Digestion Physiology - Movement and Control Flashcards

1
Q

What is prehension?

A

How the animal access the food

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2
Q

What is mastication and what is its purpose?

A

Chewing which breaks down, moistens and lubricates food by mixing it with saliva

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3
Q

What happens during swallowing to prevent food from going down the wrong way?

A

The epiglottis closes the trachea and the soft palate rises to block the nasal passage

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4
Q

What is in saliva?

A

Water, proteins, electrolytes and glycoproteins

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5
Q

What are 7 purposes of saliva?

A
  • Moistens and lubricates food
  • Breaking down food for taste
  • Enzymatic digestion in some species
  • Oral hygiene and immunological defence
  • Thermoregulation
  • Buffer
  • Urea nitrogen salvaging in ruminants
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6
Q

How many of litres of saliva produced per day by humans?

A

1-2L

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7
Q

How many of litres of saliva produced per day by horses?

A

15-40+L

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8
Q

How many of litres of saliva produced per day by cows?

A

90-200L

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9
Q

What are the two muscle layers of the GIT?

A
  • Circular
  • Longitudinal
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10
Q

What happens when circular muscle contract in the GIT?

A

The tube constricts

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11
Q

What happens when longitudinal muscle contract in the GIT?

A

The tube dialtes

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12
Q

What are slow waves of membrane potential in GIT?

A

Slow waves are partial depolarisations in smooth muscle, meaning the membrane potential fluctuates but doesn’t reach a full action potential threshold

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13
Q

What impact does the parasympathetic nervous system have on the slow wave?

A

Raises the slow wave baseline and amplitude

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14
Q

What impact does the sympathetic nervous system have on the slow wave?

A

Decreases the slow wave baseline and amplitude

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15
Q

What is peristalsis?

A

Unidirectional wave like progression of a circular constriction of teh gut away from the mouth

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16
Q

What is antiperistalsis?

A

Action conveying food proximally towards the oral cavity

17
Q

What is segmentation type of movement in the gut?

A

Non propulsive movement moving food back and forth mixing and absorbing

18
Q

What is the purpose of the proximal stomach region?

A

Food storage area with little mixing but salivary amylase at work

19
Q

What is the purpose of the distal stomach region?

A

Grinds and sifts food before entering the small intestine

20
Q

What are enterogastric reflexes?

A

A feedback mechanism from duodenum to stomach to allow for different digestion and absorption rates

21
Q

How does low pH in the duodenum influence enterogastric reflexes?

A

Inhibit stomach emptying

22
Q

How does high pH in the duodenum influence enterogastric reflexes?

A

Inhibitory influences on stomach emptying removed

23
Q

What are the two phases of small intestine motility?

A
  • Digestive phase after food intake
  • Interdigestive phase when little food in the gut
24
Q

What controls the GIT?

A

Local neural and hormonal controls more important than central control

25
Q

What is the anatomy of the enteric nervous system?

A
  • Myenteric plexus - controls gut motility
  • Submucosal plexus - regulates secretion and blood flow
26
Q

What impact does the parasympathetic nervous system have on GIT?

A
  • Relaxation of smooth muscle sphincters
  • Increased motility and tone gut wall smooth muscle
  • Increased blood flow
  • Increased secretion
27
Q

What impact does the sympathetic nervous system have on GIT?

A

= Increased tone sphincters making it difficult to move
- Relaxation of gut wall smooth muscle
- Decreased blood flow
- Decreased secretion