skeletal system Flashcards
what are the main functions of the skeletal system?
allows movement, produce blood cells, protects and supports organs, acid base balence, energy storage,mineral storage and protection
what does our skeletal system consist of?
bones, connective tissue, cartilage, tendons and ligaments
how does the skeletal system allow movement?
joints, connective tissue and muscles work together to make your body mobile. working with the muscular system.
bones serve as attachment points for muscles via tendons and when muscles contract they pull on the bones allowing movement
how does the skeletal system produce blood cells?
this process is known as hematopoiesis and occurs in the spongy or cancellous bone.
the bone narrow within bones is responsible for producing red, white blood ccells and platelets
what protects the brain, heart and lungs and spine?
skull protects the brain
ribs protect your heart and lungs
backbone protects your spine.
how does the skeletal system help regulate the acid base balence?
by absorbing or releasing alkaline salts such as a calcium carbonate and calcium phosphate. this process helps maintain the ph level of bodily fluids within a narrow range
how do the skeletal system keep energy stored?
bones store lipids (fats) as an energy reserve. yellow bone marrow found in the central cavities of long bones store adipose tissue which can be utilized as an energy source.
how does the skeletal system act as a reservior for important minerals?
calcium and phosphorus are stored in the bone matrix and can be released into the blood stream as needed to maintain proper levels in the body.
what is calcium important for?
bodily functions including muscle contraction, nerve signaling and blood clotting
how many bones does the human body have?
206
where are blood cells made?
in the bone marrow
what are bones made up of?
connective tissue reinforced with calcium and specialized cells
what are the 5 types of bones?
flat, long, short, irregular and sesamoid bones
describe the long bone and give a example
they are wide and have a shaft (diaphysis) with extended ends.
femur (thigh bone), humerus (upper arm bone), and tibia (shin bone).
what are the short bone, examples and its functions.
equal in length and width providing stability and support. found at the end of long bones in the upper and lower limbs where the tendons cross. the wrists and the ankles
the main function is to protect the tendons from excess stress and wear by reducing friction
describe flat bones, examples and its function
the 2 layers of compact bone cover both spongy bone and bone marrow space. they grow by replacing connective tissue.
the skull bones, the ribs, the sternum, the scapulae.
what are irregular bones and examples.
the complex shape of these bones help them to protect internal structures.
for examcontentsple the irregular pelvic bones protect the contents of the pelvis
the bones of the spine]
the bones of the pelvis
what are the 4 major layers of bone?
periosteum, compact bone, spongy bone and bone marrow.
what is periosteum?
outermost layer of a bone. it is dense and fiberous connective tissue membrane covers the entire bone surface.
it contains blood vessles and nerves which are involved in bone growth and repair and attaches the tendons and ligaments to the bone
what is compact bone?
beneath the periosteum is the compact bone. forming the dense hard layer of the bone.
composed of tightly packeed cylinderical units called osteons.
it provides strength, support and protection to the bone
what is the spongy bone?
found in the interior of bones beneath the compact bone. consists of a network of thin branching bony struts called trabeculae which is a honeybone structure.
the spaces inbetween are filled with red bone marrow, where blood cells are produced. provides structure support
what is bone marrow?
soft gelatinous tissue found within the cavities of certain bones such as the femur, hemerus and pelvis
what is red bone marrow?
responsible for the production of blood cells. containing hematopoietic stem cells which give rise to the red/white blood cells and platelets. found in long bones and flat bones
what is yellow bone marrow?
composed of fat cells and serves as a energy reserve.
found jn the centeral cavities of long bones, replacing red bone marrow as a person ages.
in blood loss or certain disease yellow bone marrow can convert back to red bone marrow to increase blood cell production
what is cartilage?
specialised connective tissue that is flexible than bone but is firmer than other connective tissue. it covers the top of the bones where they meet allowing bones to move without friction.
what happens when cartilage wears away?
arthritis which can cause movement problems
what are the 3 types of cartilage?
hyaline, elastic and fibrocartilage.
what is hyaline cartilage?
the most common type of cartilage in the body.
it lines in the joints and caps the ends of the bones.
describe hyaline cartilage?
slippery and smooth which helps bones move past it smoothly in the joints.
examples of where hyaline cartilage is?
at the ends of bones that form joints
between the ribs
in the nasal passages
what is elastic cartilage?
the most flexible cartilage. supporting parts of the body that need to be bend and move to function. this cartilage can bounce back to its orignal shape even after a strong force
where is elastic cartilage in the body?
external ears
eustachian tubes (carries sound from the outside of the ear to your head)
the layrnx
what is fibrocartilage?
tough cartilage made of thick fibers. the strongest and least flexible of the tree types.
what is the fibrocartilage located?
the meniscus in the knee
the disks between the vetebrae in your spine
supporting muscles, tendon and ligaments throughout the body
what is a joint?
it is a connection that occurs between bones .
joints provides movements
for example rotate our shoulder, bend our knees and elbows
what is fibrous joints?
fixed joints also called immovable joints. not flexible.
which is a example of fibrous joints?
the skull which is made up of a number of fused bones, jaw, rib cage, backbone and pelvic bone
what are cartilaginous joints?
partly movable joints. these only occur in those regions where the connection between the articulating bones is made up of cartilage
examples of cartilaginous joints
spinal column and ribcage
what is synovial joints?
most common type of joint, helps to perform a wide range of motion like walking, running, typing.
they are flexiable, movable can slide over one another, rotatable and so on
where are synovial joints found?
shoulder joint, neck joint, knee joint and wrist joint
what is the ball and socket joint?
one bone is hooked into the hollow space of another bone. this type of joint helps in rotatory movement
give and example of a ball and socket joint
shoulders
what are pivotal joints?
the bone has tapped into the other in such a way that full rotation isnt possible. is sideways and back-forth movement.
give an example of a pivotal joint?
neck
what are hinge joints?
like door hinges, only back and forth movements.
example of hinge joints?
ankle, elbows and knee joints
what is a saddle joint??
biaxial joint that allows the movement on two planes- flexion/ extension and abduction/ adduction
an example of a saddle joint
the thumb
what is condyloid joints
with 2 axes which permit up down and side to side motions. can be found a the base of the index fingers, wrist elbow and wrist joints
what is gliding joints
common type of synovial joint. it is also known as a pane or planar joint. two or more flat bones to move freely together without any rubbing or cruhing of bones
what are ligaments?
tough bands of fibrous connective tissues that connect bones to other bones
what are ligaments essential for?
preventing disclocation or an injury
what is a sprain?
when a ligament can be overstreched or torn
what are the functions of ligaments?
allow the joint to move in the right direction.
hold bones together
make sure joints dont twist
stabilize muscles and bones
strengthen muscles and bones
stregthen joints
prevent bones from discolating
give an example of ligaments in the knee?
your knee has 4 ligaments that keep it from moving side to side or backwards
what is a tendon?
cord of strong flexible tissue similar to a rope.
they connect the muscle to the bone, let us move our limbs and prevent muscle injury by absorbing the impact
how do tendons tear?
when they are streched to point partial tearing of rope fibers as they are not strechy
what are the main 5 things a tendon is made up of?
endotenon- connective tissue which helps the bundles glide against each other inside the tendon
epitenon- thin layer of connective tissue that surrounds the entire tendon
paratenon- loose layers of connective tissue that lets allows the tendon to move against the epitenon
sharpey fibers- collagen fibers that attach the tendon to the bone
sheath- this is the protective outer covering the tendon, produces a lubricating fluid synovial fluid which helps the tendon slide smoothly where it meets the muscle and bone
what is bone marrrow?
soft spongy tissue found within the hallow spaces of certain bones.
contains cells that produce blood cells and platelets and is responsible for making billions of new blood cells each day
also stores fat which turns into energy
what is the difference between red and yellow bone marrow?
red is responsible for the production of blood cells and platelets
yellow consists mainly of fat cells and serves as a energy reserve
