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A&P > Skeletal System > Flashcards

Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q
  • What are the two supportive tissues in the skeletal system? What specific type of tissue are they?
A

connective tissue!!!!!
* osseus tissue (bone tissue)- MAKES UP MOST OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
* cartilage- a connective tissue made of chondrocytes that make fibers + glycoproteins aka ground substances
* Note: fetus begins as cartilage and ossifies into bone tissue.

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2
Q

What type of tissue is osseus tissue?

A
  • dynamic tissue that is constantly being made and broken down based on need

resorption of bone to bring Ca into blood or mineralization of bone to deposit Ca onto bone

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3
Q

What are the 2 types of osseus tissue

A
  • compact bone
  • spongy bone
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4
Q

Where is osseus tissue found?

A
  • in all types of bones (flat, short, long, irregular, etc)
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5
Q
  • What are the different types of cartilage?
  • Where are these cartilage found?
  • Describe each type of cartilage
A
  • elastic- ear and epiglottis (EXTREMELY flexible)
  • fibrocartilagenous - interverbetral discs, meniscus (ie. knee, jaw), pubic symphysis (thic layer of collagen so is great for shock absorption, withstanding compression and tension
  • hyaline- MC (nasal, ribs-costal cartilage connecting ribs to sternum, articular at the ends of bones involved in joints, tracheal cartilage rings to keep trachea open, laryngeal special tracheal cartilages)

epiglottis- covers the trachea during swallowing to prevent choking

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6
Q
  • What type of cartilage is articular cartilage?
  • Where is this found in general?
  • Where is this found specifically (3)
A
  • hyaline cartilage
  • at the ends of bones involved in a joint to prevent grinding and to reduce friction
  • between vertebrae, knee joint, pubic symphysis
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7
Q

What are the two divisions of the skeletal system?

A
  • appendicular- appendages/ limbs, clavicle and scapula, pelvis
  • axial- skull (cranium and facial); thoracic cage (sternum and ribs), vertebral column, sacrum, coccyx
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8
Q

What are the functions of the skeletal system?

A
  • protection- ie. skull protects the brain; thoracic cage protects the lungs and the heart.
  • movement (when skeletal muscles move, they are moving the attached bone along with it; there is a contracting muscle aka prime mover and relaxing muscle aka antagonist with each motion) (when a joint is moved, again, a pair of muscles are involved)
  • hematopoiesis in the red marrow (making RBC, WBC-immune cells, and platelets)
  • lipid storage in yellow marrow
  • Ca and phosphate storage
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9
Q

What are the different types of bones (give description and function)

A
  • long- ends are spongy and air filed (have red marrow) in adults; shaft has yellow marrow in adults; for leverage
  • flat- thin and curved; attachment point for muscles and protects internal organs
  • short- wider than they are long, same length and width (like a square); for stability and support
  • irregular- nonsymmetrical complex shape; protects internal organs
  • sesamoid- special type of short bone within tendons; protects tendons from compressive bone.
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10
Q

What are the hollow and nonhollow bones, respectively, that contain some type of marrow (really talking about adults)? (name the type of marrow)

A
  • hollow: long bone [red marrow at ends of the long bone in the spongy bone & yellow marrow in shaft’s medullary cavity]
  • non-hollow: flat bone (and short and irregular bone) [red marrow]
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11
Q

Give examples of the different types of bones (long, flat, etc)

A
  • long- humerus, ulna, radius, tibia, fibula, femur, phalanges, metacarpals, metatarsals, clavicle
  • flat- thoracic cage (ribs and sterum), skull (frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital), scapula
  • short- carpals (wrist bones), tarsals (ankle bones)
  • irregular- vertebrae (spine), facial bones, sacrum, coccyx, pelvis (hip bones- ilium, ischium, pubis)
  • sesamoid- patella (knee bone)
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12
Q

Label bones

A

in ipad

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13
Q

The spongy bone houses what?

A

red bone marrow that is invovled in hematopoiesis

EPO from the kidney’s stimulate erythropoiesis

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14
Q

What stimulates erythropoiesis?

A

EPO from the kidney’s

kidney releases EPO when there is low blood volume or low blood O2.

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15
Q

Compact bone

A
  • aka lamellar bone
  • is solid, homogenous, dense (dense tall columns of osteons)
  • external part
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16
Q

Spongy bone

A
  • aka trabeculae and open space/airy that houses red bone marrow
  • internal to compact bone
  • at the ends of long bone and inside flat or short or irregular bones
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17
Q

What does hematopoiesis do?

A
  • make blood cells (RBCs, WBCs, platelets)

in red bone marrow

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18
Q

What are the 3 parts of long bone?

A
  • epiphysis (proximal and distal), diaphysis (shaft), and metaphysis
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19
Q

Where is the spongy bone and compact bone in long bone?

A
  • spongy are at at ends of long bone
  • compact are all around the outside of the long bone
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20
Q

Contrast and epiphyseal line and epiphyseal plate.
* What is another name for this ephiphyseal plate?

A
  • epiphyseal line is indicative that person is an adult
  • epiphyseal growth plate is present only in babies and children when the long bones are still growing

growth plate

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21
Q

long bone

What are the two membranes found in long bone? (describe where they are and what they contain)

A
  • periosteum (2 layers)- fibrous sheath that covers bone; 1st layer contains nerves and blood vessels and the 2nd layer contains osteoprogenitor/ osteogenic cells (bone stem cells)
  • endosteum- lines inside of bone (contains osteoprogenitor/ osteogenic cells)
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22
Q

How does the epiphyseal line in long bone come about?

A

epiphyseal growth plate ossifies with lamellar bone to become an epiphyseal line in adults

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23
Q

What type of bone has an epiphyseal growth plate?

A

long bone (ends of it), the ones that are still growing

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24
Q

What type of cartilage is the growth plate made of?

A
  • hyaline
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25
Q

What is the epiphyseal plate?

A

where length is added to long bone with GH stimulation when one is still growing

located at ends of a growing long bone

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26
Q

Where is Ca stored?

A

in compact bone

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27
Q

What is in the medullary cavity (compare child to adult)

A
  • child (7-10 yrs old): red marrow
  • adult : yellow marrow
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28
Q

Where is fat stored in bone?

A
  • yellow marrow of long bone

yellow marrow is in medullary cavity

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29
Q

In general, what are the two parts of compact bone?

A
  • osteocytes residing in lacunae pits and connected to each other by canaliculi
  • concentric bone matrix (lamellae) with Ca salts and collagen fibers

both of these make up the osteon, the structural unit, of compact bone

30
Q
  • What are the horizontal canals running through compact bone?
  • What is another name for it?
  • What is its function?
A
  • perforating canals
  • aka Volkmann canal
  • allows blood vessels and nerves to get into and out of the bone marrow; inside bones = transmits blood vessels and communicates between Haversian canals.
31
Q
  • What are the vertical canals inside compact bone?
  • What is another name for it?
  • What is it’s function?
  • Where are they located?
A
  • central canals
  • Haversian canal
  • contains nerves and blood vessels to supply to osteocytes within osteon as well as neighboring osteons
  • center of each osteon
32
Q

What are the structural units of the compact bone?

A
  • the osteon (cylindrical)
33
Q

What are the parts of the osteon?

A
  • osteocytes
  • concentrix matrix of lamellae (of Ca salts, mainly calcium phosphate hydroxyapatites, embedded in collagen fibers)
34
Q

What houses osteocytes?

A

lacunae in the osteon

35
Q

What connects multiple osteocytes together and brings periosteal arteries nutrients from the central canal to each osteocyte?

A

canaliculi

36
Q

Canaliculi

A

connects multiple osteocytes together and brings periosteal arteries nutrients from the central canal to each osteocyte

37
Q

What are the mature bone cells called?

A

osteocytes

they come from osteoBLASTS

38
Q

OsteoBLASTS can turn into

A
  • osteocytes (after BLASTS are done forming the bone matrix)
  • osteoclasts (if BLASTS are stimualted by PTH) with purpose to increase blood Ca
39
Q

OsteoBLAST function

A
  • “Build” bone
  • forms bone matrix aka mineralization (aka forms osteons)

develops from osteoprogenitor/ osteogenic stem cells

40
Q

Osteoclast function

A
  • “Catastrophe” “Chew” up bone
  • resorbs bone aka breaks down bone matrix with HCl and enzymes

estrogen and weight bearing activity inhibit its function

41
Q

PTH stimulates [______] with purpose to increase blood Ca.

A

osteoblasts, which stimulates osteoclasts to differentiate from monocyte pre-cursor cells

42
Q

How are osteoblasts formed?

A

osteoprogenitor/ osteogenic cells (stem cells) in the periosteum (2nd layer) or endosteum that go through mitosis

43
Q

Osteoblasts are [___] nucleate while Osteoclasts are [____]nucleate

A
  • mono
  • multi
44
Q

Osteocyte function

A

monitor and maintain bone matrix

struck in place in lacunae of osteon

45
Q

Where is red marrow found in children?

A

ALL types of bone contain red marrow (even the medullary cavity of the long bones)

really no yellow marrow

46
Q

Where does blood cell production occur?

A

red bone marrow (housed in spongy bone)

through hematopoiesis

47
Q

Where is red marrow found in adults (aka past 7 years old)?

A
  • general answer: mainly axial skeleton
  • more specific answer: spongy bone at the ENDs of long bone (epiphysis) and spongy bone found inside flat bones, irregular bones (ie, vertebrae), and short bones.

shaft’s medullary cavity now contains yellow marrow

48
Q

What are the organic and inorganic parts of the bone matrix?

A
  • organic: collagen fibers + (ground substances)
  • inorganic: calcium phosphates (Ca -mineral- salts aka hydroxyapatites) [ 60% of bone matrix]
49
Q

Collagen fibers are the primary structural protein of what?

A

connective tissue

50
Q

Cartilage is a type of what?

A

connective tissue

51
Q

What is the purpose of collagen fibers in the bone matrix

A
  • RESILIENCE –> it makes the bone more flexible

organic component

52
Q

What is the purpose of Calcium salts in the bone matrix?

A
  • HARDNESS –> responsible for strength of bone
  • also part of the mineral storage that controls bone mass density where Ca can be deposited or withdrawn

inorganic component

53
Q
  • What are the (3) different type of joints?
  • What are they connected by?
A
  • fibrous- connected by dense connective tissue = tough
  • cartilaginous- connected by cartilage
  • synovial- has a joint cavity
54
Q
  • What is the immobile and freely moveable joint?
  • Where are these joints found?
A
  • immobile: fibrous- b/w cranial sutures, b/w the ulna and radius, b/w the teeth and gums
  • freely moveable: synovial- at the knees, wrists, ankles, shoulder (humerus and scapula), hip, and neck
55
Q

What are the hinge joints in the body?

A

knee, elbow, and ankle

synovial joint as well

56
Q

What are the ball and socket joints of the body?

A
  • shoulder and hip
57
Q

What is the pivot joint of the body?

A

neck (atlantoaxial joint- b/w C1 and C2)

58
Q

What is the function of the synovial membrane?

A

secretes synovial fluid, which lubricates the joint to minimize friction

59
Q

Label the parts of the synovial knee joint

A

in ipad

60
Q

What is the only bone that does not form a joint?

A

hyoid bone in the neck

it is just attached to tendons and muscles in the neck

61
Q

Contrast tendons and ligaments

A
  • tendons: connect bone and muscle
  • ligaments: connect bone to bones
62
Q

Compare tendons and ligaments

A
  • BOTH are made of tough connective tissue
63
Q

Brittle Bone Dz
* another name?
* pathogenesis?
* result?

A
  • due to lack of collagen in bone matrix
  • fragile, crispy, easily breakable bone.

osteogenesis imperfecta

64
Q

Osteoporosis
* pathogenesis?
* result?

A
  • loss of bone inorganic mineral salts (Calcium) through demineralization like from osteoclasts working faster than osteoblasts or from long time immobilization of bone; lack of vitamin D, which is REQUIRED for Ca absorption in the body or aging
  • loss of bone mineral density/ bone mass –> weak bones
65
Q

Osteopenia
* what is it?
* what can it turn into?

A
  • not enough bone
  • if it gets bad enough can lead to osteoporosis
66
Q

Ricketts Dz

A

issue with calcium in childhood lack of Ca diet or Vit D leading to decrease in bone mineral density/ bone mass (soft bones)

67
Q

Osteoarthritis
* another name?
* patho?

A
  • degenerative joint disease
  • degeneration of articular cartilage from trauma or overuse

articular cartilage normally reduces friction b/w bones

68
Q

Rheumatoid arthritis
* patho
* result

A
  • autoimmune dz (ie. antibodies against some earlier infection in life or gluten start to attack own cells)
  • bodys WBCs are attacking own synovial membrane of joint
  • joint inflammation and pain from inflammed synovial membrane, worn down articular cartilage, decreased joint space –> inflammation can cause bone erosion and joint deformity
69
Q

Fracture healing steps

A
  1. hematoma forms- huge clot to stop further blood loss
  2. soft callus- periosteum is activated to make chondroblasts (to make temporary cartilage) and to make osteoblasts (to make woven bone)
  3. hard callus- woven bone is replaced with spongy bone [ this is the time when the cast can be removed but bone is still NOT fully healed]
  4. healed fracture - spongy bone replaced with compact bone (lamellar) [3-4 years from fracture]
70
Q

What is another name for lamellar bone?
What is another name for trabecular bone?

A
  • compact bone
  • spongy bone
71
Q

For bone that is growing in length, the region closest to the epiphyseal end of the plate is called the:

A

reserve zone

72
Q

What type of connective tissue makes up most of the skeletal system?

A

osseus tissue (compact and spongy bone) as compared to cartilage

A&P (28 decks)

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