Skeletal Flashcards
ppt
Functions of Bones
- Support
- Protect
- Muscle attachement
- Hemopoiesis
- red bone marrow
- Storage of manerals ( phosphorus, Calcium)
Histology of bones
Components
1. Bone Cells
2. Matrix
Collagenous Fibers
- Give resilience to bones
Calcified ground substance
- Give hardness to bones
- Calcium phosphate
- Calcium Carbonate
Bone cells
Osteoblast
Osteocytes
Osteoclasts
- embryonic bone cells
- active in bone formation
Osteoblasts
mature osteoblasts
Osteocytes
bone reabsorption / resorption and remodeling
Osteoclasts
MAINTAINING THE BONE
- Endocrine system control
- Parathormone
- Calcium release
hypocalcemia- increased blood calcium (PTH & Cal
release)
- Calcium release
- Calcitonin
- hypercalcemia - decreased blood calcium
(calcitonin release)
- hypercalcemia - decreased blood calcium
CLASSIFICATION OF BONES
according to structures
- COMPACT / DENSE
- SPONGY / CANCELLOUS
CLASSIFICATION OF BONES
according to shape
- LONG
- SHORT
- FLAT
- IRREGULAR
- SESAMOID
(develops within a tendon)
CLASSIFICATION OF BONES
according to development
ENDOCHONDRAL / CARTILAGINOUS
INTRAMEMBRANOUS
- formed via endochondral/ intracartilaginous ossification
CARTILAGE —————> BONE
ENDOCHONDRAL / CARTILAGINOUS
- formed via intramembranous ossification
MEMBRANE —————> BONE
CLASSIFICATION OF BONES
according to location
Axial - 80 bones
Appendicular - 126 bones
AXIAL SKELETON
- SKULL
- OSSICLES
- HYOID
- STERNUM
- RIBS
- VERTEBRAE
How many bones does cranial have?
8
How many bones does facial bones have?
14
Skull
Cranial
- Unpaired
a. Fontral
b. Ethmoid
c. Sphenoid
d. Occipital
- Paired
a. Parietal
b. Temporal
1. Squamous
2. Mastoid
3. Tympanic
4. Petrous
CRANIAL BONES
CALVARIUM
Frontal
Parietal
Temporal
Sphenoid
Occipital
PTERION*
- H-shaped union of:
1. Frontal
2. Parietal
3. Sphenoid
4. Temporal
SUTURES
Coronal
Sagittal
Lambdoidal
FONTANELLES
Anterior fontanelle*
Posterior fontanelle
Sunken fontnelle
Dehydration
Bulging fontanelle
Meningitis
Facial Bones
- Unpaired
a. Vomer
b. Mandible - Paired
a. Nasal
b. Lacrimal
c. Zygomatic
d. Maxillae
e. Palatine
f. Inferior
Nasal Concha
Ossicles
-Malleus (Hammer)
- Incus (Anvil)
- Stapes (Stirrup)
Hyoid
Attached by muscles
Sternum
PARTS:
Manubrium
Body
Xiphoid Process
LANDMARKS:
Jugular /Supraternal Notch - T2-T3
Angle of Louis / Manubrio-sternal Joint – T4-T5
Xiphisternal Joint – T9
RIBS
ACCORDING TO ATTACHMENT
- True (Vertebro-sternal) - 1st – 7th
- False (Vertebro-chondral) – 8th- 10th
- Floating (Vertebral) – 11th-12th
RIBS
ACCORDING TO MORPHOLOGY
- Typical - 3rd- 9th
- Atypical – 1st,2nd, 10th-12th
2 costal facets on head
1 costal facet on tubercle
rounded upper border, sharp inferior border
Typical Rib
Types of Vertebra
CERVICAL
Typical – C3-C6
Atypical- C1 (Atlas), C2 (Axis), C7 (Vertebra
Prominens)
THORACIC
Typical – T3-T10
Atypical – T1, T2, T11, T12
LUMBAR
SACRAL
COCCYGEA
- Quadrangular body
- Transverse foramen
- Bifid spine
- Triangular vertebral foramen
TYPICAL CERVICAL VERTEBRA
C1 (ATLAS)
(-) body
(-) spine
C2 (AXIS)
(+) dens/odontoid
process
C7 (VERTEBRA PROMINENS)
(-) bifid spine
ATYPICAL CERVICAL VERTEBRA
- heart-shaped body
- costal facets on body and transverse processes
- long pointed spine obliquely going down
THORACIC VERTEBRA
- Kidney-shaped body
- Short wide straight spine
- Mamillary process
LUMBAR VERTEBRA
