Cell

Question 1

Considered the basic unit of living organism

Answer 1

Cells

Question 2

What are the levels of organization

Answer 2

Chemicals
Organelles
Cells
Tissues
Organs
Organ system
Organism

Question 3

are microscopic units composed of a bubble of fatty material filled with a water-based mixture of molecules and tiny particles.

Answer 3

Cells

Question 4

Parts of the cell are called ___ (meaning “small organs”).

Answer 4

Organelles

Question 5

The outer boundary of the cell is the _____. It is composed of a double layer (or bilayer) of phospholipid molecules imbedded with other molecules.

Answer 5

Plasma membrane

Question 6

Each phospholipid molecule has a polar, ____ (“water loving”) head made up of ____, and a nonpolar, ____ (“water fearing”) tail made up of two ___. Imbedded in the membrane are integral proteins, which may have additional protein molecules called peripheral proteins attached to them on one side of the membrane or the other.

Answer 6

hydrophilic - phosphate & glycerol
hydrophobic - fatty acid chains

Question 7

The ___ has many functions, most involving transport and communication between the inside and outside of the cell

Answer 7

plasma membrane

Question 8

The material within the plasma membrane is the ____ (literally, “cell stuff”) and includes both the organelles and the liquid, or cytosol, surrounding the organelles.

Answer 8

Cytoplasm

Question 9

____ are tiny bodies that serve as a site for protein synthesis. Some ___ are found on the outer surface of the ER, and some are found scattered elsewhere within the cell.

Answer 9

Ribosomes

Question 10

The ____, appears as a stack of fattened sacs. The apparatus receives material from the ER, processes it, and then packages it in tiny vesicles (bubbles) for possible export from the cell.

Answer 10

Golgi apparatus, or Golgi body

Question 11

are tiny bodies similar to bacteria that serve as sites for adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthesis (energy conversion). ___ have an outer membrane, forming a round or oblong cap-sule, and a folded inner membrane. The folds of the inner membrane are called ___.

Answer 11

Mitochondria (singular mitochondrion)
Cristae

Question 12

are vesicles containing digestive enzymes that digest foreign particles and worn or no longer needed cell parts. In addition, ____ play a role in repairing the plasma membrane.

Answer 12

Lysosomes

Question 13

are very tiny, hollow beams that form part of the supporting cell skeleton, or cytoskeleton. They also form parts of other cell organelles (e.g., flagella, cilia, centrioles, spindle fibers). Other components of the cytoskeleton include microfilaments and intermediate filaments.

Answer 13

Microtubules

Question 14

The ___ organizing center, is a dense area of cell fluid near the nucleus. The ____ contains a pair of centrioles, cylinders formed by parallel microtubules.

Answer 14

centrosome, or microtubule

Question 15

A network of microtubules called ___ extends from the centrosome during cell division. It distribute DNA equally to the resulting daughter cells.

Answer 15

Spindle fibers

Question 16

are tiny, finger-like projections of the cell that increase the membrane’s surface area for more efficient absorption.

Answer 16

Microvilli

Question 17

are numerous short, hair-like organelles that propel material along a cell’s surface.

Answer 17

Cilia

Question 18

are single, long, hair-like organelles found in sperm cells to propel them through the female reproductive tract toward the egg.

Answer 18

Flagella

Question 19

are membranous bubbles that may be formed by the Golgi apparatus or by the pinching inward of the cell membrane to engulf external substances.

Answer 19

Vesicles

Question 20

An ____ is an instrument that uses a beam of electrons, rather than a beam of light, to form the image of a tiny specimen.

Answer 20

electron microscope

Question 21

____ send an electron beam through the specimen, similar to the manner in which a light microscope sends a light beam through a specimen. However, the magnifying power and resolution are much greater in the electron microscope.

Answer 21

Transmission electron microscopes

Question 22

___ is the ability to distinguish detail.

Answer 22

Resolution

Question 23

reflect an electron beam off the specimen. The shadows produced by a ___ beam lend a three-dimensional effect.

Answer 23

Scanning electron microscopes

Question 24

A TEM is a ____ (photograph taken with a transmission electron microscope).

Answer 24

transmission electron micrograph

Question 25

What are the membranous organelles

Answer 25

Nucleus
ER
Mitochondrion
Golgi Apparatus
Lysosome
Plasma membrane

Question 26

What are the non-membranous organelles

Answer 26

Ribosome
Centriole
Nucleolus

Question 27

processes are those that require no metabolic energy from the cell but rely solely on the physical properties of the substances themselves.

Answer 27

Passive transport

Question 28

processes require energy expenditure by the cell to move substances whose physical properties prevent their independent motion.

Answer 28

Active transport

Question 29

Naturally occurring ____ drives passive transport processes. Discovered by Scottish scientist Robert Brown, ____ is the constant movement of all particles of matter.

Answer 29

brownian motion

Question 30

can be defined as the net movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.

Answer 30

Diffusion

Question 31

Some particles move down such a ___ when they are allowed to cross a cell membrane.

Answer 31

concentration gradient

Question 32

If the particles transported are water molecules and there is at least one impermeant solute present (i.e., a solute that cannot cross the membrane freely), we see a transport process called ___.

Answer 32

osmosis

Question 33

TRUE or FALSE

The side of the membrane with a higher impermeant solute concentration has a lower osmotic pressure.

Answer 33

False.

Higher osmotic pressure

Question 34

can be further described as equal to the force moving water into a solution by osmosis.

Answer 34

Osmotic pressure

Question 35

____ is a comparative term that refers to a solution that has the same osmotic pressure as the cell solution

Answer 35

Isosmotic

Question 36

is one with a lower osmotic pressure (i.e., a higher water concentration). Thus the outside solution is ____ to the solution inside the cell model.

Answer 36

hypo-osmotic solution

Question 37

a solution with a higher osmotic pressure (or lower water concentration).

Answer 37

hyperosmotic solution

Question 38

When the osmotic pressure of two solutions on either side of a membrane is known, the ___ can be predicted.

Answer 38

net direction of osmosis

Question 39

The movement of particles across a membrane from an area of high pressure to an area of low pressure (down a hydrostatic pressure gradient) is called ____.

Answer 39

filtration