Skeletal-Joint Exam Flashcards by Macy Phegley

Osteomalacia

Bones are inadequately mineralized causing soft, weakened bones, caused by insufficient calcium in the diet or by vitamin D deficiency

Symptoms: pain, when weight if put on affected bone

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Define bursitis

Inflammation of the bursa, caused by a blow or friction

Symptoms: pain, swelling

Treatment: anti-inflammatory drugs

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Osteoporosis

Group of diseases, bone reabsorption outpaces bone deposit, spongy bone of the spine is most vulnerable occurs mostly in postmenopausal women

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Paget’s Disease

Excessive bone formation and breakdown

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Synovial fluid

Lubricates joint to prevent friction for easy movement

main component is water and then other components resemble blood plasma make-up

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Wrist bones

Carpals

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Gouty arthritis

Deposition of uric acid crystals in joints and soft tissues, followed by inflammation response

Typically affects the joint at the base of the big toe

If untreated the bone ends fuse and immobilize the joint

Treatment: colchicine , nonsteroidal anti inflammatory drugs

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Examples of fibrous joints

Sutures (Coronal, lamboid, sagittal, squamous)

Syndesmoses (radioulnar, stylohyoid, stylomandibular, tibiofibular)

Gomphoses (dentoalveolar)

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Function of atlas

Yes motion

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Function of axis

No motion

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Function of axial skeleton

Forms the upright axis of the body

Protects the brain and spinal cord

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Function of hyoid bone

Tongue and muscle attachment, suspending bone

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Function of red bone marrow

Production of new cells

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Function of tendon sheath

Reduces friction

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Function of bursa

Provides a cushion between structures that would otherwise rub together (ex: tendons rubbing on bones)

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Most abundant of skeleton cartilage

Hyaline cartilage

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Function of the Haversion Canal

Center canal that runs parallel, passageway for nerves and blood vessels

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Function of osteocytes

Maintain and monitor the protein and mineral content of the matrix (base)

Direct release of calcium from bone to blood

Depositing calcium salts to matrix

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Function of osteoblasts

Bone-forming cells, secrete bone matrix, produce new bone

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Function of osteoclasts

Resorb (break down) bone matrix

Secrete acid through exocytosis that dissolves bone matrix-causes a release of amino acid, calcium, and phosphate (must have balance)

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Subluxation

Partial dislocation of a joint

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Types of movement produced by a plane joint

Slipping and gliding only

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Types of movement produced by a gliding joint

A flat bone surface glides over another similar surface (ex: intercarpal and intertarsal joints)

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Function of articular cartilage

Provides a smooth surface for the bones to meet

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Outer ankle

Malleolus

Parts of long bone

Diaphysis (body of long bone) and epiphysis (ends of long bone)

Type of movement produced by a ball-and-socket joint

A spherical head of one bone articulates with a cup-like socket of another (ex: shoulder and hip joints)

Type of movement produced by a condyloid joint

Oval articular surface of one bone fits into complementary depression of another (ex: wrist)

Type of movement produced by hinge joint

Resembles door hinge Motion along a single plane, permit flexion and extension only (ex: elbow and interphalangeal joints)

Tyoe of movement produced by pivot joint

Rounded end of bone protrudes into a sleeve or ring Composed of bone and possible ligaments of another Only uniaxial movement allowed (ex: joints between axis and the dens)

Functions of bones

Support, protection, movement, mineral storage, blood cell formation

Fontanel

Soft spot, membranous area which makes the skull flexible and allows growth

Multiaxial joints

Occurs around several axes

What causes cleft palate

Fusion of the palatine bone and the hard palate of the maxilla Huge genetic link

Facet

Small, flattened articular surface

Fissure

Narrow, slit-like opening

Foramen

Hole, passageway for nerves and vessels

Sesamoid bone

Bone with no contact to any other bone

Tuberosity

Knob

Which bones in the leg are not weight bearing

Fibula, patella

Growth in the long bone

Grow because of the epiphyseal plate, it separates the epiphysis from the diaphysis

Spine

Very high ridge

Ramus

Arm-like bar of bone, only found in mandible

Spongy bone

Cancellous, honeycomb of trabeculae filled with yellow bone marrow

Yellow marrow

Fat stored within medullary cavity or in spaces of spongy bone used for shock absorption

Periosteum

Double-layered connective tissue membrane covering outer surface of bone besides where articular cartilage is present

Suture lines

Interlocking junction completely filled with connective tissue Binds bones tightly together but allow for brain growth

Diploe

Bone tissue, spongy bone (cancellous)

Rotation

Turning the bone around on its own axis | ex: between first two vertebrae, hip, shoulder joints

Supination

Turning palms up

Pronation

Turning palms down

Inversion

Turning sole of foot in

Eversion

Turning sole of foot out

Protraction

Pull forward

Retraction

Pull backward

Elevation

Pull up

Depression

Pull down

Opposition

Pulling pinky to thumb

Reposition

Pulling pinky and thumb back out

Circumduction

Ability to use flexion, extension, adduction, and abduction Move your arm in circles

Plantar flexion

Planting your foot in the ground

Dorsiflexion

Bringing your foot back up from planting it

Flexion

Bending movement that decreases the angle of the joint

Extension

Joint angle is increased

Hyperextension

Abnormal, forced extension of a joint beyond the normal range of motion

Lateral excursion

Moving mandible to either right or left of the midline

Medial excursion

Moving mandible back to the midline

Lamellar bone

Mature bone that is organized into thin layers 3-7 micrometers thick