasts but have trapped themselves in the solid matrix they formed.
Osteocytes
The ___ are centered around the central (haversian) canal.
lamellae
The central canal contains ___. There are also transverse canals connecting the central canals of adjacent osteons
blood vessels and nerves
These transverse canals are called transverse or ____. They are also sometimes called perforating canals.
Volkmann canals
The osteocytes trapped within lacunae transport materials to and from the canal by way of tiny ___ (“small canals”) that connect the osteocytes to one another and to the canal.
canaliculi
is found in the inner portions of a bone organ. It is easily identified by its open, lattice-like structure.
Thin plates of bone matrix, with a scattering of osteocytes trapped within lacunae, form structural beams that have great strength despite the open spaces.
Cancellous bone
These branching beams of hard bone are called ____.
trabeculae
The spaces are filled with hematopoietic or ___, a special type of blood tissue that produces new blood cells.
It is also called red bone marrow.
myeloid tissue
Until a long bone has stopped growing in length, a layer of cartilage called the ____ remains between each epiphysis and the diaphysis
During periods of growth, proliferation of epiphyseal cartilage cells brings about a thickening of this layer.
Epiphyseal plate
(bone formation) of the additional cartilage nearest the diaphysis then follows; that is, osteoblasts make new bone matrix. As a result of this process, the bone becomes longer.
Ossification
Types of skeleton
Axial
Appendicular
How many bones in axial skeleton
80
How many bones in appendicular skeleton
126
How many bones in the skull?
28
Cranium bones
FETPOS
F rontal
Ethmoid
Temporal
Parietal
Occipital
Sphenoid
Facial bones
(No Man can Zoom Me Like Poppy and Izzie Vanish)
Nasal
Maxillary
Zygomatic (malar)
Mandible
Lacrimal
Palatine
Inferior conchae (turbinates)
Vomer
Auditory ossicles
(MIS)
Malleus (hammer) (2)
Incus (anvil) (2)
Stapes (stirrup) (2)
How many bones in spinal column
26
Spinal column
(CAT jumps to the TREE LIKE SHE COULD)
Cervical vertebrae (7)
Thoracic vertebrae (12)
Lumbar vertebrae (5)
Sacrum (1)
Соссух (1)
How many bones in sternum and ribs?
25
How many ribs are in a human body?
24
How many bones are in the upper extremities?
64
Upper extremities
(CUS Him Right now to Make Peace Cendric)
Clavicle (2)
Ulna (2)
Scapula (2)
Humerus (2)
Radius (2)
Metacarpals (10)
Phalanges (28)
Carpals (16)
How many bones in lower extremities?
62
Lower extremities
(COME TO THE FARM PLEASE it is FAIR for ME POLLY)
Coxal bones (2)
Tibia (2)
Tarsals (14)
Femur (2)
Patella (2)
Fibula (2)
Metatarsals (10)
Phalanges (28)
It molds the head
It allows moving if fatal head during birth
Fontanels
What are the fontanels
Anterolateral (SPHENOID)
Posterolateral (MASTOID)
Anterior (FRONTAL)
Posterior (OCCIPITAL)
What is the strongest bone in facial bones?
Mandible
The ___ cervical vertebrae at the superior end of the vertebral column are designated individually by number.
seven
Is a ring-like vertebra that supports the skull by forming a joint with the occipital condyles
It has an anterior arch and posterior arch fused to left and right lateral masses to form a cir-cle.
Flat articulating FACETS are found on both the supe rior and inferior aspects.
ATLAS — C1
Is remarkable for its dens or odontoid (tooth-like) process.
The dens points superiorly through the atlas to act as a pivot for the rotation of Cl and the skull.
Axis —C2
The 12 ____ (T1 through T12) are inferior to the cervical vertebrae. As a group, they curve in the opposite direction of the cervical curve to form the thoracic curve.
thoracic vertebrae
Five large ____ (L1 through L5) form the curve of the lower back, or lumbar curve.
lumbar vertebrae
All vertebrae from C3 to L5 have certain common features:
Vertebral foramen
Body
Pedicle
Lamina
Large hole (for the spinal cord) in the center
Vertebral foramen
Thick disk of bone at the anterior aspect of the vertebra and forms the anterior arch
Body
Projects from the body and connects to lamina
Pedicle
Thin, plate-like section connecting to the pedicle anteriorly and from which processes project
Lamina
The ___ is not really part of the vertebral column but will be considered here.
This bone is a U-shaped bone in the throat.
It serves as an attachment for tongue muscles and connective tissue associated with the larynx (voice box).
In most articulated skeletal specimens, it is suspended by wire or plastic in a position anterior to the cervical curve.
hyoid bone
form a partially flexible, protective shield for the heart, lungs, and other thoracic organs.
It also helps to protect some organs of the upper abdomen, such as the liver and spleen.
Rib cage, or thoracic cage
TRUE or FALSE
The ribs curve around posteriorly
False
anteriorly
The superior seven pairs of ribs attach directly to the sternum by way of
Costal cartilage
The 14 ribs are called
true ribs
The inferior five pairs, or ___, do not directly connect to the sternum.
false ribs
The upper three pairs of false ribs indirectly connect to the sternum via the costal cartilages of true ribs.
The last two pairs of false ribs do not connect in any way, so they are also called ___
foating ribs
The ____, receives the costal cartilages of the true ribs on the anterior aspect of the thoracic cage.
In life, it forms an anterior protective wall over the heart and associated structures.
sternum, or breastbone
Structure of sternum
Manubrium — Superior segment
Body (gladiolus) — Main (middle) portion of the sternum
Xiphoid process - Inferior, pointed segment
What are the 4 curves in vertebral column
Cervical cruve
Thoracic curve
Lumbar curve
Sacral curve
Perhaps the oldest method of producing images of internal structures of the human body is ___.
sketching dissected specimens
More recent technology has produced a number of advanced techniques of producing images of human structures.
One such technique, first produced by ____ around the turn of the previous century, is radiography.
Wilhelm Roentgen
This technique, which is also called x-ray photography, uses radiation waves that pass through the specimen and onto photographic film.
Because the waves pass more easily through soft tissue than through dense tissue, such as bone, shadows of some structures are visible when the flm is developed.
Radiography
What does CT scan means?
computed tomography
A ___ emits a beam of x-rays in a circular path around the subject. After passing through the body, the beams are processed by a computer that is able to reconstruct a three-dimensional image of internal structures.
CT scanner
The ____, forms part of the shoulder girdle that supports the arms.
It is an irregular bone on the superior, posterior aspect of the rib cage that extends laterally to form a joint with the arm.
scapula, or shoulder blade
The ____, is the other bone of the shoulder girdle.
The ____ is a long bone whose long axis lies along a horizontal axis on the anterior, superior aspect of the thoracic cage.
clavicle, or collarbone
The ___ is the large, long bone of the arm.
humerus
The ___ is the lateral bone of the two bones of the forearm. It articulates with the capitulum of the humerus and the radial notch of the ulna.
radius
The ____, medial to the radius, articulates with the trochlea of the humerus.
ulna
The carpus, or wrist, is composed of eight small bones:
Pisiform
Triquetrum (triangular)
Lunate
Scaphoid (navicular)
Hamate
Capitate
Trapezoid
Trapezium
The hand consists of five similar ____, numbered one through five (starting from the thumb side).
metacarpal bones
Articulating with these are the ____, or finger bones.
They are named proximal, middle, and distal and numbered one through five, according to their position.
phalanges
TRUE or FALSE
The last digit (pollex) does not have a middle phalanx.
FIRST digit (the thumb)
A left and right ____, or pelvic bone, join to form the pelvic girdle.
coxal bone
The ___ articulate with the sacrum and support the legs.
They are formed by the fusion of three bones early in development: the ilium, ischium, and pubis.
coxae
These bones are still identihable as pelvic regions:
Ilium
Ischium
Pubis
Lateral, superior region of the bone; it includes the bowl-like wall of the upper pelvis
• Ilium
Inferior, posterior, lateral coxal region
Ischium
Inferior, anterior, medial region, consisting of an upper and lower ramus; forms the pubic arch at the body’s anterior midline
Pubis
The __is the long bone of the thigh.
femur
The ___ is a large sesamoid bone forming the anterior bone of the knee joint.
patella
The ____ is one of two long bones of the leg. The ___ is the larger, medial leg bone.
tibia
The ___ is the narrower, lateral bone of the leg
fibula
The seven tarsal bones form the ankle:
• Talus
• Calcaneus
• Navicular
• Medial cuneiform
• Intermediate cuneiform
• Lateral cuneiform
• Cuboid
The foot comprises___ metatarsal bones, with numbering similar to the metacarpals of the hand.
five
Also like the hand, the foot has __ phalanges and the first digit (hallux) does not have a middle phalanx.
28
HOW MANY BONES?
Vertebral column
26
HOW MANY BONES?
Cervical vertebrae
7
HOW MANY BONES?
Thoracic vertebrae
12
HOW MANY BONES?
Lumbar vertebrae
5
HOW MANY BONES?
Spinal curves
4
HOW MANY BONES?
Thoracic cage
25
HOW MANY BONES?
Pairs of ribs
12
HOW MANY BONES?
Pairs of ribs
12
HOW MANY BONES?
True ribs
14
HOW MANY BONES?
Pairs of False ribs
5
HOW MANY BONES?
Pairs of floating ribs
2
HOW MANY BONES?
Upper extremities
64
HOW MANY BONES?
Wrist bones (right and left)
16
HOW MANY BONES?
Hand/fingers bones (right and left)
38
HOW MANY BONES?
Lower extremities
62
HOW MANY BONES?
Ankle bones (right and left)
14
HOW MANY BONES?
Foot/toe bones (right and left)
38
Joints, or ___, are structures in the skeleton where two or more bones join together.
articulations
are found where fibrous connective tissue tightly binds the articulating bones.
Fibrous joints
Types of fibrous joints
Suture
Syndesmosis
Gomphosis
This is a joint between two flat bones, as between the left and right parietal bones (sagittal suture)
Suture
These are bands of fibrous tissue that bind bones, as between the distal ends of the radius and ulna
Syndesmosis
A fibrous membrane that connects each tooth to its socket in a jaw’s alveolar process
Gomphosis
are formed when a mass of cartilage joins bones
Cartilaginous joints
Types of cartilage joints
• Synchondrosis — Hyaline cartilage that connects bones; for example, the costal cartilage connection between a
• Symphysis — Fibrocartilage that forms the joint, as in the symphysis pubis, joining left and right coxae, or between the bodies of vertebrae
Hyaline cartilage that connects bones; for example, the costal cartilage connection between a rib and the sternum
Synchondrosis
Fibrocartilage that forms the joint, as in the symphysis pubis, joining left and right coxae, or between the bodies of vertebrae
Symphysis
Fibrous joints and cartilaginous joints can be either ___ (immovable joints) or ___ (slightly movable joints).
synarthroses, amphiarthroses
are always freely movable (diarthrotic) joints.
A flexible joint capsule, composed of ligaments and other connective structures and lined with a lubricating synovial membrane, allows a wide range of movement.
Synovial joints
Categories of synovial joints are based on the way in which the articulating bones fit together:
• Gliding joint
• Hinge joint
• Ellipsoid (condyloid) joint
• Pivot joint
• Saddle joint
• Ball-and-socket joint
Most mobility in the joint
• Ball-and-socket joint
Some skeletal movements involve movement of body parts relative to a __ plane:
• Flexion— Decreasing the angle of a joint
• Extension -Increasing the angle of a joint
• Hyperextension - Moving a joint beyond its normal range or beyond the anatomical position
• Dorsiflexion - Bending the ankle so that the toes move superiorly
• Plantar flexion-Bending the ankle so that the toes move inferiorly
• Protraction - Moving a part anteriorly, along a horizontal plane
• Retraction - Moving a part posteriorly, along a horizontal plane
sagittal
Decreasing the angle of a joint
• Flexion
Increasing the angle of a joint
• Extension
Moving a joint beyond its normal range or beyond the anatomical position
• Hyperextension
Bending the ankle so that the toes move superiorly
Dorsiflexion
Bending the ankle so that the toes move inferiorly
Plantar flexion
Moving a part anteriorly, along a horizontal plane
OUTWARD (extend mandible)
Protraction
Moving a part posteriorly, along a horizontal plane
INWARD
• Retraction
Motions are done relative to a ___
• Abduction -Moving an appendage’s distal end away from the midsagittal plane
• Adduction - Moving an appendage’s distal end toward the midsagittal plane
• Inversion - Moving the foot from the anatomical position (sole or downward) to a position in which the sole is facing the midsagittal plane
• Eversion -Moving the foot from the anatomical tion to a position in which the sole faces away from the midsagittal plane
frontal (coronal) plane
Moving an appendage’s distal end away from the midsagittal plane
• Abduction
Moving an appendage’s distal end toward the midsagittal plane
• Adduction
Moving the foot from the anatomical position (sole or downward) to a position in which the sole is facing the midsagittal plane
• Inversion
Moving the foot from the anatomical position to a position in which the sole faces away from the midsagittal plane
• Eversion
What are these
• Circumduction —Moving the distal end of an appendage in a circle, making a cone-shaped sweep
• Rotation -Moving a bone on its axis, as if on a pivot or axle
• Pronation - Rotating the forearm from the anatomical position (palm anterior) to reverse it (palm posterior)
• Supination- Rotating the forearm from the pronated position back to the anatomical position
Circular movement
Moving the distal end of an appendage in a circle, making a cone-shaped sweep
• Circumduction
Moving a bone on its axis, as if on a pivot or axle
• Rotation
Rotating the forearm from the anatomical position (palm anterior) to reverse it (palm posterior)
• Pronation
Rotating the forearm from the pronated position back to the anatomical position
• Supination
The __movements:
• Elevation -Raising a part
• Depression -Lowering a part
special
Raising a part
• Elevation
Lowering a part
• Depression
Radiographic examination of the soft tissues that form joints is called
arthrographys
In one method of arthrography, a ___ medium that absorbs x-ray is injected to the joint
The resulting image is called an arthrogram.
Contrast
A “pillow” made of synovial membrane and filled with synovial fluid
Bursa
A piece of cartilage shaped like a disk with a curved surface
• Meniscus
A cartilage coating on the articulating surfaces of bone
• Articular cartilage
