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digestive system Flashcards

1
Q

what is the gastrointestinal tract?

A

a series of hallow organs that are all connected leading from your mouth to your anus.

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2
Q

what is the biliary system?

A

liver, gallbladder and pancreas
a network of 3 organs that deliver bile and enzymes through the gi tract your bile ducts.

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3
Q

what is the job of the digestive system?

A

turning your food into the nutrients and energy you need to survive. and then it packages solid waste for disposal.

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4
Q

what are the absorbed nutrients from food used for?

A

energy, growth and repairing cells.

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5
Q

what do proteins break into?

A

amino acids

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6
Q

what do fats break into?

A

fatty acids and glycerol

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7
Q

what do carbs break into?

A

simple sugars

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8
Q

what are some conditions that affect the digestive system?

A

constipation, diarrhea, or heartburn

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9
Q

what are the main organs that make up the gtract?

A

mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine and anus.

pancreas, gallbladder and liver assist the organs along the way

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10
Q

what do the salivary glands do?

A

allows the saliva to mix with the food to begin to break it down into a form your body can absorb

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11
Q

what is after the mouth

A

the esophagus.

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12
Q

what is the epiglottis?

A

small flap that falls over the windpipe as you swallow to prevent you from chocking

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13
Q

what is the lower esophageal sphincter?

A

this has to relax to allow food in, then it contracts when the food is in the sphincter to prevent the contents flowing back into the esophagus

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14
Q

what happens if the sphincter doesnt contact when the food is in the stomach?

A

it can result in acid reflux or heartburn as the contents will flow back into the esophagus

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15
Q

what is the role of the stomach?

A

an organ that holds food while being mixed with stomach enzymes.
when they are processed enough they are realised into the small intestine

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16
Q

what does the pancreas do?

A

secretes digestive enzymes into the duodenum that break down protein, fats and carbohydrates.

the pancreas also makes insulin, which is the hormone for metabolizing sugar.

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17
Q

what are the 3 segments of the small intestine?

A

the duodenum, jejunum and ileum

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18
Q

what does the small intestine do?

A

breaks down food using enzymes realised by the pancreas and bile from the liver

peristalisis (wave like movements) also works in this organ moving food and mixing it with digestive juices.

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19
Q

what is the duodenum responsible for?

A

its the first first segment of the small intestine. largely responsible for the breaking down process.

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20
Q

what is the jejunum and ileum responsible?

A

they are the lower small intestine responsible for the absorption of nutrients into the bloodstream.

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21
Q

what is the livers function?

A

to process the nutrients absorbed from the small intestine.

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22
Q

why does bile play a important role in the small intestine

A

to digesting fats and some vitamins

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23
Q

what does the liver do?

A

breaks down and secreats drugs that can be a toxin tk the body.

it is the chemial factors taking raw materials and makes all the various chemials our body needs.

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24
Q

what does the gallbladder release?

A

bile.

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25
Q

what is bile and what does it do?

A

bile is the fluid that your ;liver produces that helps digest fats into the food you eat

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26
Q

where is the gallbladder located?

A

the upper right part of the abdomen (belly). just under the liver.

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27
Q

what is the bilary tract?

A

your gallblader is connected to other parts of your digestive system through a series off bile ducts.
it carries bile from your liver to the small intestine

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28
Q

what is the colon responsible for??

A

processing waste so that emptying your bowels is easy and convenient.
this connects the small intestine to the rectum.

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29
Q

what is the proccess of waste passing through the colon?

A
  • first in a liquid statee and ultimately in a solid form. as stool passes through the colon water is removed.
    stool is stored in the sigmoid colon until mass movement empties in into the rectum once a day.
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30
Q

what happens when the colon becomes full?

A

it empties its contents into the rectum to begin the process of elimination

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31
Q

what is the rectrum?

A

a straight 8 inch chamber that connects the colon let you know that there is poo to come out and then hold it until its ready

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32
Q

if the poo can be realised out of the rectrum how does this happen?

A

the sphincters relax and the rectum contracts, disposing its contents. if the contents cannot be disposed the sphincter contracts and the rectrum accommodates

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33
Q

what is the anus?

A

the last part of the digestive tract. 2 inch long canal consisting of the pelvic floor muscles and 2 anal sphincters

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34
Q

what does the lining of the upper anus do?

A

lets you know weather it iis liquid, gas or a solid coming

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35
Q

what is the anus surrounded by for the importance of allowing control of the stool?

A

sphincter muscles

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36
Q

what keeps us from pooing involuntary?

A

the interal sphincter being tight

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37
Q

what do parotid glands do?

A

produce saliva (spit) to keep your mouth lubricated, and to aid in chewing and digestion.

38
Q

what is glycerol?

A

broke down from fatty foods and is used as a medicine in the treatment of burns and wounds

39
Q

what is the right 3 regions called in the digestive system. starting from the top.

A

right hypochondriac region,
right lumbar region,
right iliac region

40
Q

what are the 3 middle regions called in the gi tract. starting from the top

A

epigastric region
umbilical region
hypogastric region

41
Q

what are the 3 left regions called in the gi tract? starting from the top

A

left hypochondriac region
left lumbar region
left iliac region

42
Q

what is the 5 point of how the digestive processes occurs?

A

ingestion,
peristalsis (wave like movements),
digestion- chemical and mechanical form
absorption
defecation

43
Q

what are the functions of the stomach?

A

mechanical digestion- churning movements
chemical digestion- gastric juice
absorption

44
Q

what are the functions of the liver?

A

breakdown of old erythrocytes,
iron storage,
production of bile,
removal of bacteria by kupffer cells.

45
Q

what does blood enter the liver through?
and leave?

A

hepatic artery (oxygen rich)
hepatic portal vein (nutrient rich)

leaves through the hepatic vein

46
Q

what is bile carried from the liver to the gall bladder and duodenum through?

A

bile ducts

47
Q

characteristics of the gallbladder
where is it located and its function:

A

thin walled, green muscular sac
located under the liver
stores and concentrates bile by absorbing water

48
Q

what does the pancreas secreate. not insulin.

A

secrets pancreatic enzymes into the small intestine:
amylase
proteases,
and lipase

49
Q

what organs are in the right upper quad?

A

liver, gallbladder, colon, right kidney, pancreas

50
Q

what organs are in the right lower quad?

A

appendix, colon, bladder, female ovaries

51
Q

what organs are in the left upper quad?

A

stomach, spleen, colon, left kidney, pancreas

52
Q

what organs are in the left lower quad?

A

colon, female ovaries

53
Q

what are the solid abdo organs?

A

liver, spleen, pancreas, kidney

54
Q

what are the hallow abdo organs

A

stomach, gall bladder, large and small intestiine, ureters and bladder

55
Q

what blood vessels go through the gi tract?

A

aorta, vena cava, artery branches to major organs

56
Q

what are the common causes of abdominal pain in the right hypochondriac?

A

costochondritis,
biliary colic (gallstones)
gallbladder infection
pulled muscles
hepatitis
kidney stone
pneumonia

57
Q

what are the common causes of the epigastric region pain?

A

acid reflux
heartburn
heart attack
gastritis
stomach ulcers
duodenal ulcer
pancreatitis
epigastric hernia

58
Q

what are the pain causes of left hypochondriac

A

pneumonia
costochondritis
spleen infection
enlarged spleen
hepatitis
kidney stone
constipation
trapped wind

59
Q

what are the pain causes of the right lumbar?

A

kidney stone
kidney infection,
trapped wind,
constipation,
pulled muscle,
appendicitis

60
Q

what are the main causes of pain in the umbilical region?

A

stomach ulcer
intestinal obstruction
constipation
worm infestation
crohns disease
food poisoning
trapped wind
umbilical hernia

61
Q

what is the causes of pain in the left lumbar region?

A

constipation
trapped wind
diverticulitis
irritable bowel syndrome
kidney stone/ infection
crohns
ulcerative collitis

62
Q

what are the pain causes in the lower right iliac?

A

appendicitis
urine infection
constipation
ectopic pregnancy
mid-cycle pain
pelvic infection
endometriosis
ovarian cyst
trapped wind
hernia

63
Q

what are the pain causes in the hypogastric region

A

trapped wind
constipation
bladder infection
retention of urine
menstrual cramps
endometriosis
pelvic infection
fibroids
misscarriage
symphysis pubis dysfunction

64
Q

what is the causes of pain in the left iliac region?

A

IBS,
Crohn’s
ulcerative colitis
diverticulitis
constipation
trapped wind
mid cycle pain
endometriosis
pelvic infection
ovarian cyst
ectopic pregnancy
hernia

65
Q

when do you perform an abdominal assesment?

A

abdominal pain,
distention,
weight loss,
constipation,
nausea/vommiting
abnormal bowels
blood in urine
trauma
D&V

66
Q

what is the assessment process?

A

correct any ABC concerns
give a detailed history of presenting complaint and past medical.
inspect, auscultate, percuss, palpate
explain the process

67
Q

what do you look for when inspecting the abdomen?

A

the distention of the abdomen, general skin colour, position the patient is laid in, any pulsating masses.
observation
signs eg sick

68
Q

what is melena

A

passage of black stools containing digested blood.
black means it has travelled through the gi system as its oxygenated which could indicate internal bleeding

69
Q

what does coffee ground vomit indicate

A

an upper GI bleed

70
Q

what does no bowel sounds indicate?

A

blockage or obstruction in the tract

71
Q

what is a large ovarian cyst

A

An ovarian cyst is a fluid-filled sac that develops on an ovary.

72
Q

what is cullens sign? what is it a sign of

A

bruising around the umbilical region and can be a sign oof acute pancreatitis or bleeding

73
Q

what can grey truners sign indicate

A

bleeding in the retroperitoneal space (back of the mouth)

74
Q

what is kehrs sign and what can it be a indication of

A

discomfort in the left shoulder tip due to irritation of the diaphragm, indication of the spleen bleeding

75
Q

when percussing what does increased tympany suggest

A

air in the abdominal cavity and could suggest excessive gas

76
Q

when percussing what does reduced tympany suggest

A

a duller sound and can point to a build up of fluid or tissue in an area

77
Q

where should you begin palpation?

A

starting furthest away from the pain

78
Q

what does light palpation indicate

A

areas of generalised pains and signs of guarding

79
Q

what does deeper 2 handed palpation indicate

A

pain in organs

80
Q

what can murphys sign be a indication of

A

choleystitis (redness and swelling (inflammation) of the gallbladder.)

81
Q

what can rovings sign be a sign of

A

appendicitis and peritoneal inflammation

82
Q

what can rebound tenderness be a sign of

A

peritoneal inflammation

83
Q

what is a sign of the kidneys being enlarged?

A

if they are routinely bollotable. the ability of them to move with pressure

84
Q

what is diverticular disease?

A

weakening of the muscles round the colon, allowing mucus lining of the colon to push through forming pockets .

If faecal matter gets inside this can cause bacteria growth and infection causing diverticular disease causing mild pain and discomfort

85
Q

what can upper gastric bleeding be a result of

A

trauma, gradual damage to the lining of the upper gi system.

Diet, genetics and lifestyle can damage the lining of the stomach and this can result in ulcers, if these develop too much they can begin to bleed

86
Q

what is oesophageal varices?

A

loss of structure and definition to the veins of the oesophagus

often the result of poor blood flow to the liver due to clots or scar tissue.

If rupture can bleed heavily and cause airway compromise due to the repetitive vomiting blood can stimulate in the stomach

87
Q

what are the 2 types of inflammatory bowel disease

A

crohns disease
ulcerative colitis

88
Q

what is ulcerative colitis?

A

tend to affect the colon and rectum whereas Crohn’s can affect the whole GI system

Many will be treated with steroids to reduce the levels of inflammation

Can cause severe pain, diarrhoea, weight loss, nausea during “flare ups” many, once diagnosed will have gastrointestinal specialists they can contact and discuss symptoms however severe cases may require ED assessment

In colitis it can go through the full tissue more likely for rupture and infection

89
Q

what is crohns disease?

A

begins with crypt inflammation and abscesses, which progress to tiny focal aphthoid ulcers. These mucosal lesions may develop into deep longitudinal and transverse ulcers with intervening mucosal edema, creating a characteristic cobblestoned appearance to the bowel.

anywhere in the digestive system
ulcers in the mouth can travel

90
Q

what is appendicitis?

A

an infection causing inflammation
The infection will sometimes be controlled naturally by the body or with antibiotics however if significantly swollen can be at risk of rupture
A ruptured appendix can result in severe infection around the abdominal cavity and requires emergency surgery

91
Q

what is pancreatitis?

A

Pancreatitis occurs when digestive enzymes are activated inside the pancreas often caused acutely by blocked bile ducts

Multiple or prolonged episodes can result in chronic pancreatitis causing a loss of function and chronic pain

Keys signs will be nausea, vomiting, pain and potential jaundice as the inflammation develops

systems of the body (12 decks)

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