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HOE > NERVOUS > Flashcards

NERVOUS Flashcards

0
Q

Absolute refractory period

A

Portion of the action potential during which the membrane is insensitive to all stimuli, regardless of their strength

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1
Q

Refractory period

A

Period following effective stimulation during which excitable tissue (like your heart) fails to respond to a stimulus of threshold intensity

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2
Q

Action potential

A

Change in membrane potential in an excitable tissue that acts as an electrical signal and is propagated in an all-or-none fashion

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3
Q

Astrocytes

A

Star-shaped neuroglia cell involved with forming the blood brain barrier

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4
Q

Central nervous system (CNS)

A

Major subdivision of the nervous system, consists of the brain and spinal cord

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5
Q

Diencephalon

A

Second portion of the embryonic brain, on the inferior core of the adult cerebrum

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6
Q

Ganglia

A

Any group of nerve cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system

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7
Q

Pons

A

Portion of the brain stem between the medulla and midbrain

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8
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

Composed of nerve fibers that send impulses from the central nervous system to the skeletal muscle

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9
Q

Describe nerve

A

Bundle of axons and their sheaths, it connects the CNS to sensory receptors, muscles, and glands

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10
Q

Function of Broca’s area

A

Motor speech area, initiates complex series of movements necessary for speech

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11
Q

Pairs of spinal nerves

A

31

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12
Q

Functions of a dendrite

A

Receive input from other neurons’ axons and form the environment

When stimulated, they generate small electrical currents which are conducted to the neuron cell body

Receive action potentials

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13
Q

Functions of an axon

A

Conducts action potentials away from the cell body

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14
Q

Functions of reticular formation

A

Controls cyclic activities (sleep-wake cycle)

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15
Q

Sulcus

A

Furrow or groove on the surface of the brain between the gyri

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16
Q

Synapse

A

Functional membrane to membrane contact of a nerve cell with another nerve cell, muscle cell, gland cell, or sensory receptor

Functions in the transmission of action potentials from one cell to another

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17
Q

Axon

A

Main central process of a neuron that normally conducts action potentials away from the neuron cell body

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18
Q

Motor speech area

A

Broca’s area

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19
Q

If you injure the hypothalamus what would you see

A

Hurt body temp, no thirst, anything related to homeostasis

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20
Q

Which system controls resting and digesting of ANS

A

Parasympathetic

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21
Q

Major relay for sensory information

A

Thalamus

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22
Q

How are basic reflexes learned

A

Some you automatically have when born, some are developed over time

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23
Q

Where are olfactory receptors found

A

Nose

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24
Q

If one goes in and spreads out

A

Divergent

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25
Q

Keeps repeating

A

Reverberating

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26
Q

How are impulses carried to and from the cell

A

Dendrite carries in, axon carries out

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27
Q

What is the synaptic cleft

A

Not part of a neuron, part the area must jump over

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28
Q

Where are neurotransmitters released from

A

Axonal terminal

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29
Q

What is the function of action potential

A

Starts the impulse, generates the electrical current

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30
Q

What is Ohm’s law

A

Relationship among voltage, current, and resistance

Electrical property

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31
Q

What part of the brain houses the nuclei for cranial nerves 5-7, also a conduction pathway between the higher and lower brain centers

32
Q

What are found in the diencephalon

A

Thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus

33
Q

What are the rough ER’s called in the neurons

A

Nissl bodies

34
Q

Knee jerk reflex

A

Stretch reflex

35
Q

If you hit the funny bone, which plexus causes the pain

36
Q

Pattern of spinal reflexes

A

Sense something, carried to CNS by afferent neurons, interpreted in the brain, and taken out by efferent neurons, ends up in target area

37
Q

What do Exteroreceptors sense

A

Respond to pressure, pain, and temperature

38
Q

What do nosireceptors sense

A

Pain and a little deep pressure

39
Q

What is a graded potential

A

Short response that doesn’t last long, gets smaller in amplitude

40
Q

What has to happen before a second nerve impulse

A

Refractory period

41
Q

What is transduction

A

Stimulating information to the nerve impulses

42
Q

What does the parasympathetic do to the pupils

A

Sympathetic causes dilation, parasympathetic constricts

43
Q

Which ions are allowed through the nmda

44
Q

What would cause an impulse to spread bidirectional

45
Q

What does the frontic nerve dilate

A

Diaphragm, comes off of the cervical plexus

46
Q

What are the three major plexuses

A

Cervical, brachial, lumbar

Thoracic has no plexus

47
Q

What nerves come off the brachial plexus

48
Q

Major branches coming off brachial plexus

A

Femoral and obturator

49
Q

What is a generator potential

A

Comes off of a graded potential, graded potential must be strong enough

50
Q

If you’re in the middle of the axon

A

Split both ways

51
Q

How do you know it’s an enzyme and not a neurotransmitters

A

Ase=enzyme and stop the neurotransmitter it’s named after

52
Q

Where is the auditory area found

A

Temporal lobe

53
Q

Where is the visual area

A

Occipital area

54
Q

What makes up the brain stem

A

Pons, medulla, midbrain

55
Q

What are direct acting neurotransmitters

A

Opens up the gates and allows you to do a quick response

56
Q

At what level of the spinal cord would you become a paraplegic if cut

A

First thoracic spinal nerve

57
Q

Gyri

A

Folds on the brain hemisphere, greatly increase the surface area of the cortex

58
Q

Nodes of Ranvier

A

Interruptions in the myelin sheath

59
Q

Largest cranial nerve

A

Trigeminal

60
Q

Sweat glands are controlled by what system

A

Autonomic nervous system

61
Q

Sheath if the Schwann cell

62
Q

Makeup of white matter in here spinal cord

A

Each half of spinal cord is divided into three columns (funiculi)-ventral, dorsal, and lateral

Subdivided into tracts (fasciculi)

63
Q

Nickname of sympathetic nervous system

A

Fight or flight

64
Q

Divisions of the ANS

A

Sympathetic and parasympathetic

65
Q

In which system do you find sensory receptors

66
Q

Functions of the ANS

A

Controls subconscious activities, involuntary activities of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and certain glands

67
Q

Nonspecific ascending pathways

A

Nonspecific pathways for pain, temp, and crude touch within the spinothalamic tract

68
Q

Synapse

A

A junction that mediates information transfer from one neuron to another and to an effector cell

69
Q

Characteristics of graded potentials

A

Short lived, travels short distance, decrease in intensity with distance, magnitude varies

70
Q

Schwann cells vs. Oligodendrocytes

A

O-they wrap nerve fibers of CNS

S-they surround fibers of PNS

71
Q

Structure of a neuron

A

Composed of an axon, dendrites, and a body

Surrounded by plasma membrane

Long lived

72
Q

What do nocireceptors sense

A

Painful mechanical, chemical, or thermal stimuli

73
Q

Function of axons

A

Generate and transmit action potentials

Secrete neurotransmitters

Movement along axon

74
Q

Role of the limbic association area

A

Memories and emotions

75
Q

Importance of nodes of Ranvier

A

They are the sites where axonal collaterals can emerge

76
Q

Function of the myelin sheath

A

Protects the axon

Electrically insulates fibers from one another

Increase the speed of nerve impulse transmission

77
Q

Which system controls fight or flight

A

Sympathetic Nervous system

HOE (16 decks)

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