Skeletal Anatomy Flashcards
What are the main functions of bones?
- Support and framework
- Levers for muscles
- Protect soft tissue
- Mineral homeostasis
What is the importance of bone marrow?
It is a major cite of blood cell production
What is the diaphysis?
The long shaft of the bone in the central position which is hollow
What is the epiphyses?
The end parts of the bone containing spongy bone
What is metaphysis?
Temporary cartilage (growth plate) between the epiphysis and diaphysis
What happens to metaphysis in adulthood?
It disappears and becomes the epiphyseal line
What are articular surfaces?
The smooth, cartilage-covered ends of bones that meet at a joint
What is the head of a bone?
The rounded proximal articular surface
What is the condyle of a bone?
The large rounded articular surface
What is the surface anatomy of bones?
Raised or rough surfaces where muscles attach to bone
What is compact bone?
Hard external shaft layer on long bones which is thicker along the shaft
What is spongy bone?
A porous network of spicules
What is the medullary cavity?
A cavity in the bone surrounded by compact bone in the shaft of a long bone
What are osteons?
Are the basic building blocks of compact bone
What is the Haversian canal?
It is the central canal which is a tube-shaped passage that runs through the centre of an osteon
What is contained in the Haversian canals?
Blood vessels and nerve fibres
What is trabeluae?
Are thin plates and columns of bone that form a spongy structure
What are the two forms of bone marrow?
Red marrow and yellow marrow
What is red marrow?
It is active, produces blood cells and remains present in long bone epiphysis in adults
What is yellow marrow?
It is inactive, fat replaces medullary red marrow in adult, ability to produce blood is dormant but can return when required
What is periosteum?
Is a thin layer of connective tissue that covers most of a bone’s surface
What is hyaline cartilage?
Smooth glass like appearance of cartilage which covers articular surfaces of long bones
What is the nutrient artery?
It is the largest single vessel supplying blood to the bone
How does the nutrient artery enter the bone?
Penetrates the bone mid shaft then divides within marrow
What are short bones?
Same length in all dimension, suited to complex movements
What are flat bones?
Expanded in two directions, site for extensive attachment of muscle or protection of soft tissue
What are irregular bones?
Bones that do not fit in to the other categories
What are sesamoid bones?
Found within tendons to help prevent tendon wear
What are splanchnic bones?
Bones that develop in soft organs
What is the axial skeleton?
Bones of vertebral column, ribs and sternum
What is the appendicular skeleton?
Bones of the limbs
What are the two components of the skull?
The brain case and facial region
What are cervical vertebrae?
All mammals have 7 and are specialised to support the head
What are thoracic vertebrae?
Between the neck and bottom of the ribs used for prominent spinous processes
What are lumbar vertebrae?
Lower back for cranially directed transverse process
What are sacral vertebrae?
Usually fused and forms the roof of pelvic cavity
What are caudal vertebrae?
Bones that make up the tail of the animal
What is the pectoral girdle?
The scapula
What is the pelvic girdle?
The pelvis
What does plantigrade mean?
Walks on entire sole of foot
What does digitigrade mean?
Weight is borne on toes
What does unguligrade mean?
Weight is borne on hoof
What triggers osteoblasts when calcium levels are high in blood?
Calcitonin
What triggers osteoclasts when calcium levels are low in blood?
Parathyroid hormone
