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HOE > 101 Final > Flashcards

101 Final Flashcards

0
Q

Action potential

A

Transient polarization event that includes polarity reversal of sarcolemma (nerve cell membrane)

The start of an electrical current

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1
Q

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen

A

Elements the human body makes up 96%

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2
Q

Anterior chamber of eye

A

Between cornea and iris

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3
Q

Blind spot of eye

A

Region where the retina connects to optic nerve whee there are no rods or cones to receive images–optic disk

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4
Q

Connective tissue

A

Blood is the tissue

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5
Q

Cartilage tissue

A

Tough elastic material found between bones of spine and ends of long bones

Shock absorber and allows for flexibility

Found in nose, ear, larynx

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6
Q

Causes of conduction deafness

A 
Ear infection
Allergies
Hole in eardrum
Earwax
Swimmers ear
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7
Q

Characteristics of irregular bone

A

Complicated shapes for protection

Vertebrae protects spine

Hip bones protect internal organs

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8
Q

Characteristics of neuron

A

Body (soma), axon, dendrites

Long lived, amniotic, high metabolic rate

Use highest amount of energy in the body

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9
Q

Characteristics of plasma membrane PPLC

A

Fine layers of phospholipids

Protein, lipids, carbohydrates

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10
Q

Characteristics of reticular fibers

A

Branched collagenous fibers that form delicate networks

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11
Q

Characteristics of spongy bone

A

Honeycomb of trabeculae filled with yellow bone marrow

Yellow marrow is made of adipose tissue and is in long bones

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12
Q

Characteristics of trabecular bone

A

Filled with yellow marrow

Same as spongy bone

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13
Q

Glycogen

A

CHO stores in liver in this form

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14
Q

Circumvallate papillae

A

Any of usual 8-12 large papillae near back of the tongue

Provide a final safe guard against something harmful or unhealthy

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15
Q

Conjunctivitis

A

Pink eye

Contagious inflammation of conjunctiva and is usually caused by bacteria or virus

Redness, swelling, pain, pus

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16
Q

Sarcomere

A

Contractile unit of skeletal muscles

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17
Q

Cornea

A

Circular and transparent in front of cornea

Allows light rays into the eye

First place where light is bent and refracted

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18
Q

Astrocytes

A

Most abundant glial cell

Cling to neurons and their synaptic endings

Cover capillaries

Support neurons, anchor them

Control chemical environment

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19
Q

Bursae

A

Flattened shapes

Sacs lines with synovial membranes and containing synovial fluid

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20
Q

Ependymal cells

A

Thin membrane of glial cells lining the ventricles of brain and central canal of spinal cord

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21
Q

Fontanelle

A

Soft spot, allow cranium to expand

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22
Q

Foramina

A

Round opening in bone

Passageway for blood vessels, nerves, and other things

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23
Q

Ganglia

A

Parasympathetic cell bodies

Surround cell bodies

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24
Q

Ligaments

A

Connective tissue band

Help hold long bones together at a joint

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25
Q

Menisci

A

Crescent shaped fibrocartilage acting as a cushion

All synovial joints

Part of knee

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26
Q

Mitosis

A

Split cell and make another

Cell division

Division of nucleus

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27
Q

Monosaccharides

A

Simple sugar

Carbohydrate that cannot be decomposed by hydrolysis

Two main types are aldosesand and ketoses

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28
Q

What does it mean to be simple cuboidal

A

Cube-shaped single layer

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29
Q

Simple squamous

A

Single layer, flat irregular

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30
Q

Simple columnar

A

One layer, column shaped

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31
Q

Where do you find simple cuboidal tissue/cells

A

Digestive system and duct system

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32
Q

Where do you find simple squamous

A

Lines capillaries, serous membranes, blood vessels

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33
Q

What is the function of collagen

A

Tensile strength

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34
Q

What’s the function of elastic tissue

A

Stretch

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35
Q

What is the function of reticular tissue

A

Gives support

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36
Q

What is the function of muscular tissue

A

Movement

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37
Q

What makes up/components of connective tissue

A

Fibers, cells, ground substance

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38
Q

How do you know that tissue is damaged

A

Inflammation

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39
Q

Three types of skeletal cartilage

A

Hyaline (most abundant), fibrocartilage, elastic cartilage

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40
Q

What is the structural unit of a compact bone

A

Haversian system or osteon

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41
Q

If you had to pick a bone tissue to withstand tension, what bone tissue would you pick?

A

Compact

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42
Q

Rheumatoid arthritis (what’s different from other arthritis)

A

Caused by genetics, autoimmune disease (body cannot protect itself)

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43
Q

Osteoarthritis

A

General wear and tear of a joint

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44
Q

Gouty arthritis

A

Uric acid build up

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45
Q

Where do cranial bones develop from

A

Within fibrous connective tissue membranes

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46
Q

Differentiate between epiphyseal line and epiphyseal plate

A

The line forms after the plate closes

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47
Q

Which hormone influences bone development

A

Growth hormone

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48
Q

Thyroid hormone controls what

A

BMI

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49
Q

What parts do you find in the synovial joints

A

Articular cartilage, articular capsules, synovial membrane, synovial fluid

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50
Q

Where is the bursa found

A

Between joints, acts as a cushion

51
Q

Where do you find the tendon sheath

A

Around the tendon, outside the joint, reduce friction

52
Q

What is the function in the joint of synovial fluid

A

Lubricates the joint

53
Q

What is the function of articular cartilage

A

Prevents friction

54
Q

Wheee is articular cartilage found

A

End of bones

55
Q

What are the functions of the skeletal system

A

Protect, support, mineral storage, blood cell production,

56
Q

Where are osteocytes found

A

Lacunae

57
Q

What are osteocytes

A

Mature bone cells

58
Q

What are osteoblasts

A

Make up bone matrix

59
Q

Osteoclasts

A

Tears down bone matrix

60
Q

What are chondrocytes

A

Produce cartilage

61
Q

What is the bursa

A

Sac-like structure

62
Q

What is a meniscus

A

Fibrocartilage disk

63
Q

What is a ligament

A

Made out of fibrous tissue, connects bone to bone or bone to muscle

Main component is collagen

64
Q

What are tendons

A

Connects muscle to muscle, muscle to bone

Function is to provide strength and tension to the joint

Strong fibrous connective tissue

65
Q

What is a flagellum

A

Propels like a flipper, whip like motion

66
Q

Tiniest cell in human body

A

Sperm

67
Q

Flagellum is found

A

Only on the sperm

68
Q

What do you find in the thoracic cavity

A

Heart, lungs, pleura membrane, great vessels, diaphragm

69
Q

What do find in cranial cavity

A

Brain

70
Q

What do you find in the dorsal cavity

A

Brain and spinal cord

71
Q

What is found in the ventral cavity

A

Thoracic, abdominal, pelvic

72
Q

What is negative feedback

A

Tries to return to homeostasis, different from positive because it stops and shuts down

73
Q

What is positive feedback

A

Fills it up, responds and returns, gets bigger and bigger

Contractions, blood clot

74
Q

How to define survival needs

A

Goal of life is to survive

75
Q

What does it mean by imbalance in homeostasis

A

Sick

76
Q

Human body from simplest to complex

A

organelles, cells, tissue, organ, organ system, organisms

77
Q

Strongest bonds in human body

A

Covalent

78
Q

What are the weakest bonds

A

Hydrogen

79
Q

What does it mean to synthesize

A

Production or making of something

80
Q

What is the longest chain of simple sugar

A

Polysaccharides

81
Q

What is the most common element

A

Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen (make up 96%)

82
Q

What is the most abundant substance in the body

A

Water

83
Q

What is another name for table sugar

A

Sucrose

84
Q

Sucrose

A

Disaccharide

85
Q

What is an ionic compound

A

One is positive, one is negative, form electrolytes, held together by an electrical current

86
Q

What is the pH scale

A

Measures acidity, pH of 9 you are basic, pH of 3 you are acidic

87
Q

What is an ion

A

Positive or negatively charged substances

88
Q

What is the most common positive ion outside the cell

A

Sodium

89
Q

Solution

A

Mixture dissolved

90
Q

Suspension

A

Heavier substance sinks

91
Q

What is a colloidal solution

A

Like opaque, think you can see through it

Example is plasma

92
Q

What is an example of a suspension in the body

A

Blood

93
Q

What is cytosol

A

Fluid found in cells

94
Q

What kind of solution is cytosol

A

Colloidal

95
Q

What is diffusion

A

Movement across the membrane, goes from natural gradient from high to low

No energy (capillaries)

96
Q

What is osmosis

A

Diffusion of water (kidney)

97
Q

What is active transport

A

Energy needed, have to have a carrier

98
Q

What is phagocytosis

A

The cell engulfs particles that are bad (white blood cells)

99
Q

Three types of cell junctions

A

Tight junctions (keep everything in and out)

Desmosomes (anchor)

Communication junction (gap junctions)

100
Q

Meiosis

A

Division of DNA matter to half

101
Q

Mitosis

A

Copies everything to get two identical daughter cells

102
Q

Make up of the plasma membranes

A

Two layers, proteins and lipids, little carbohydrates

Sign is phospholipids

103
Q

What is a fixator

A

Stabilizer while one part of the body moves

104
Q

Synergistic

A

Worlds together with another muscle

105
Q

Antogonist

A

Works against muscles

106
Q

Agonist muscle

A

Works to produce a specific movement

107
Q

Perimysium

A

Connective tissue surrounding a fascicle

108
Q

What is endomysium

A

Covers each muscle fiber

109
Q

Membrane of each muscle fiber

A

Sarcolemma

110
Q

What is a myofibril

A

Made up of myofilaments (actin and myosin)

111
Q

What is the functional unit of a skeletal muscle

A

Sarcomere

112
Q

What are the thin filaments in a muscle

A

Actin

113
Q

What are the thick filaments

A

Myosin

114
Q

What is the most common waste product found in the skeletal muscles

A

Lactic acid

115
Q

What happens if you stretch a muscle where thick and thin are not overlapping

A

Lose all tension, none generated

116
Q

Role of acetylcholine

A

Destroy

117
Q

Rule of nines

A

Measurement of how burnt a patient is

118
Q

Divisions of ANS

A

Sympathetic and parasympathetic

119
Q

Function of primary somatosensory cortex

A

Exhibits spacial discrimination

120
Q

Function of somatosensory association cortex

A

Integrates sensory information, forms comprehensive understanding of a stimulus

Determines size, texture

121
Q

Function of prefrontal cortex

A

Intellect, cognition, recall, personality

122
Q

Location of gustatory

A

Somatosensory association cortex

123
Q

Function of thalamus

A

Relay center, motor activities, memory, learning

124
Q

Function of hypothalamus

A

Regulates blood pressure, heart rate

125
Q

Pyruvic acid is converted to

A

Ethanol

HOE (16 decks)

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