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A&P > Muscular System > Flashcards

Muscular System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two types of muscles that are striated?

A

skeletal and cardiac muscle

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2
Q

What are the voluntary and involuntary controlled muscles?
* What is another name for voluntarily controlled?
* What is another name for involuntarily controlled?

A
  • voluntary: skeletal
  • involuntary: cardiac and smooth
  • consciouslly and unconsiouslly
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3
Q

The skeletal muscles are under control by what part of the NS?

A

somatic

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4
Q

What muscles are controlled by the autonomic NS?

A

cardiac and smooth muscle

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5
Q

skeletal muscles are attached to [_____]

A

bone

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6
Q

What gives a muscle its striation?

A
  • regularly arranged actin and myosin protein fibers
  • alternating light and dark bands (light = just actin - I band; dark = myosin and actin- A band) in the sarcomere of muscle.

skeletal and cardiac muscle

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7
Q

What is the muscle type that is NONstriated and why is that?

A
  • smooth muscle
  • SCATTERED actin and myosin rather than regularly arranged
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8
Q

What are the 2 muscle types that generate STRONG contractions and what a WEAK contraction?

A
  • 2 strong: skeletal and cardiac
  • weak: smooth

striations allow for stronger contractions

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9
Q

What allows for strong muscle contractions?

A

striations on muscle.

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10
Q

Explain in general how movement is generated?

A

skeletal muscle contracts (shorten or lengthen), and it pulls the bone with it and moves the bone

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11
Q

Give examples of where smooth muscles are found

A
  • walls of visceral organs in GI (stomach, intestines), respiratory (bronchioles), urinary (bladder detrusor), reproductive tract (uterus myometrium, penile muscles ie. corpus cavernosum)
  • blood vessel (arteriole) walls
  • glands of smooth muscle
  • skin arrector pilli muscle
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12
Q
  • How does vasodilation occur?
  • How does vasoconstriction occur?
A
  • dilation = relaxation of smooth muscle around arterioles
  • constriction = contraction of smooth muscle around arterioles
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13
Q

anatomy of skeletal m.

  • Where are the 3 connective tissues located in the muscle?
  • What is the specific name of this connective tissue?/ What is its function?
A
  • epimysium: outer film of entire muscle
  • perimysium: around each fasicle
  • endomysium: around/between each muscle fiber / muscle cell
  • muscle fascia- encloses, protects, supports, and separates muscle tissue
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14
Q
  • What is the contractile unit of the muscle?
  • Where is it located?
A
  • sarcomere
  • myofibrils of muscle cell/ fiber
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15
Q

organization of skeletal muscle from largest to smallest

A
  1. skeletal muscle
  2. bundles of muscle fascicles
  3. bundles of muscle fibers/ cells
  4. bundles of myofibrils
  5. contractile units of sarcomeres
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16
Q
  • What are the two protein filaments in a sarcomere?
A
  • actin - thin
  • myosin- thick
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17
Q

What is the most basic of how muscle contraction occurs?

A

myosin pulls on actin, specifically toward midline (myosin slides past actin) to generate a force

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18
Q

What are two substances required for muscle contraction?

A
  • ATP- POWERS the contraction (releases myosin from actin to allow next power stroke to occur)
  • Ca- allows myosin to bind to actin to do a power stroke
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19
Q

What is the Z disc/ line?

A

separation between each sarcomere

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20
Q

When the electrical impulse from the nerve tells the muscle to [_____], myosin heads attach to [______] and myosin [____] towards midline

A
  • contract
  • actin
  • pulls actin
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21
Q

What is the I band?

A

the area of the sarcomere with just actin= light stain

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22
Q

What is the A band?

A

the area of the sarcomere with both actin and myosin = dark stain

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23
Q

What is the H zone?

A

area of the sarcomere with just myosin

24
Q

What happens to the length of the sarcomere when there is an isotonic contraction?

A

shorter sarcomere

25
Q

What is present in the NMJ (3 items)?

A
  • pre-synaptic cell (LMN- alpha motor nerve- axon terminal)
  • synaptic cleft with chemical neurotransmitters (Ach ALWAYS if it is a skeletal muscle)
  • post- synpatic cell (muscle cell/ fiber motor end plate)

motor end plate = folded part of sarcolemma

26
Q

What is another name for muscle cell?

A

muscle fiber

27
Q

What is the plasma membrane of a muscle fiber/cell called?

A

sarcolemma

28
Q

What is the motor end plate?

A

folded part of the sarcolemma

29
Q

Explain nervous system control of (skeletal) muscle contractions

A
  1. nerve/ electrical impulse (AP from cell body in ventral horn of spinal cord to the axon terminal)
  2. triggers Ca to go into axon terminal
  3. triggers exocytosis of Ach from vesicles
  4. Ach binds to nicotinic cholinergic receptors and this opens up voltage gated Na channels on sarcolemma
  5. Na rushes into the muscle cell
  6. sarcolemma cell membrane depolarizes (enough to membrane threshold)
  7. muscle cell generates and fires an AP
  8. AP travels along sarcolemma and down the **T tubules **into the muscle cell myofibril in both directions to depolarize the ENTIRE muscle cell
  9. Ca channel in SR open up
  10. Ca go into sarcoplasm of the muscle cell
  11. cross bridge cycling at sarcomere
30
Q

Name the electrical impulse and chemical impulse that is carried out by a neuron

A
  • electrical: AP
  • chemical: neurotransmitters (ie. Ach)
31
Q

Ach binds to what type of receptors and where are those receptors found?

A
  • cholinergic (nicotinic or muscarinic) receptors
  • nicotinic - skeletal muscle
  • muscarinic- cardiac and smooth muscle

muscarinic receptors are dealing with the parasympathetic NS

nicotinic are dealing with the somatic NS

32
Q

nervous system

norepi binds

A

adrenergic receptors (alpha and beta) found on cardiac and smooth muscle

adrenergic receptors are part of the sympahtetic NS

33
Q

Explain the cross bridge cycle

A
  • at rest aka muscle relaxed: actin and myosin ARE NOT bound together bc troponin on actin is in the way
    1. Ca binds troponin, which allows myosin to bind to actin , meanwhile ADP is kicked ejected off myosin head and myosin does a power stroke
    2. myosin is stuck on actin after the power stroke until ATP binds to myosin head
    3. ATP binds to myosin head and releases myosin from actin [ ATP powers contraction]
    4. hydrolysis of ATP on myosin head allows head to go back to be re-cocked for next contraction.
34
Q

Explain the cross bridge cycle

A
  • at rest aka muscle relaxed: actin and myosin ARE NOT bound together bc troponin on actin is in the way
    1. Ca binds troponin, which allows myosin to bind to actin , meanwhile ADP is kicked ejected off myosin head and myosin does a power stroke
    2. myosin is stuck on actin after the power stroke until ATP binds to myosin head
    3. ATP binds to myosin head and releases myosin from actin [ ATP powers contraction]
    4. hydrolysis of ATP on myosin head allows head to go back to be re-cocked for next contraction.
35
Q

skeletal muscle

Temporalis

A

allows for mastication (chewing) (CN 5 mandibular branch controlled)

36
Q

skeletal muscle

orbicularis oculi

A

allows for closing of the eyelid (CN 7 controlled) and blinking

37
Q

skeletal muscle

trapezius

A
  • stabilizing, elevating the scapula
  • back and shoulder movement

test by asking to shrug shoulders (CN 11)

38
Q

skeletal muscle

Serratus anterior

A
  • covers the ribs
  • protraction (pulls scapula anterolaterally) and upward rotation of the scapula
39
Q

skeletal muscle

Biceps brachii

A

flexion and supination of the forearm

40
Q

skeletal muscle

Gracilis

A

flexes the knee, ADDucts thigh, medially rotate tibia on femur

41
Q

skeletal muscle

What are the three muscles of the quadriceps?

A
  • recus femoris - thigh flexion
  • vastus lateralis
  • vastus medialis
42
Q

skeletal muscle

soleus and gastronemius

A

main plantarflexor of the foot

gastronemius aka calf muscle
soleus: deep to gastronemius

43
Q

skeletal muscle

Tibialis anterior

A

primary dorsiflexor of the foot

44
Q

skeletal muscle

External Oblique

A

trunk flexion, expiration, trunk rotation

45
Q

skeletal muscle

Rectus abdominis

A

trunk flexion, expiration

46
Q

skeletal muscle

Pectoralis major

A

arm ADDuction, internal rotation, flexion/extension

47
Q

skeletal muscle

Deltoid

A

arm ABduction, flexion/extension, stabilization of shoulder joint

common site for IM injection

48
Q

skeletal muscle

Sternocleidomastoid (SCM)

A

neck flexion/extension, rotation; elevation of clavicle and sternum

CN 11 controlled

49
Q

skeletal muscle

Rhomboids

A
  • covered by traps
  • retract (bring scapula MEDIAL), elevate, and rotate the scapula
50
Q

skeletal muscle

Latissimus dorsi

A

works with pec major (and teres major) to ADDuct, internally rotate, and extend the arm.

51
Q

skeletal muscle

biceps femoris

A

one of the hamstring muscles

others: semitendonous and semimembranous

52
Q

skeletal muscle

triceps brachii

A

extension of the forearm at the elbow joint

53
Q

skeletal muscle

gluteus medius

A

thigh ABduction and internal rotation

54
Q

skeletal muscle

gluteus maximus

A

extension and external rotation of the thigh at the hip joint

55
Q

What is the function of the muscular system (3)?

A
  • generate movement (skeletal muscle)
  • circulate blood throughout the body (cardiac muscle)
  • support and maintain posture
56
Q

Describe the cells of the three muscle types

A
  • skeletal m. –> long, cylindrical striated cells with some with more than 1 nucleus
  • cardiac m. –> short, quadrangular cross striated cells with 1 nucleus
  • smooth m. –> elongated spindle shaped cells
57
Q

The LENGTH of actin and myosin do or do not change during a contraction?

A

DO NOT but the sarcomere length DOES (shortens)

A&P (28 decks)

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