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immunity Flashcards

1
Q

what does the immune system do?

A

recognize and neutralize pathogens
recognise and kill infected cells
respond to danger signals
surveillance and removal of transformed (pre-cancerous or cancerous) cells
remove dead cells
contribute to wound healing

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2
Q

what 3 things make up the immune system?

A

anatomical and physiological barriers:

innate immunity:

adaptive immunity:

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3
Q

what is included in the anatomical and physiological barriers?

A

(intact skin, ciliary clearance, low stomach PH, lysozyme in tears and saliva.)

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4
Q

what is made up in the innate immunity?

A

cellular: natural killer cells, eosinophils, macrophages, mast cells, dendritic cells, natural killer t cells, neutrophils
humoral: c-reactive protein, LPS binding protien, antimicrobrial peptides, complement, mannose binding lectin.

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5
Q

what is included in the adaptive immunity?

A

cellular: t cells and b cells
humoral: anti bodies

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6
Q

what are the named tissue and organs of the immune system?

A

lymph nodes,
lympathatic vessels,
tonsils and adenoids,
thymus,
spleen,
peyers patches,
appendix,
bone marrow.

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7
Q

what is the role of white blood cells?

A

Cells of the immune system which protect against diseases, microbes and other foreign invaders

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8
Q

what are the 3 subtypes of white blood cells?

A

Granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils)
Lymphocytes
Monocytes

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9
Q

what do granulocytes do?

A

have specific granules within their cytoplasm. The number of granulocytes in the body usually increases when there is a serious infection. People with a lower number of granulocytes are more likely to develop serious infections.

neutrophils – main targets are bacteria and fungi

eosinophils – larger parasites, modulate allergic inflammatory response

basophils – release histamine for inflammatory response

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10
Q

what are lymphocytes?

A

Lymphocyte – T cells (cell mediated, cytotoxic adaptive immunity), B Cells (humoral, antibody immunity) and natural killer/NK cells (defend against tumours and virally infected cells, includes macrophages)

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11
Q

what are monocytes?

A

monocytes are in charge of phagocytosing pathogens,

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12
Q

what is type 1 hypersensitivity?

A

immediate reaction mediated by IgE antibodies; leads to allergy, anaphylaxis, atopic disease; involves mast cell and basophil degranulation releasing histamine.

commonly known as an allergy.
Provoked by re-exposure to a specific type of antigen (e.g pollen, pet dander, food allergens)
Symptoms develop almost immediately (seconds to minutes)
Immune mechanism: mediated by IgE antibodies bound to Fc receptors on cells such as mast cells

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13
Q

what is anaphylaxis?

A

Anaphylaxis is when you have a severe allergic reaction. Most commonly, it happens after you eat certain foods or get stung by an insect

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14
Q

what are common causes of anaphylaxis?

A

foods such as peanuts, tree nuts and cows milk

medication such as antibiotics, chemotherapy drugs, neuromuscular blocking agents, chlorhexidine.

insect stings- 6.5% hospital adminisitions and 14% deaths.

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15
Q

what are signs of anaphylaxis’s?

A

skin- hives, itching, flushed skin.
swelling of the lips, tongue, throat and face.

airway: tightness and swelling of the throat, scratchy throat, trouble breathing, wheezing, chest tightness etc.

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16
Q

what are the treatments for anaphlaxia?

A

antihistamines:
treat cutaneous symptoms
non sedating

bronchodilators:
if evidence of bronchospasm

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17
Q

what happens in type 1 hypersensitivity when an individual encounters an antigen?

A

the immune system produces large amounts of IGE antibodies against this specific substance. these IgE molecules attach themselves to mast cells and basophils. the individual is now sesitised to the antigen

When this antigen is encountered again, it will cause cross-linking of the bound IgE and degranulation of mast cells and basophils, releasing potent vasoactive molecules such as histamine. This leads to the signs and symptoms of allergy, and if severe can cause anaphylaxis.

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18
Q

how does the skin help the immune system?

A

physical barrier to penetration by pathogens, secretions contain lysozymes (enzyme that destroys bacteria)

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19
Q

how does the digestive tract work with the immune system?

A

high acidity of the stomach: protection by normal bacterial population of colon

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20
Q

how does the respiratory tract work with the immune system?

A

secretion of mucus. movement of mucus by cilia alveolar macrophages

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21
Q

how does the genitourinary tract work with the immune system?

A

acidity of urine, vaginal lactic acid

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22
Q

what do phagocytic cells do?

A

ingest and destroy bacteria, cellular debris, denatured proteins and toxins.

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23
Q

what do interferons do?

A

inhibit replication of viruses

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24
Q

what do complement proteins do?

A

promote destruction of bacteria, enhance inflammatory response

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25
Q

what are the 3 major groups of phagocytic cells?

A

(1) neutrophils;
(2) the cells of the mononuclear phagocyte system, including monocytes in the blood and macrophages (derived from monocytes) in the connective tissues;
(3) organ-specific phagocytes in the liver, spleen, lymph nodes, lungs, and brain

26
Q

where are neutrophils found?

A

blood and all tissues

27
Q

where are monocytes found?

A

blood

28
Q

where are tissue macrophages found?

A

all tissues (including spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow)

29
Q

where are kupffer cells found?

A

liver

30
Q

where are alveolar macrophages found?

A

lungs

31
Q

where are microgila cells found?

A

central nervous system

32
Q

what are the 3 major categories of interferons?

A

alpha, beta and gamma interfons

33
Q

what are the tissue products called that cause the reaction of inflammation?

A

histamine, bradykinin, serotonin, prostaglandins,

34
Q

what are products of the complement system, reaction products of the blood clotting system, and multiple substances called lymphokines released by?

A

sensitized t cells

35
Q

what is the first and second line of defense against infection?

A

tissue macrophage- first
neutrophil invasion of the inflamed area- second

36
Q

what are eosinophils?

A

Eosinophils are weak phagocytes, and they exhibit chemotaxis

37
Q

what do eosinophils do?

A

(1) by releasing hydrolytic enzymes from their granules, which are modified lysosomes;
(2) probably by also releasing highly reactive forms of oxygen that are especially lethal to parasites
(3) by releasing from the granules, a highly larvacidal polypeptide called major basic protein.

Eosinophils also have a special propensity to collect in tissues in which allergic reactions occur

38
Q

what are basophils?

A

The basophils in the circulating blood are like the large tissue mast cells located immediately outside many of the capillaries in the body

39
Q

what do basophils do?

A

The mast cells and basophils play an important role in some types of allergic reactions because the type of antibody that causes allergic reactions, the immunoglobulin E (IgE) type, has a special propensity to become attached to mast cells and basophils.

40
Q

what are antigens?

A

Any substance that causes the body to make an immune response against that substance.

41
Q
A
42
Q

what are antigens?

A

Any substance that causes the body to make an immune response against that substance.

43
Q

what are t lymphyocytes responsible for?

A

The T lymphocytes, is responsible for forming the activated lymphocytes that provide “cell-mediated” immunity.

44
Q

what are b lymphocytes responsibile for?

A

The B lymphocytes, is responsible for forming antibodies that provide “humoral” immunity

45
Q

what preprocesses the T lymphocyte and B lymphocyte?

A

thymus gland- t

liver and bone marrow- b

46
Q

what are the types of t lymphocytes?

A

Helper T cells or inducer T cells. These cells are also called CD4 cells

Cytotoxic T cells or killer T cells. These cells are also called CD8 cells

Suppressor T cells.

Memory T cells

47
Q

how to t lymphocytes get activated?

A

T lymphocytes respond to antigens only when they are bound to specific molecules called MHC proteins on the surface of antigen-presenting cells in the lymphoid tissues

The three major types of antigen-presenting cells are macrophages, B lymphocytes, and dendritic cells.

The MHC proteins are encoded by a large group of genes called the major histocompatibility complex (MHC)

MHC I proteins, present antigens to cytotoxic T cells, and MHC II proteins, which present antigens to T helper cells.

48
Q

explain the regulation of helper t cells?

A

The helper T cells are by far the most numerous of the T cells

They do this by forming a series of protein mediators, called lymphokines, that act on other cells of the immune system, as well as on bone marrow cells.

The important lymphokines secreted by the helper T cells are Interleukin-2, Interleukin-3, Interleukin-4, Interleukin-5, Interleukin-6, Granulocyte-monocyte colony-stimulating factor, Interferon-g

Stimulation of growth and proliferation of cytotoxic T cells and Suppressor T cells.

Stimulation of B-Cell growth and differentiation to form plasma cells and antibodies
Activation of the macrophage system

49
Q

whats the role of cytotoxic t cell?

A

The cytotoxic cells also play an important role in destroying cancer cells, heart transplant cells, or other types of cells that are foreign to the person’s own body.

50
Q

what do cytotoxic t cells do in attack?

A

After binding, the cytotoxic T cell secretes hole-forming proteins, called perforins, that literally punch round holes in the membrane of the attacked cell

The cytotoxic T cell releases cytotoxic substances directly into the attacked cell

51
Q

what do suppressor t cells do

A

It is believed that these suppressor functions serve the purpose of preventing the cytotoxic cells from causing excessive immune reactions that might be damaging to the body’s own tissues.

The suppressor cells are classified, along with the helper T cells, as regulatory T cells.

Immune tolerance

52
Q

how can antibodies inactivate the invading in one of several ways?

A

Agglutination
Precipitation
Neutralization
Lysis

53
Q

what are the 4 types of hypersensitivity?

A

type 1- allergy and atopy
type 2- antibody- mediated hypersensitivity
type 3- immune complex hypersensitivity
type 4- delayed type sensitivity

54
Q

how is asthma an allergic reaction?

A

the muscles around the airways become swollen and inflamed with increased mucus production resulting in:

shortness of breath
cough
wheezing
chest tightness

55
Q

how is rhinitis an allergic reaction?

A

seasonal- hay fever or year round- perennial.

inflammation in the nostrils due to the presence of allergen in the environment.

symptoms:
itchy eyes/throat
sneezing, red eyes (allergic conjunctivitis)
headache blocked sinuses
SOB
tiredness
post nasal drip

56
Q

what is type 1 hypersensitivity?

A

a reaction which happens in minutes. more commonly known as an allergy

57
Q

what is the symptoms for type 1 hypersentivity?

A

hives, eczama, allergic rhinitis, asthma

58
Q

what is the treatment for type 1 hypersentivity?

A

antihistimines,
reduced vascular permibility
reduced bronconstriction,
reduced inflammatory response
corticosteroids
epinephrine (constrict blood vessels)
im through epipen

59
Q

what are 5 signs of inflammation?

A

pain, redness, swelling, heat, loss of function

60
Q

what is active inflammation?

A

destroy invading microbes
induce local blood clotting to reduce the spread of infection through blood
repair injured tissue.

61
Q

what is the 4 steps of inflammation?

A

tissue damage or microbial infection can be reconised by tissue- resident immune cells (dendrict cells)

inflammatory mediators act an smooth muscle to induce vasodilation and vessels widen. vasodilation increases the volume of blood while slowing blood flow. responsible for redness and heat inflammation. this slows the spread of pathogen through the blood stream. immune cells enter the effected tissue.

nitric oxide increases vascular permibility and fluid is excharged. fluid into the blood leaks into the tissues and causes swelling

resolution stage where regulatory molecules sweap into control the immune response

systems of the body (12 decks)

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