nervous system Flashcards
what is the nervous system?
a complex network of specialized cells, tissues and organs that coordinates and control the functions of the body.
it is responsible for receiving sensory information, processing it and generating responses
what are the 2 divided main parts in the NS?
central nervous system
peripheral nervous system
what is the process of the nervous system?
nerves send electrical signals to and from other cells, glands and muscles.
these receive information then interpt it and control your response.
what are the specialized cells called that that send signals?
neurons
what are the 6 main points of the brain labelled as?
frontal lobe
parietal lobe
temporal lobe
occipital lobe
cerebellum
brainstem
what does the CNS consist of?
the brain and the spinal cord
what is the frontal lobe responsible for?
voluntary movement
expressive language
managing higher functions
what is the parietal lobe important for?
processes your sense of touch and assembles input from your other senses
what does the temporal lobe important for?
auditory information and encording of the memory
what is the occipital lobe important for?
visual pperception (colour, form and motion)
what is the cerebellum important for?
mortor movement regulation and balence control
what is the brainstem responsible for?
sends signals from the brain to the ret of the body. controlling subconscious functions like breathing and heart rate
what is the peripheral nervous system?
lies outside your brain and spinal cord.
sending information from the body back to the brain, as well as carrying out commands
what does the PNS divide into?
somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system
what is the somatic NS
responsible for voluntary movements and the relay of sensory information from the body to the CNS.
controlling skeletal muscles
what is the autonomic NS
regulates involuntary movements such as heart beats, digestion, respiration and glandular activity
what does the autonomic ns divide into?
sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions
what is the parasympathetic divisions
a network of nerves that relaxes your body after periods of stress or danger. It also helps run life-sustaining processes, like digestion, during times when you feel safe and relaxed.
what can happen if your nerve gets damaged or dies?
can cause numbness, pins and needles or pain. maybe impossible to move that area
what is the sympathetic divisions?
a network of nerves that helps your body activate its “fight-or-flight” response. This system’s activity increases when you’re stressed, in danger or physically active.
what are the different ways nerve damages can happen?
disease, stroke, accidental injury, pressure, toxic substances, aging proccess.
how can a stroke cause nerve injuries?
with a blockage or a bust in the brain with not enough blood part of the brain dies. and therefor cant send messages via nerves
how can a accidental injury cause a nerve ending?
by it being crushed or cut in a car accident or a fall
how does ageing cause nerve endings?
neruron signals may not travel as fast. feeling weaker and reflexes will slow down. loosing sensation in fingers and toes
what is the SNS referred to?
fight or flight preparing it for emergency situations- stress or physical activity
what is the parasympathetic ns referred as?
rest and digest. responsible for promoting relaxation, conserving and maintaining normal body functions during non stressful situation.
what do sensory neurons do?
detect the stimuli. send the messages to the brain CNS
what does the motor neuron do
carries from the central nervous system to the muscles for contraction.
what do oligodenrocytes do?
form myelin sheath around the axons of the central nervous system
what does the microglia do?
migrate through the central nervous system and phagocytose foreign and degenerated material
what do astrocytes do?
help to regulate the external environment of the neurons in the central nervous system.
They perform metabolic, structural, homeostatic, and neuroprotective tasks such as clearing excess neurotransmitters, stabilizing and regulating the blood-brain barrier, and promoting synapse formation.
what do ependymal cells do?
line the ventricles (cavities) of the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord
what do schwann cells do?
form myelin sheaths around the peripheral axons
what do satellite cells do?
support neuron cell bodies within the ganglia of the PNS
what is the synapse?
the functional connection between a neuron and a second cell.
presynaptic- first neuron
postsynaptic- second neuron
electrical synapse- junction of electrical synapse- electrical potential passes through this.
what is the 5 steps of neurotransmitters?
synthesis, storage, release, receptor binding and transmitter inactivation.
what is the process of neurotransmitters?
released from synaptic vesicles in presynaptic neurons in response to neural activity, diffuse across the synaptic cleft, and bind specific receptors in order to bring about changes in postsynaptic neurons.
what does the frontal lobe do?
voluntary motor control of skeletal muscles. intellectual processes, verbal communication
what does the parietal lobe do?
processing and interpreting somatosensory input. inform us about objects in our external enviorment through touch
what does the temporal lobe do?
interpretation of auditory sensations
what does the occipital lobe do?
visual processing area of the brain. it is associated with visuospatial processing distance and depth perception, color determination and memory formation.
what does the insula lobe do?
memory, sensory and visceral integration
what part of the brain deals with aggression?
amygdala
what part of the brain deals with fear?
amygdala and hypothalamus
what part of the brain deals with feeding?
hypothalamus
what type of the brain deals with sex?
hypothalamus and limbic system
what is included in the limbic system?
cingulate gyrus,
thalamus,
hypthalamus,
amygdala,
hippocampus
what is the role of the cerebellum?
motor learning and for coordinating the movement of different joints during a movement. It is also required for the proper timing and force required for limb movements.
what is the role of the spinal cord?
serves as a gap between the brain and the peripheral. Pathway for nerves to go the brain from the body and vice versa.
what is the role of the limbic system?
The limbic system is a group of structures in your brain that regulate your emotions, behavior, motivation and memory. While small in size, your limbic system has a big job to help you interact with the world around you
what does the hypothalamus do?
The hypothalamus produces hormones, helps you sleep, and manages your mood, hunger and thirst, sexual arousal, blood pressure, body temperature and heart rate.
what does the amygdala do?
The amygdala plays a role in how you experience emotions and feelings (like anxiety, anger and fear), memory and social interpretations (information about others).
what does the thalamus do?
The thalamus processes sensory information (hearing, taste, sight and touch) and helps with memory, planning and emotions
what does the hippocampus do?
Your hippocampus is responsible for your ability to form new memories.
