NERVOUS Flashcards by Macy Phegley

Absolute refractory period

Portion of the action potential during which the membrane is insensitive to all stimuli, regardless of their strength

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Refractory period

Period following effective stimulation during which excitable tissue (like your heart) fails to respond to a stimulus of threshold intensity

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Action potential

Change in membrane potential in an excitable tissue that acts as an electrical signal and is propagated in an all-or-none fashion

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Astrocytes

Star-shaped neuroglia cell involved with forming the blood brain barrier

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Central nervous system (CNS)

Major subdivision of the nervous system, consists of the brain and spinal cord

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Diencephalon

Second portion of the embryonic brain, on the inferior core of the adult cerebrum

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Ganglia

Any group of nerve cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system

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Pons

Portion of the brain stem between the medulla and midbrain

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Somatic nervous system

Composed of nerve fibers that send impulses from the central nervous system to the skeletal muscle

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Describe nerve

Bundle of axons and their sheaths, it connects the CNS to sensory receptors, muscles, and glands

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Function of Broca’s area

Motor speech area, initiates complex series of movements necessary for speech

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Pairs of spinal nerves

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Functions of a dendrite

Receive input from other neurons’ axons and form the environment

When stimulated, they generate small electrical currents which are conducted to the neuron cell body

Receive action potentials

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Functions of an axon

Conducts action potentials away from the cell body

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Functions of reticular formation

Controls cyclic activities (sleep-wake cycle)

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Sulcus

Furrow or groove on the surface of the brain between the gyri

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Synapse

Functional membrane to membrane contact of a nerve cell with another nerve cell, muscle cell, gland cell, or sensory receptor

Functions in the transmission of action potentials from one cell to another

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Axon

Main central process of a neuron that normally conducts action potentials away from the neuron cell body

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Motor speech area

Broca’s area

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If you injure the hypothalamus what would you see

Hurt body temp, no thirst, anything related to homeostasis

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Which system controls resting and digesting of ANS

Parasympathetic

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Major relay for sensory information

Thalamus

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How are basic reflexes learned

Some you automatically have when born, some are developed over time

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Where are olfactory receptors found

Nose

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If one goes in and spreads out

Divergent

Keeps repeating

Reverberating

How are impulses carried to and from the cell

Dendrite carries in, axon carries out

What is the synaptic cleft

Not part of a neuron, part the area must jump over

Where are neurotransmitters released from

Axonal terminal

What is the function of action potential

Starts the impulse, generates the electrical current

What is Ohm's law

Relationship among voltage, current, and resistance Electrical property

What part of the brain houses the nuclei for cranial nerves 5-7, also a conduction pathway between the higher and lower brain centers

Pons

What are found in the diencephalon

Thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus

What are the rough ER's called in the neurons

Nissl bodies

Knee jerk reflex

Stretch reflex

If you hit the funny bone, which plexus causes the pain

Brachial

Pattern of spinal reflexes

Sense something, carried to CNS by afferent neurons, interpreted in the brain, and taken out by efferent neurons, ends up in target area

What do Exteroreceptors sense

Respond to pressure, pain, and temperature

What do nosireceptors sense

Pain and a little deep pressure

What is a graded potential

Short response that doesn't last long, gets smaller in amplitude

What has to happen before a second nerve impulse

Refractory period

What is transduction

Stimulating information to the nerve impulses

What does the parasympathetic do to the pupils

Sympathetic causes dilation, parasympathetic constricts

Which ions are allowed through the nmda

Calcium

What would cause an impulse to spread bidirectional

Divergent

What does the frontic nerve dilate

Diaphragm, comes off of the cervical plexus

What are the three major plexuses

Cervical, brachial, lumbar Thoracic has no plexus

What nerves come off the brachial plexus

Axillary,

Major branches coming off brachial plexus

Femoral and obturator

What is a generator potential

Comes off of a graded potential, graded potential must be strong enough

If you're in the middle of the axon

Split both ways

How do you know it's an enzyme and not a neurotransmitters

Ase=enzyme and stop the neurotransmitter it's named after

Where is the auditory area found

Temporal lobe

Where is the visual area

Occipital area

What makes up the brain stem

Pons, medulla, midbrain

What are direct acting neurotransmitters

Opens up the gates and allows you to do a quick response

At what level of the spinal cord would you become a paraplegic if cut

First thoracic spinal nerve

Gyri

Folds on the brain hemisphere, greatly increase the surface area of the cortex

Nodes of Ranvier

Interruptions in the myelin sheath

Largest cranial nerve

Trigeminal

Sweat glands are controlled by what system

Autonomic nervous system

Sheath if the Schwann cell

Myelin

Makeup of white matter in here spinal cord

Each half of spinal cord is divided into three columns (funiculi)-ventral, dorsal, and lateral Subdivided into tracts (fasciculi)

Nickname of sympathetic nervous system

Fight or flight

Divisions of the ANS

Sympathetic and parasympathetic

In which system do you find sensory receptors

PNS

Functions of the ANS

Controls subconscious activities, involuntary activities of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and certain glands

Nonspecific ascending pathways

Nonspecific pathways for pain, temp, and crude touch within the spinothalamic tract

Synapse

A junction that mediates information transfer from one neuron to another and to an effector cell

Characteristics of graded potentials

Short lived, travels short distance, decrease in intensity with distance, magnitude varies

Schwann cells vs. Oligodendrocytes

O-they wrap nerve fibers of CNS S-they surround fibers of PNS

Structure of a neuron

Composed of an axon, dendrites, and a body Surrounded by plasma membrane Long lived

What do nocireceptors sense

Painful mechanical, chemical, or thermal stimuli

Function of axons

Generate and transmit action potentials Secrete neurotransmitters Movement along axon

Role of the limbic association area

Memories and emotions

Importance of nodes of Ranvier

They are the sites where axonal collaterals can emerge

Function of the myelin sheath

Protects the axon Electrically insulates fibers from one another Increase the speed of nerve impulse transmission

Which system controls fight or flight

Sympathetic Nervous system