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digestive system Flashcards

1
Q

what is the gastrointestinal tract?

A

a series of hallow organs that are all connected leading from your mouth to your anus.

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2
Q

what is the biliary system?

A

liver, gallbladder and pancreas
a network of 3 organs that deliver bile and enzymes through the gi tract your bile ducts.

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3
Q

what is the job of the digestive system?

A

turning your food into the nutrients and energy you need to survive. and then it packages solid waste for disposal.

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4
Q

what are the absorbed nutrients from food used for?

A

energy, growth and repairing cells.

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5
Q

what do proteins break into?

A

amino acids

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6
Q

what do fats break into?

A

fatty acids and glycerol

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7
Q

what do carbs break into?

A

simple sugars

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8
Q

what are some conditions that affect the digestive system?

A

constipation, diarrhea, or heartburn

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9
Q

what are the main organs that make up the gtract?

A

mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine and anus.

pancreas, gallbladder and liver assist the organs along the way

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10
Q

what do the salivary glands do?

A

allows the saliva to mix with the food to begin to break it down into a form your body can absorb

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11
Q

what is after the mouth

A

the esophagus.

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12
Q

what is the epiglottis?

A

small flap that falls over the windpipe as you swallow to prevent you from chocking

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13
Q

what is the lower esophageal sphincter?

A

this has to relax to allow food in, then it contracts when the food is in the sphincter to prevent the contents flowing back into the esophagus

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14
Q

what happens if the sphincter doesnt contact when the food is in the stomach?

A

it can result in acid reflux or heartburn as the contents will flow back into the esophagus

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15
Q

what is the role of the stomach?

A

an organ that holds food while being mixed with stomach enzymes.
when they are processed enough they are realised into the small intestine

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16
Q

what does the pancreas do?

A

secretes digestive enzymes into the duodenum that break down protein, fats and carbohydrates.

the pancreas also makes insulin, which is the hormone for metabolizing sugar.

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17
Q

what are the 3 segments of the small intestine?

A

the duodenum, jejunum and ileum

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18
Q

what does the small intestine do?

A

breaks down food using enzymes realised by the pancreas and bile from the liver

peristalisis (wave like movements) also works in this organ moving food and mixing it with digestive juices.

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19
Q

what is the duodenum responsible for?

A

its the first first segment of the small intestine. largely responsible for the breaking down process.

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20
Q

what is the jejunum and ileum responsible?

A

they are the lower small intestine responsible for the absorption of nutrients into the bloodstream.

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21
Q

what is the livers function?

A

to process the nutrients absorbed from the small intestine.

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22
Q

why does bile play a important role in the small intestine

A

to digesting fats and some vitamins

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23
Q

what does the liver do?

A

breaks down and secreats drugs that can be a toxin tk the body.

it is the chemial factors taking raw materials and makes all the various chemials our body needs.

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24
Q

what does the gallbladder release?

A

bile.

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25
what is bile and what does it do?
bile is the fluid that your ;liver produces that helps digest fats into the food you eat
26
where is the gallbladder located?
the upper right part of the abdomen (belly). just under the liver.
27
what is the bilary tract?
your gallblader is connected to other parts of your digestive system through a series off bile ducts. it carries bile from your liver to the small intestine
28
what is the colon responsible for??
processing waste so that emptying your bowels is easy and convenient. this connects the small intestine to the rectum.
29
what is the proccess of waste passing through the colon?
- first in a liquid statee and ultimately in a solid form. as stool passes through the colon water is removed. stool is stored in the sigmoid colon until mass movement empties in into the rectum once a day.
30
what happens when the colon becomes full?
it empties its contents into the rectum to begin the process of elimination
31
what is the rectrum?
a straight 8 inch chamber that connects the colon let you know that there is poo to come out and then hold it until its ready
32
if the poo can be realised out of the rectrum how does this happen?
the sphincters relax and the rectum contracts, disposing its contents. if the contents cannot be disposed the sphincter contracts and the rectrum accommodates
33
what is the anus?
the last part of the digestive tract. 2 inch long canal consisting of the pelvic floor muscles and 2 anal sphincters
34
what does the lining of the upper anus do?
lets you know weather it iis liquid, gas or a solid coming
35
what is the anus surrounded by for the importance of allowing control of the stool?
sphincter muscles
36
what keeps us from pooing involuntary?
the interal sphincter being tight
37
what do parotid glands do?
produce saliva (spit) to keep your mouth lubricated, and to aid in chewing and digestion.
38
what is glycerol?
broke down from fatty foods and is used as a medicine in the treatment of burns and wounds
39
what is the right 3 regions called in the digestive system. starting from the top.
right hypochondriac region, right lumbar region, right iliac region
40
what are the 3 middle regions called in the gi tract. starting from the top
epigastric region umbilical region hypogastric region
41
what are the 3 left regions called in the gi tract? starting from the top
left hypochondriac region left lumbar region left iliac region
42
what is the 5 point of how the digestive processes occurs?
ingestion, peristalsis (wave like movements), digestion- chemical and mechanical form absorption defecation
43
what are the functions of the stomach?
mechanical digestion- churning movements chemical digestion- gastric juice absorption
44
what are the functions of the liver?
breakdown of old erythrocytes, iron storage, production of bile, removal of bacteria by kupffer cells.
45
what does blood enter the liver through? and leave?
hepatic artery (oxygen rich) hepatic portal vein (nutrient rich) leaves through the hepatic vein
46
what is bile carried from the liver to the gall bladder and duodenum through?
bile ducts
47
characteristics of the gallbladder where is it located and its function:
thin walled, green muscular sac located under the liver stores and concentrates bile by absorbing water
48
what does the pancreas secreate. not insulin.
secrets pancreatic enzymes into the small intestine: amylase proteases, and lipase
49
what organs are in the right upper quad?
liver, gallbladder, colon, right kidney, pancreas
50
what organs are in the right lower quad?
appendix, colon, bladder, female ovaries
51
what organs are in the left upper quad?
stomach, spleen, colon, left kidney, pancreas
52
what organs are in the left lower quad?
colon, female ovaries
53
what are the solid abdo organs?
liver, spleen, pancreas, kidney
54
what are the hallow abdo organs
stomach, gall bladder, large and small intestiine, ureters and bladder
55
what blood vessels go through the gi tract?
aorta, vena cava, artery branches to major organs
56
what are the common causes of abdominal pain in the right hypochondriac?
costochondritis, biliary colic (gallstones) gallbladder infection pulled muscles hepatitis kidney stone pneumonia
57
what are the common causes of the epigastric region pain?
acid reflux heartburn heart attack gastritis stomach ulcers duodenal ulcer pancreatitis epigastric hernia
58
what are the pain causes of left hypochondriac
pneumonia costochondritis spleen infection enlarged spleen hepatitis kidney stone constipation trapped wind
59
what are the pain causes of the right lumbar?
kidney stone kidney infection, trapped wind, constipation, pulled muscle, appendicitis
60
what are the main causes of pain in the umbilical region?
stomach ulcer intestinal obstruction constipation worm infestation crohns disease food poisoning trapped wind umbilical hernia
61
what is the causes of pain in the left lumbar region?
constipation trapped wind diverticulitis irritable bowel syndrome kidney stone/ infection crohns ulcerative collitis
62
what are the pain causes in the lower right iliac?
appendicitis urine infection constipation ectopic pregnancy mid-cycle pain pelvic infection endometriosis ovarian cyst trapped wind hernia
63
what are the pain causes in the hypogastric region
trapped wind constipation bladder infection retention of urine menstrual cramps endometriosis pelvic infection fibroids misscarriage symphysis pubis dysfunction
64
what is the causes of pain in the left iliac region?
IBS, Crohn's ulcerative colitis diverticulitis constipation trapped wind mid cycle pain endometriosis pelvic infection ovarian cyst ectopic pregnancy hernia
65
when do you perform an abdominal assesment?
abdominal pain, distention, weight loss, constipation, nausea/vommiting abnormal bowels blood in urine trauma D&V
66
what is the assessment process?
correct any ABC concerns give a detailed history of presenting complaint and past medical. inspect, auscultate, percuss, palpate explain the process
67
what do you look for when inspecting the abdomen?
the distention of the abdomen, general skin colour, position the patient is laid in, any pulsating masses. observation signs eg sick
68
what is melena
passage of black stools containing digested blood. black means it has travelled through the gi system as its oxygenated which could indicate internal bleeding
69
what does coffee ground vomit indicate
an upper GI bleed
70
what does no bowel sounds indicate?
blockage or obstruction in the tract
71
what is a large ovarian cyst
An ovarian cyst is a fluid-filled sac that develops on an ovary.
72
what is cullens sign? what is it a sign of
bruising around the umbilical region and can be a sign oof acute pancreatitis or bleeding
73
what can grey truners sign indicate
bleeding in the retroperitoneal space (back of the mouth)
74
what is kehrs sign and what can it be a indication of
discomfort in the left shoulder tip due to irritation of the diaphragm, indication of the spleen bleeding
75
when percussing what does increased tympany suggest
air in the abdominal cavity and could suggest excessive gas
76
when percussing what does reduced tympany suggest
a duller sound and can point to a build up of fluid or tissue in an area
77
where should you begin palpation?
starting furthest away from the pain
78
what does light palpation indicate
areas of generalised pains and signs of guarding
79
what does deeper 2 handed palpation indicate
pain in organs
80
what can murphys sign be a indication of
murphy sign- pain on inspiration. choleystitis (redness and swelling (inflammation) of the gallbladder.)
81
what can rovings sign be a sign of rovings sign- pain in the right lower quad
appendicitis and peritoneal inflammation
82
what can rebound tenderness be a sign of
peritoneal inflammation
83
what is a sign of the kidneys being enlarged?
if they are routinely bollotable. the ability of them to move with pressure
84
what is diverticular disease?
weakening of the muscles round the colon, allowing mucus lining of the colon to push through forming pockets . If faecal matter gets inside this can cause bacteria growth and infection causing diverticular disease causing mild pain and discomfort
85
what can upper gastric bleeding be a result of
trauma, gradual damage to the lining of the upper gi system. Diet, genetics and lifestyle can damage the lining of the stomach and this can result in ulcers, if these develop too much they can begin to bleed
86
what is oesophageal varices?
loss of structure and definition to the veins of the oesophagus often the result of poor blood flow to the liver due to clots or scar tissue. If rupture can bleed heavily and cause airway compromise due to the repetitive vomiting blood can stimulate in the stomach
87
what are the 2 types of inflammatory bowel disease
crohns disease ulcerative colitis
88
what is ulcerative colitis? treatment and symptoms
tend to affect the colon and rectum whereas Crohn's can affect the whole GI system Many will be treated with steroids to reduce the levels of inflammation Can cause severe pain, diarrhoea, weight loss, nausea during “flare ups” many, once diagnosed will have gastrointestinal specialists they can contact and discuss symptoms however severe cases may require ED assessment In colitis it can go through the full tissue more likely for rupture and infection
89
what is crohns disease?
Crohn's disease is a type of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that causes swelling and irritation of the tissues, called inflammation, in the digestive tract. This can lead to belly pain, severe diarrhea, fatigue, weight loss and malnutrition. Inflammation caused by Crohn's disease can affect different areas of the digestive tract in different people. Crohn's most commonly affects the end of the small intestine and the beginning of the large intestine. The inflammation often spreads into the deeper layers of the bowel. Crohn's disease can be both painful and debilitating. Sometimes, it may lead to serious or life-threatening complications. There's no known cure for Crohn's disease, but therapies can greatly reduce its symptoms and even bring about long-term remission and healing of inflammation. With treatment, many people with Crohn's disease can function well.
90
what is appendicitis?
an infection causing inflammation The infection will sometimes be controlled naturally by the body or with antibiotics however if significantly swollen can be at risk of rupture A ruptured appendix can result in severe infection around the abdominal cavity and requires emergency surgery
91
what is pancreatitis?
Pancreatitis occurs when digestive enzymes are activated inside the pancreas often caused acutely by blocked bile ducts Multiple or prolonged episodes can result in chronic pancreatitis causing a loss of function and chronic pain Keys signs will be nausea, vomiting, pain and potential jaundice as the inflammation develops

systems of the body (13 decks)

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