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endocrine system Flashcards

1
Q

what is the endocrine system?

A

complex network of glands and organs that produce and secrete hormones.

the hormones are chemical messengers that travel through the bloodstream to various target tissues or organs

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2
Q

what glands are controlled by hormones?

A

hypothalamus, pituitary gland, pineal gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, adrenal gland, pancreas and reproductive organs

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3
Q

what is the pituitary gland?

A

‘master gland’ it controls the functions of other endocrine glands.

produces hormones that regulate growth, reproduction and function of other glands

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4
Q

what is the thyroid gland?

A

found in the neck.
it produces hormones that regulate metabolism, growth and development. controlling the rate at which the body uses energy

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5
Q

what is the parathyroid gland? +its function

A

4 small glands located near the thyroid gland.
they secreate parathyorid hormone which helps regulate calcium and phosphate levels in the body

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6
Q

what is the adrenal glands? +its function

A

sit on top of the kidneys

they produce hormones such as cortisol which helps regulate stress response and metabolism and adrenaline (fight or flight)

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7
Q

what is the pancreas and its function?

A

located behind the stomach
regulates blood sugar levels. it produces insulin and glucagon which helps control glucose metabolism

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8
Q

what is gonads?

A

reproductive glands, including the testes in males and the ovaries in females.
they produce tesostrone and estrogen.

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9
Q

what is the pineal gland?

A

located in the brain
produces melatonin which helps regulate sleep wake cycles

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10
Q

what is the hypothalamus? +its function?

A

it serves a link between the endocrine and nervous system
it regulates physiological processes and maintains homeostasis in the body

It receives many signals from many regions of the brain and secretes both secretory and inhibitory hormones which act on the pituitary gland to regulate key functions such as growth, water balance and thermoregulation to sex drive and childbirth.

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11
Q

what system does the endocrine work with?

A

NS to maintain homeostasis and coordinate the activities of different organs and tissues

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12
Q

why is the pituitary gland known as the master gland?

A

as it senses when your hormones rise and tells other glands to stop producing and releasing hormones.
when they dip the pg tells the others to release more

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13
Q

what processes do hormones effect?

A

metabolism
growth and devlopment
emotions and moods
fertality and sexual function
sleep
blood pressure

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14
Q

what happens when not enough of a hormone is realised?

A

can cause health problems such as weight gain, high blood pressure and changes in sleep, mood and behaviour

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15
Q

what can affect how your body realises hormones?

A

illness, stress and certain medications

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16
Q

what helps maintain a healthy endocrine system?

A

balenced diet
manage stress
regular exercise
adequate sleep
avoid toxins
hormone balence

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17
Q

how does diabetes effect the endocrine system?

A

affects the way your body uses energy from the food you eat.
diabetes develops when the pancreas doesnt make enough of a hormone called insulin or doesnt work as it should

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18
Q

how does thyroid disorders affect the endocrine system?

A

hypothyrodism affects the function of the thyoird gland when the thyroid doesnt produce enough hormones. hyper occurs when it creates to many hormones

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19
Q

how does hypoglandism affect the enocrine system?

A

in men it can cause erectile dysfunction. it can also cause memory and concentration problems change in muscle strength +low sex drive

ths happens whens not enough testrone is produced

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20
Q

how does polycystic ovary syndrome affect the endocrine system?

A

a hormone imbalence causes woman to have irregular period, abnormal hair growth, excess acne and weight gain.
it can lead to diabetes, increased risk of metabolic syndrome and infertality.

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21
Q

how can osteoporosis affect the endocrine system?

A

when a womens ovaries dont produce enough estrogen, bones become brittle and weak.

people with overreactive parathyroid gland may also have weak bones

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22
Q

what are enocrine distrupters?

A

they are chemicals found in pesicids, plastics, cometics and even ffood and water. they effect how hormones send messages

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23
Q

what is the endocrines main 4 actions?

A

maintain homeostasis,
control storage and utilization of energy
regulation of growth, development and reproduction
respond to environmental stimuli

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24
Q

what is the endocrine systems 4 principal mechanisms of communication between cells?

A

gap junctions, (pores in cell membrane allow signaling molecules, nutrients and electrolytes to move from cell to cell)
paracrine hormones, (secreated into tissue fluids to affect nearby cells)
hormones (chemical messengers that travel in the bloodstream to other tissues and organs)
neurotransmitters (released from neurons to travel across synaptic cleft to second cell)

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25
Q

what are receptor proteins?

A

a three dimensional shape that fits a specific signal molecule.

When a signal molecule and receptor protein bind, a change in the receptor protein is induced and a response in the cell is generated.

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26
Q

what are the 2 types of chemical classes of hormones?

A

lipid solube- will pass through cell membrane and bind to receptors in the cytoplasm of cells

water soluble- cannot pass through cell membrane and binds to receptors on the surface menbrane

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27
Q

what is the characteristics of the hyopthalamus gland?

A

Shaped like a flattened funnel, forms floor and walls of third ventricle of the brain

28
Q

what is the function of the thalamus?

A

serving as a central hub to relay sensory information to the brain, regulating sleep and consciousness, and the regulation of anger and aggression.

29
Q

what does the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland secrete?

A

Two gonadotropin hormones that target gonads:
FSH (follicle stimulating hormone)
Stimulates secretion of ovarian sex hormones, development of ovarian follicles, and sperm production.
LH (luteinizing hormone)
Stimulates ovulation, stimulates corpus luteum to secrete progesterone, stimulates testes to secrete testosterone.
TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone)
Stimulates secretion of thyroid hormone.
ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone)
Stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids.
PRL (prolactin)
After birth stimulates mammary glands to synthesize milk, enhances secretion of testosterone by testes.
GH (growth hormone)
Stimulates mitosis and cellular differentiation.

30
Q

what does the FSH hormone do? (follicle simulating hormone)

A

simulates secretion of ovarian sex hormones, development of ovarian follicles and sperm production

31
Q

what does LH (luteinizing hormone) do?

A

simulates ovulation, stimulates corpus luteum to secreate progestertone, simulates testes to secreate testostrone

32
Q

what does the TSH (thyroid simulating hormone) do

A

simulates secreation of the thyroid hormone

33
Q

what does the ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) do?

A

simulates adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids

34
Q

what does the PRL (prolactin) do?

A

after birth simulates mammary glands to synthesize milk, enhances secretion of testosterone by testes

35
Q

what does the GH (growth hormone) do?

A

simulate mitosis and cellular differentiation

36
Q

what are the posterior pituitary hormones transported by and where are they released?

A

Transported by hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract to posterior lobe
Releases hormones when hypothalamic neurons are stimulated

37
Q

what does the ADH (antidiuretic hormone) do?

A

Increases water retention thus reducing urine volume and prevents dehydration
Also called vasopressin because it can cause vasoconstriction

38
Q

what does OT (oxytocin) hormone do?

A

Surge of hormone released during sexual arousal and orgasm
Stimulate uterine contractions and propulsion of semen
Sromotes feelings of sexual satisfaction and emotional bonding between partners
Stimulates labor contractions during childbirth
Stimulates flow of milk during lactation
Promotes emotional bonding between lactating mother and infant

39
Q

where is the adrenal gland located?

A

sits on top of each kidney

40
Q

what is the adrenal medulla?

A

inner core, 10% to 20% of the gland.

41
Q

what does the adrenal medulla do?

A

When stimulated release catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine) and a trace of dopamine directly into the bloodstream.

Increases alertness and prepares body for physical activity.

42
Q

what hormones are produced by the adrenal glands?

A

catecholamines

43
Q

what does catecholamines do?

A

Mobilize high energy fuels, lactate, fatty acids, and glucose.

Glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis boost glucose levels.

Glucose-sparing effect because inhibits insulin secretion.

muscles use fatty acids saving glucose for brain.

Increases blood pressure, heart rate, blood flow to muscles, pulmonary air flow and metabolic rate.

Decreases digestion and urine production.

44
Q

what is the adrenal cortex?

A

Surrounds adrenal medulla and produces more than 25 steroid hormones called corticosteroids or corticoids

45
Q

what does the adrenal cortex secrete?

A

Secretes 5 major steroid hormones from three layers of glandular tissue

Zona glomerulosa (thin, outer layer)
Cells are arranged in rounded clusters.
Secretes mineralocorticoid – regulate the body’s electrolyte balance.

Zona fasciculata (thick, middle layer)
Cells arranged in fascicles separated by capillaries.
Secretes glucocorticoids.

Zona reticularis (narrow, inner layer)
Cells in branching network.
Secretes sex steroids.

46
Q

what are the difference categories of corticosteroids?

A

mineralocorticoids- zona glomerulosa: regulate electrolyte balance

glucocorticoids- zona fasciculata: regulate metabolism of glucose and other fuels, helps body adapt to stress and repair tissues. anti inflammatory effect becomes immune suppression with long time use

sex steroids- zona reticularis:Androgens – sets libido throughout life; large role in prenatal male development (includes DHEA which other tissues convert to testosterone)
Estradiol – small quantity, but important after menopause for sustaining adult bone mass; fat converts androgens into estrogen

47
Q

what is Addison’s disease?

A

Primary adrenal insufficiency or hypoadrenalism is a rare disorder of the adrenal glands

48
Q

what causes adrenal insufficiency?

A

Primary adrenal insufficiency – Adrenals
Autoimmune disease, genetics, surgical removal, infections, cancer.

secondary and tertiary are NOT addisons.

Secondary adrenal insufficiency – Pituitary
Cancer, autoimmune disease, genetics, surgical removal

Tertiary adrenal insufficiency – Hypothalamus
Sudden removal of corticosteroids (prescription or treatment of Cushing’s disease)

49
Q

what is the causes of addisons disease?

A

Causes of Addisons (adrenal insufficiency) – primary
Infections e.g. TB and/or weakened immune systems e.g. HIV

50
Q

what are the different types of adrenal failure?

A

Primary adrenal failure
Atrophy/destruction of the adrenal gland.

Secondary adrenal failure
Inadequate Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) production.

Tertiary adrenal failure
Failure of Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone (CRH) production

51
Q

what is the presentation of adrenal failure?

A

abdo pain, nausea, diarrhoea, lassitude (exhaustion/fatigue).

dizziness- due to postural hypotension

pigmentation:
buccual, scars, palmar creases

hypoglycaemia- cortisol is one of the main insulin antagonists.
(Cortisol is a hormonethat affectsseveral bodily functions, but many people know it as the stress hormone. That’s because it helps your body function in times ofstress. Your cortisol levels fluctuate throughout the day, but consistently high cortisol levels might indicate an underlying issue.)

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52
Q

how would you manage adrenal failure?

A

Chronic adrenal failure
Glucocorticoid replacement
Hydrocortisone.
Double dose if intercurrent illness, infection or surgery.
Mineralocorticoid replacement
Fludrocortisone.

Addisonian Crisis
IV fluids.
High dose hydrocortisone.
Dopamine (if hypotension persists)
Treat precipitant.
Monitor U+Es and glucose.

53
Q

what cells is glucagon hormone produced by?

A

alpha cells

54
Q

what cells produce insulin hormone

A

beta cells

55
Q

when does glucagon get released?

A

Released between meals when blood glucose concentration is falling.

56
Q

where does glucagon get secreated?

A

In liver, stimulates gluconeogenesis, glycogenolysis, and the release of glucose into the circulation raising blood glucose level.

In adipose tissue, stimulates fat catabolism and release of free fatty acid

57
Q

what does hyperglycemic hormones do? and give an example

A

raise blood glucose concentration
Glucagon, growth hormone, epinephrine, norepinephrine, cortisol, and corticosterone

58
Q

what does the hypoglycemic hormones lower blood glucose. and give a example

A

lower blood glucose.
insulin

59
Q

what is the symptoms of diabetes mellitus?

A

Polyuria (excess urine output), polydipsia (intense thirst) and polyphagia (hunger)
Revealed by elevated blood glucose, glucose in urine and ketones in the urine

60
Q

what is type 1 diabetes caused by?

A

destruction of beta cells, so insulin is no longer produced.

autoimmune
non-immune.

In the vast majority of people with type 1 diabetes, it is an autoimmune disease, where the body’s immune system attacks its own cells
In some, there is destruction of the beta cells, but this is not due to an autoimmune disease – pathogenesis of this remains unclear

61
Q

what are risk factors of type 2 diabetes?

A

your age,
genetics,
ethinicty
high blood pressure
being overweight

62
Q

what are signs and symptoms of diabetes?

A

Increased thirst
Increased urination
Weight loss
Hunger
Tiredness
Increased wound healing time
UTIs/yeast infections
Blurred vision

63
Q

how do you manage diabetes?

A

insulin,
meal plan,
blood glucose monitoring

type 2:
improved diet,
regular exercise,
medications to control blood sugar,
self-management through lifestyle

64
Q

what factors cant fix in diabetes type 2?

A

45 years and older,
close relative with diabetes,
other medical conditions,
higher risk ethnic backgrounds,
gestational diabetes.

65
Q

what are factors can you improve type 2 diabetes

A

high weight,
low activity level,
high blood pressure,
cholesterol numbers

systems of the body (12 decks)

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