Skeletal-Joint Exam Flashcards
Osteomalacia
Bones are inadequately mineralized causing soft, weakened bones, caused by insufficient calcium in the diet or by vitamin D deficiency
Symptoms: pain, when weight if put on affected bone
Define bursitis
Inflammation of the bursa, caused by a blow or friction
Symptoms: pain, swelling
Treatment: anti-inflammatory drugs
Osteoporosis
Group of diseases, bone reabsorption outpaces bone deposit, spongy bone of the spine is most vulnerable occurs mostly in postmenopausal women
Paget’s Disease
Excessive bone formation and breakdown
Synovial fluid
Lubricates joint to prevent friction for easy movement
main component is water and then other components resemble blood plasma make-up
Wrist bones
Carpals
Gouty arthritis
Deposition of uric acid crystals in joints and soft tissues, followed by inflammation response
Typically affects the joint at the base of the big toe
If untreated the bone ends fuse and immobilize the joint
Treatment: colchicine , nonsteroidal anti inflammatory drugs
Examples of fibrous joints
Sutures (Coronal, lamboid, sagittal, squamous)
Syndesmoses (radioulnar, stylohyoid, stylomandibular, tibiofibular)
Gomphoses (dentoalveolar)
Function of atlas
Yes motion
Function of axis
No motion
Function of axial skeleton
Forms the upright axis of the body
Protects the brain and spinal cord
Function of hyoid bone
Tongue and muscle attachment, suspending bone
Function of red bone marrow
Production of new cells
Function of tendon sheath
Reduces friction
Function of bursa
Provides a cushion between structures that would otherwise rub together (ex: tendons rubbing on bones)
Most abundant of skeleton cartilage
Hyaline cartilage
Function of the Haversion Canal
Center canal that runs parallel, passageway for nerves and blood vessels
Function of osteocytes
Maintain and monitor the protein and mineral content of the matrix (base)
Direct release of calcium from bone to blood
Depositing calcium salts to matrix
Function of osteoblasts
Bone-forming cells, secrete bone matrix, produce new bone
Function of osteoclasts
Resorb (break down) bone matrix
Secrete acid through exocytosis that dissolves bone matrix-causes a release of amino acid, calcium, and phosphate (must have balance)
Subluxation
Partial dislocation of a joint
Types of movement produced by a plane joint
Slipping and gliding only
Types of movement produced by a gliding joint
A flat bone surface glides over another similar surface (ex: intercarpal and intertarsal joints)
Function of articular cartilage
Provides a smooth surface for the bones to meet
Outer ankle
Malleolus
Parts of long bone
Diaphysis (body of long bone) and epiphysis (ends of long bone)
Type of movement produced by a ball-and-socket joint
A spherical head of one bone articulates with a cup-like socket of another (ex: shoulder and hip joints)
Type of movement produced by a condyloid joint
Oval articular surface of one bone fits into complementary depression of another (ex: wrist)
Type of movement produced by hinge joint
Resembles door hinge
Motion along a single plane, permit flexion and extension only (ex: elbow and interphalangeal joints)
Tyoe of movement produced by pivot joint
Rounded end of bone protrudes into a sleeve or ring
Composed of bone and possible ligaments of another
Only uniaxial movement allowed (ex: joints between axis and the dens)
Functions of bones
Support, protection, movement, mineral storage, blood cell formation
Fontanel
Soft spot, membranous area which makes the skull flexible and allows growth
Multiaxial joints
Occurs around several axes
What causes cleft palate
Fusion of the palatine bone and the hard palate of the maxilla
Huge genetic link
Facet
Small, flattened articular surface
Fissure
Narrow, slit-like opening
Foramen
Hole, passageway for nerves and vessels
Sesamoid bone
Bone with no contact to any other bone
Tuberosity
Knob
Which bones in the leg are not weight bearing
Fibula, patella
Growth in the long bone
Grow because of the epiphyseal plate, it separates the epiphysis from the diaphysis
Spine
Very high ridge
Ramus
Arm-like bar of bone, only found in mandible
Spongy bone
Cancellous, honeycomb of trabeculae filled with yellow bone marrow
Yellow marrow
Fat stored within medullary cavity or in spaces of spongy bone
used for shock absorption
Periosteum
Double-layered connective tissue membrane covering outer surface of bone besides where articular cartilage is present
Suture lines
Interlocking junction completely filled with connective tissue
Binds bones tightly together but allow for brain growth
Diploe
Bone tissue, spongy bone (cancellous)
Rotation
Turning the bone around on its own axis
ex: between first two vertebrae, hip, shoulder joints
Supination
Turning palms up
Pronation
Turning palms down
Inversion
Turning sole of foot in
Eversion
Turning sole of foot out
Protraction
Pull forward
Retraction
Pull backward
Elevation
Pull up
Depression
Pull down
Opposition
Pulling pinky to thumb
Reposition
Pulling pinky and thumb back out
Circumduction
Ability to use flexion, extension, adduction, and abduction
Move your arm in circles
Plantar flexion
Planting your foot in the ground
Dorsiflexion
Bringing your foot back up from planting it
Flexion
Bending movement that decreases the angle of the joint
Extension
Joint angle is increased
Hyperextension
Abnormal, forced extension of a joint beyond the normal range of motion
Lateral excursion
Moving mandible to either right or left of the midline
Medial excursion
Moving mandible back to the midline
Lamellar bone
Mature bone that is organized into thin layers
3-7 micrometers thick
