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A&P > Cardiovascular- Blood > Flashcards

Cardiovascular- Blood Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of blood?

A

carry oxygen to and carbon dioxide from the body tissues

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2
Q

What are the components of blood?

A
  • plasma
  • formed elements
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3
Q

What is found in the plasma of whole blood?

A
  • 90% water
  • proteins (MOST are made in the liver): albumin-made by liver; increases osmotic pressure holds water in blood vessels to maintain BP; antibodies aka immunoglobulins made by B cells, transferrin- made by liver; transports Fe to bone marrow to incorporate into Hb for RBCs; clotting factors (made by liver) that make platelets clump together; complements (made by liver); angiotensinogen (made by liver), fibrinogen (made by liver)
  • nutrients- electrolytes, glucose
  • hormones-insulin, growth hormones, thyroxine, epinephrine
  • gases (CO2 and O2)
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4
Q

What are formed elements in whole blood?

A
  • erthrocytes (RBCs)
  • leukocytes (WBCs)
  • thrombocytes (platelets)
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5
Q

What are the functions of RBCs

A

carry and transport O2 and some CO2 b/w tissue and lungs through capillaries

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6
Q

What are the functions of WBC’s?

A

body’s defense to fight against pathogens and infections (able to leave the blood and into wound or infection site)

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7
Q

How are the RBCs able to carry O2?

A

each RBC has millions of Hb proteins that can bind up to 4 O2

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8
Q

What is Hb made of?

A
  • 2 alpha and 2 beta chains
  • IRON is the most important component
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9
Q

What are the different types of WBCs? (separate it into 2 categories)

A
  • granulocytes- (NEB) : neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils/mast cells
  • agranulocytes - lymphocytes ( B and T cells [and NK cells]) and monocytes (become macrophages in tissues)
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10
Q

Name the functions of each of the WBC’s

A
  • neutrophils: MC and abundant in the blood; FIRST responder to tissue injury or pathogens; releases bleach and peroxide
  • eosinophils: fights parasites (ie. helminth worms); promotes allergic reactions; releases histamine and peroxide
  • basophils/mast cell: both promotes inflammation by releasing histamine, which dilates blood vessels and causes them to be more leaky- but basophils are more found in blood and mast cells are more found in tissues, ,specifically mucus membrane tissues ; both are involved in fighting off invading pathogens as well as in allergic rxns (BUT mast cells have the first and biggest role in allergies, with basophils effecting after)
  • lymphocytes: B cells make antibodies
  • monocytes: when differentiate into macrophages eat/ englulf pathogens
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11
Q

_____ is the most common and abundant WBC in blood. It is the ____ responder to tissue injury or pathogens

What does this cell do to pathogens?

A
  • neutrophils
  • first
  • phagocytize
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12
Q
  • What are platelets?/ What is their function?
  • What makes platelets clump together?
A
  • cellular fragments that are important for blood clotting, forming a plug when there is endothelial damage
  • clotting factors
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13
Q

Blood dz’s

  • What is anemia?
  • What are some of the different types of anemia?
A
  • “no blood” ; not enough healthy RBC’s
  • iron deficiency anemia: leads to low Hb bc iron is needed to form Hb and so low RBC
  • pernicious anemia: due to vit B12 def bc that is needed to make RBC’s
  • sickle cell anemia: due to abnormally shaped Hb from genetic mutations which doesnt carry O2 cell ; RBC’s clump and stick together (can happen under esp stress), which blocks blood flow and can lead to mini strokes.
  • aplastic anemia: fragile RBCs that break easily
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14
Q

What are some causes of low RBC’s? What does that entail?

A
  • iron deficiency, Vit B 12 def, hemorrhage/ blood loss, hypothyroidism
  • low blood oxygen carrying capacity
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15
Q
  • What is an athletic example of a cause of too many RBCs?
  • What is the good result
  • What can be a danger of this?
A
  • blood doping- removal of own blood 2 weeks before big athletic event = gives time for new RBCs to regenerate and replenish old blood lost, then shortly before big event, old blood is injected back into the athlete
  • high blood oxygen carrying capacity= more stamina
  • can increase bloods viscosity and make it hard for the heart to pump out blood.; inc hematocrit and inc risk of a stroke.
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16
Q

What is another cause of too many RBCs in the blood?

A
  • going to place with a higher altitude = thin air and dec O2 –> production of more RBC’s
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17
Q

Leuko____ is when there are too many WBCs; What can be a cause of this?

A
  • cytosis
  • cause: infection
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18
Q

Leuko_____ is when there are too few WBCs; What can be the cause of this?

A
  • penia
  • drugs (ie. cancer drugs)
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19
Q

Leukemia is what?

A
  • uncontrolled proliferation of WBC’s
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20
Q

What is the blood buffer made up of?

A
  • equation in ipad
  • CO2 and bicarb and big parts of it.
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21
Q

Hemostasis

When there is endothelial damage in blood vessels, what is the first response?

A

local vasoconstriction (arteriolar) to reduce blood loss immediately

22
Q

What is the 2nd step to clotting?
What is another name for it?

A
  • platelet plug formation (adhesion to exposed collagen in endothelium, activation, aggregation)
  • primary hemostasis
23
Q

What is the 3rd step in clotting?
What is another name for it?

A
  • coagulation (clotting) cascade
  • secondary hemostasis
24
Q

What are the two pathways that can initiate the clotting cascade? Explain both.

A
  • intrinisc pathway- slower, thanks to activation of clotting factor 12; usually due to venous stasis or blood encountering a foreign substance or tissue
  • extrinsic pathway-faster, thanks to activation of tissue factor, which is released when endothelium is damaged; usually due to a more severe injury.
25
Q
  • After the intrinsic and extrinisc pathway of the clotting cascade, what is the pathway they both feed into called?
  • What are the remaining steps that are part of that pathway?
A
  • common pathway
  • factor X –> activates prothrombin activator –> convertes prothrombin to thrombin –> converts fibrinogen to fibrin
26
Q

Where does hematopoiesis occur?

A

red bone marrow that is housed in spongy bone found in the ends of long bones, and inside the flat bones (ie. sternum, scapula, pelvis), irregular bones, and short bones

27
Q

Hematopoietic stem cells differentiate into what 2 types of stem cells?

A

lymphoid and myeloid stem cells

hematopoietic stem cells are multipotent

28
Q

Lymphoid stem cells differentiate into what?

What are the functions of those cell types?

A

lymphocytes
* B cells: make antibodies that bind to antigens on a pathogen and not own self cell
* T cells: directly attack the pathogen; alters other immune cells; activates B cells
* NK cells

29
Q

Where are lymphocytes trained?

A
  • lymph organs ,
    thymus for T cells and red bone marrow for B cells, where it kills those that recognize self antigens as foreign (prevent autoimmune dz’s) and lymphocytes get lots of exposure to foreign substances (prevent allergic attacks)
30
Q

What 3 types of cells can myeloid stem cells become?

A
  • erythropoietic stem cell
  • myeloblast to create all WBC other than lymphocytes- granulocytes and monocytes
  • megakaryocytes - when are cell fragments –> become platelets
31
Q

How long does it take for new RBC’s to be made?

A

2-3 weeks

32
Q

Explain the process of RBC production from erythropoietic stem cells –> erythrocyte

A

in ipad flow chart

33
Q
  • What is another name for reticulocyte?
  • How does a normoblast aka erythroblast become a reticulocyte?
A
  • immature RBC
  • normoblast ejects its nucleus
34
Q

What most immature stage of RBC cell type is circulating in the blood?

A

reticulocyte

35
Q
  • How long do reticulocytes circulate until it becomes a mature RBC?
  • What ia a mature RBC called?
A
  • 1-2 days
  • erythrocyte
36
Q
  • What 2 structures are not in a mature RBC?
  • How many days does an erythrocyte live in circulation?
A
  • ribsome and nucleus
  • ~120 days
37
Q

What 2 structures are invovled in the process of handling/ involved with RBC breakdown

A

spleen and liver and red bone marrow macrophages and ultimately the broken down heme –> bilverdin –> bilirubin go to liver to be conjugated to be excreted as urobilin or stercobilin

38
Q

How does the liver contribute to RBC breakdown?

A

the liver conjugates bilirubin, which is the RBC heme breakdown product.

if bilirubin is not conjugated quick enough –> jaundice

39
Q

erythropoiesis

What structure makes RBCs? (large structure name and cell type within that structure)

A
  • red bone marrow
  • myeloid stem cells within there.
40
Q
  • What is released by the kidney’s when there is low blood volume or low oxygen in the blood?
  • What does that substance do?
A
  • EPO
  • stimulates the bone marrow to perform erythropoiesis (RBC formation)
41
Q

When is EPO released and What organ releases it and What is the target organ?

A

stimulation by
* thyroxine: bc thyroxine stimulates ATP production, which requires O2, which is carried by RBCs in the blood [ testosterone stimulates thyroxine so men have more RBCs]
* low blood volume (ie. after give blood, surgery, hemorrhage)
* low oxygen in the blood (Ie. at high altitudes)

42
Q

What are some examples of causes of low blood volume (3)?

A
  • surgery
  • giving blood
  • hemorrhaging
43
Q

What are some ways for there to be low RBC but normal plasma that leads to anemia?

A
  • iron deficiency: main way to lose iron is from bleeding (ie. women during period), also can be from low iron diet or low iron absorption
  • vit B 12 deficiency: loss of intrinsic factor that is made by stomach so dec absorption from small intestines illeum.
  • hypothyroidism: common sense bc since thyroxine inc RBC production, then less of thyroxine dec RBC production.
  • hemorrhage or blood loss
44
Q

How does one get Vit B12 deficiency?

A

loss of intrinsic factor that is made by stomach so dec absorption from small intestines illeum.

45
Q

What type of cells make up the endothelium of blood vessel walls?

A

simple squamous epithelial cells

46
Q

Which type of vessel has the MOST amount of smooth muscle around it?

Which type of vessel has NO smooth muscle?

What type of vessel in general has smooth muscle that is good to know?

A
  • arterioles bc they regulate blood flow and so regulate BP
  • capillaries bc it allows for easy gas and nutrient diffusion.
  • arteries also have smooth muscle to prevent them from ripping due to the high pressure of blood that flow through
47
Q

What type of macromolecule is iron?

A

a protein

48
Q

What type of cells are made in the (red) bone marrow?

What is the process called?

A
  • RBC
  • WBC
  • platelets
  • hematopoiesis
49
Q

What color due the granules of granulocytes stain?

A
  • neutrophils: neutral/ no color
  • eosinophils: pink - acidic dye
  • basophils: purple- basic dye
50
Q

What are the cells involved in allergic rxns?

A
  • mast cells- first and biggest role!
  • basophils- through release of histamine
  • eosinophils-through release of histamine; elevated during allergic reactions
  • patho for all: IgE antibodies made against the allergen antigen binds to IgE receptors on the 3 cells and causes it to degranulate and release histamine –> inflammation

A&P (28 decks)

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