Skeletal Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What are the main functions of bones?

A
  • Support and framework
  • Levers for muscles
  • Protect soft tissue
  • Mineral homeostasis
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2
Q

What is the importance of bone marrow?

A

It is a major cite of blood cell production

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3
Q

What is the diaphysis?

A

The long shaft of the bone in the central position which is hollow

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4
Q

What is the epiphyses?

A

The end parts of the bone containing spongy bone

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5
Q

What is metaphysis?

A

Temporary cartilage (growth plate) between the epiphysis and diaphysis

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6
Q

What happens to metaphysis in adulthood?

A

It disappears and becomes the epiphyseal line

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7
Q

What are articular surfaces?

A

The smooth, cartilage-covered ends of bones that meet at a joint

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8
Q

What is the head of a bone?

A

The rounded proximal articular surface

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9
Q

What is the condyle of a bone?

A

The large rounded articular surface

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10
Q

What is the surface anatomy of bones?

A

Raised or rough surfaces where muscles attach to bone

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11
Q

What is compact bone?

A

Hard external shaft layer on long bones which is thicker along the shaft

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12
Q

What is spongy bone?

A

A porous network of spicules

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13
Q

What is the medullary cavity?

A

A cavity in the bone surrounded by compact bone in the shaft of a long bone

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14
Q

What are osteons?

A

Are the basic building blocks of compact bone

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15
Q

What is the Haversian canal?

A

It is the central canal which is a tube-shaped passage that runs through the centre of an osteon

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16
Q

What is contained in the Haversian canals?

A

Blood vessels and nerve fibres

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17
Q

What is trabeluae?

A

Are thin plates and columns of bone that form a spongy structure

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18
Q

What are the two forms of bone marrow?

A

Red marrow and yellow marrow

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19
Q

What is red marrow?

A

It is active, produces blood cells and remains present in long bone epiphysis in adults

20
Q

What is yellow marrow?

A

It is inactive, fat replaces medullary red marrow in adult, ability to produce blood is dormant but can return when required

21
Q

What is periosteum?

A

Is a thin layer of connective tissue that covers most of a bone’s surface

22
Q

What is hyaline cartilage?

A

Smooth glass like appearance of cartilage which covers articular surfaces of long bones

23
Q

What is the nutrient artery?

A

It is the largest single vessel supplying blood to the bone

24
Q

How does the nutrient artery enter the bone?

A

Penetrates the bone mid shaft then divides within marrow

26
Q

What are short bones?

A

Same length in all dimension, suited to complex movements

27
Q

What are flat bones?

A

Expanded in two directions, site for extensive attachment of muscle or protection of soft tissue

28
Q

What are irregular bones?

A

Bones that do not fit in to the other categories

29
Q

What are sesamoid bones?

A

Found within tendons to help prevent tendon wear

30
Q

What are splanchnic bones?

A

Bones that develop in soft organs

31
Q

What is the axial skeleton?

A

Bones of vertebral column, ribs and sternum

32
Q

What is the appendicular skeleton?

A

Bones of the limbs

33
Q

What are the two components of the skull?

A

The brain case and facial region

34
Q

What are cervical vertebrae?

A

All mammals have 7 and are specialised to support the head

35
Q

What are thoracic vertebrae?

A

Between the neck and bottom of the ribs used for prominent spinous processes

36
Q

What are lumbar vertebrae?

A

Lower back for cranially directed transverse process

37
Q

What are sacral vertebrae?

A

Usually fused and forms the roof of pelvic cavity

38
Q

What are caudal vertebrae?

A

Bones that make up the tail of the animal

39
Q

What is the pectoral girdle?

A

The scapula

40
Q

What is the pelvic girdle?

A

The pelvis

41
Q

What does plantigrade mean?

A

Walks on entire sole of foot

42
Q

What does digitigrade mean?

A

Weight is borne on toes

43
Q

What does unguligrade mean?

A

Weight is borne on hoof

44
Q

What triggers osteoblasts when calcium levels are high in blood?

A

Calticonin

45
Q

What triggers osteoclasts when calcium levels are low in blood?

A

Parathyroid hormone