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ANAPHY > Integumentary > Flashcards

Integumentary Flashcards

1
Q

Major functions of the integumentary system

A
  1. Protection
  2. Sensation
  3. Vitamin D production
  4. Temperature regulation
  5. Excretion
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2
Q

The skin serves as the primary defense against offending microorganisms. It provides a barrier against ultraviolet light and helps maintain fluid inside the body, thus preventing dehydration.

A

Protection

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3
Q

Receptors in the skin makes it possible for human organism to perceive pain, pressure as well as other sensation like temperature changes.

A

Sensation

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4
Q

The body needs Vitamin D to help synthesize calcium absorption, made possible by the skin’s sufficient exposure to early sunlight.

A

Vitamin D production

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5
Q

The amount of blood flow beneath the skin’s surface and the activity of sweat glands in the skin both help regulate body temperature.

A

Temperature regulation

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6
Q

Small amounts of waste products are lost through the skin and in gland secretions.

A

Excretion

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7
Q
  • The skin is a multilayered organ that consists of two main parts:
  • Principal layers
A
  1. Epridermis
  2. Dermis
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8
Q
  • made from keratinized stratified squamous epithelium, is the superficial, thinner portion of the skin that prevents water loss and resists abrasion. This is due to the process called “keratinization” , a process where cells undergo changes in shape and chemical composition to replace worn out cells.
  • Superfical layer of the skin
  • composed of 4-5 layers, depending on its location within the body
  • palms and soles have five layers because there areas are exposed to most friction
A

Epidermis

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9
Q

instead, is the deeper, thicker, and dense connective tissue portion (figure 3.11). According to VanPutte, Regan, & Russo (2016), the dermis is responsible for most of the skin’s structural strength.

A

Dermis

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10
Q

What are the five layers of Epidermis?

A
  1. Stratum Basale
  2. Stratum spinosum
  3. Stratum granulosum
  4. Stratum lucidum
  5. Stratum corneum
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11
Q
  • also called the “stratum germinatum”, is the deepest layer that consists of either columnar or cuboidal cells aligned in a single row. Some cells in this layer are stem cells undergoing cell division to continually produce keratinocytes.
  • Composed of single layer of cells in contact with the dermis
A

Stratum Basale

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12
Q
  • 8 to 10 layers of many-sided keratinocytes that t closely together. This layer provides strength and flexibility to the skin. Cells in the more superficial portions of this layer are beginning to flatten.
  • Cubodial or slightly flattened cells
  • Spiny apprearance due to changed shape of keratinocytes
  • With limited mitosis
  • This layer plus stratum basale are collectively called Stratum Germinativum
A

Stratum spinosum

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13
Q
  • 3 to 5 layers of flattened keratinocytes that are undergoing “apoptosis”. A distinctive feature of cells in this layer is the presence of the protein “keratin”
    and membrane-enclosed lamellar granules.
  • Cells here appear granular due to the presence of keratohyalin granules
A

Stratum granulosum

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14
Q
  • 4–6 layers of flattened clear, dead keratinocytes that contain large amounts of keratin. This layer is found only in the areas of the body (thick skin) where
    exposure to friction is greatest (for example, fingertips, palms, soles, lips).
  • Nuclei, organelles, and cell membrances are no longer visible so this layed cppears clear
  • Contains a transluscent substance called eleidin
A

Stratum Lucidum (Clear Layer)

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15
Q
  • 25 to 30 layers of flattened dead cells from the deeper strata. The interior of the cells contains mostly keratin which aids in its natural strength. Its multiple layers of dead squamous cells filled with keratin help to protect deeper layers from injury and microbial invasion.
  • This surface layer is cornified and is the real protective layer of the skin
  • Cornification is brought on by keratinization and the hardening, flattening process that takes place as the cells die and are pushed to the surface.
  • Friction at the surface of the skin stimulates additional mitotic activity of stratum basale, resulting in the formation of a callus for additional protection.
A

Stratim corneum

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16
Q
  • is composed of dense collagenous connective tissue containing fibroblasts, adipocytes, and macrophages. Nerves, hair follicles, smooth muscles, glands, and lymphatic vessels extend into the dermis.
  • Deeper and thicker than the epidermis
  • A strong and stretchy envelope that helps to hold the body togather
  • With numerous collagenous, elastic and reticular fibers that give support to the skin.
  • Highly vascular and glandular
  • Contains many nerve endings and hair follicles
A

Dermis

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17
Q

However, collagen fibers run through different directions making the skin to have tension lines or called?

A

Cleavage lines

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18
Q
  • The uppermost portion of the dermis is called?
  • It has a lot of blood vessels that keeps an avenue for providing nutrients, thermoregulation and elimination of wastes.
  • in contact with epidermis
  • Accounts for about 1/5 of the entire dermis
  • With numerous projections called dermal Paplillae that extend from the upper portion of the dermis into the epidermis
  • Dermal papillae contain capillary loops, which furnish nutrients to the epidermis.
A

Dermal papillae / Papillary layer

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19
Q
  • The deeper part of the dermis, also known as the?
  • attached to the subcutaneous layer, contains bundles of collagen and some coarse elastic fibers interspersed with adipose cells, hair follicles, nerves, oil glands, and sweat glands.
  • Many phagocytes are found here; they engulf bacteria that have managed to get through the epidermis.
A

Reticular region / Reticular dermis

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20
Q
  • plays responsible for its pale yellow to reddish brown to black shade produced by melanocytes of stratum basale. As evident, melanin is quite abundant in moles and freckles and in certain areas of the body like the nipples and areola.
  • Guard skin against damaging effect of UV rays of sunlight
A

Melanin

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21
Q
  • another pigment, produces a yellowish hue brought about by increase intake of carotene-rich foods such as squash and carrots.
  • A yellowish pigment found in epidermal cells & fatty parts of dermis
  • Abundant in skin of Asians
  • Together with melanin, accounts for the yellowish-tan color of Asian
A

Carotene

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22
Q

were due to a drop of oxygen saturation in the blood, producing a bluish discoloration of the skin.

A

Cyanosis

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23
Q
  • is an inherited trait that causes individuals to not produce melanin.
  • There is a normal number of melanocytes but lacks enzyme tyrosinase, that converts the amino acid tyrosine to melanin.
A

Albanism

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24
Q

occurs due to melanin accumulation in patches.

A

Freckles

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25
Q

When the skin has portions that has complete or partial absence of melanocytes, irregular white spots are evident. this condition is termed as?

A

Vitiligo

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26
Q
  • Deep to the dermis, but not part of the skin
  • This layer consists of areolar connective tissue and adipose tissue.
A

subcutaneous layer

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27
Q

Parts of Hair

A
  1. Shaft
  2. Root
  3. Hair bulb Matrix / Matrix
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28
Q
  • protects the skin and other structures of the body.
A

Hair and Pili

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29
Q
  • is the superficial portion that projects bove the surface of the skin.
  • The visible but dead portion of hair projecting above surface of the skin
A

Shaft

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30
Q
  • is the portion below the surface that penetrates into the dermis and sometimes into the subcutaneous layer.
  • enclosed in the follicle
A

Root

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31
Q

3 layers of hair in cross section

A
  1. Medulla
  2. Cortex
  3. Cuticle
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32
Q
  • Growth zone; contains melanocytes that give color to hair
A

Hair bulb matrix / Matrix

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33
Q

A hair has a hard _________(thick middle part), which surrounds a softer center, the ___________ (inner).

A

Cortex and Medulla

34
Q

The cortex is covered by the ____________, a single layer of overlapping cells that holds the hair in the hair follicle.

A

Cuticle

35
Q

surrounds the root and is composed of epidermal cells.

A

Hair Follicle

36
Q

are nerve endings that surround each hair follicle. They are sensitive to touch and are stimulated if a hair shaft is moved.

A

Hair root plexuses

37
Q

Two major glands

A

Sebaceous glands
Sweat glands

38
Q
  • lies in the dermis and opens into hair follicles or directly onto the skin. It secretes “sebum” as an oily substance that contains lipids and cellular debris.
  • found all over the skin, except on palms and soles
    -Ducts usually empty into a hair follicle but some open directly onto skin surface
A

Sebaceous glands

39
Q
  • The skin of an adult individual contains 3 to 4 million of this
  • as it appears to be the most numerous of the skin glands. During active movements, the body loses about 500ml of insensible perspiration that doesn’t make the skin feel damp.
A

Sweat glands or Sudoriferous
Glands

40
Q

There are two types of sweat glands

A
  1. Eccrine glands / Merocrine Gland
  2. Apocrine glands
41
Q
  • produces a transparent, watery fluid called “sweat” that contains small amount of potassium, ammonia, lactic acid, uric acid and other wastes.
  • Secretion is mostly water with few salts
A

Eccrine glands / Merocrine Sweat Gland

42
Q
  • is limited to the axillary and pubic regions and produces a thicker sweat often released during emotional stress.
  • Responsible for body odor
A

Apocrine gland

43
Q

are plates of tightly packed, hard, dead, keratinized cells of the epidermis. Functionally, it helps us grasp and manipulate small objects, provide protection to the ends of the fingers and toes, and allow us to scratch various parts of the body.

A

Nails

44
Q

Parts of nails

A
  1. Nail body
  2. Nail root
  3. Nail matrix
  4. Nail bed
  5. Free edge
    6.Hyponychium
  6. Eponychium (cuticle)
  7. Lunula
45
Q

is the externally visible portion of the nails

A

Nail body

46
Q
  • Proximal part of the nail bed
  • growth area of the nail
A

Nail Matrix

47
Q

is covered and extends to the nail matrix.

A

Nail root

48
Q

is stratum corneum that extends onto the nail body.

A

cuticle or eponychium

49
Q
  • The nail also attaches to the underlying ________, which is located distal to the nail matrix.
  • Where nail root and nail body are attached
A

Nail bed

50
Q

can be seen through the nail body as a whitish, crescent- shaped area at the base of the nail.

A

Lunula

51
Q
  • the distal exposed border attached to undersurface of hyponychium
A

Free edge

52
Q

Beneath free edge

A

Hyponychium

53
Q

Sensation receptor

A
  • mechanoreceptors
  • Meissner corpuscles
  • Pacinian corpuscles
  • thermoreceptors
  • nociceptors
54
Q

Sense of touch

A

mechanoreceptors

55
Q

Skin movement and object handling detection

A

Meissner corpuscles

56
Q

sensitivity to vibration, and deep pressure.

A

Pacinian corpuscles

57
Q

able to detect heat and cold

A

Thermoreceptors

58
Q

pain receptors

A

nociceptors

59
Q
  • Heaviest, largest single organ
  • Also called integument, Cutaneous Membrane
  • Simply means covering
A

Skin

60
Q

SKIN APPENDAGES

A

A. Sweat Gland
B. Sebaceous Gland
C. Hairs
D. Nails

61
Q

Functions of Integumentary system

A
  1. Keeps water and other precious
  2. Keeps water out
  3. Protects the body from external agent
  4. Insulated and cushions deeper body organs
  5. Protects body from mechanical, chemical, thermal damage and also bacteria
  6. Regulates heat loss from body surface
  7. Acts as mini-exretory system , urea, salt, water are lost when we sweat.
  8. Manufactures several proteins important to immunity
  9. Storgae of vitamin D precursor
  10. Contains cutaneous receptors that serve as sensors for touch, pressure, temperatire and pain.
62
Q

Stratum Basale 4 types of Cells

A

A. Keratinocytes
B. Melanocytes
C. Tactile cells (Merkel Cell)
D. Non-Pigmented granular dendrocytes (Langerhan cells)

63
Q
  • Produce keratin which toughens & waterproofs skin
A

Keratinocytes

64
Q
  • Synthesize the pigment melanin providing a protective barrier to UV radiation in sunlight
A

Melanocytes

65
Q
  • Aid in tactile (touch) reception
A

Tactile cells (Merkel cell)

66
Q
  • Protective macrophagic cells that ingest bacteria & other foreign debris
A

Protective granular dendrocytes (Langerhans cells)

67
Q

Coloration of skin

A

Cause by expression of a combination of 3 pigments

68
Q

3 pigments of skin

A
  1. Melanin
  2. Carotene
  3. Hemoglobin
69
Q
  • Not a pigment of the skin, rather it is the oxygen-binding pigment found in RBc
  • Oxygenated blood flowing through the dermis gives the skin its pinkish tones
A

Hemoglobin

70
Q

Congenital Patterns

A
  1. Congenital Patterns
  2. Acquired Lines
  3. Langer Lines
71
Q
  • Fingerprints or friction ridges
  • present on palms and soles
  • formed by the pull of elastic fibers within the dermis
  • function to prevent slippage when grasping objects
A

Congenital patterns

72
Q
  • Deep Flexion Creases
  • Found on the palms
  • Shallow Flexion Lines
  • seen on knukles and surface of other joints
A

Acquired lines

73
Q
  • Lines of tension in the skin produces by the orineation of collgen aand elastic fibers in nonrandom pattern or arrangement.
  • Surgical incision shuold be made parallel to this lines to promote better wound healing
A

Langer Lines

74
Q

Layers of Dermis

A
  1. Papillary Layer
  2. Reticular Layer
75
Q
  • Found within the breasts
  • Specialized sudoriferous or sweat gland that secrete milk during lactation
  • Under the stimulus of pituitary gland
A

Mammary Gland

76
Q

3 Distinct kinds of hair in human

A
  1. Lanugo
  2. Angora
  3. Definitive
77
Q
  • Fine, siilky fetal hair that appears during the last trimester of development
  • Usually not evident on a baby at birth unless it has been born prematurely
A

Lanugo

78
Q
  • grows continuously in length, as on scalp and on face of males
A

Angora

79
Q
  • grows to a certain length and then ceases to grow
  • most dominant type of hair (ex: eyelashes, eyebrow, pubic, and axillary hair)
  • A sebaceous glands and an arrector pili muscle are attached to the hair follicle
  • When the muscle involuntarily contracts due to to themal or psychological stimuli, the hair follicle is pulled into an upright position, causing the hair to “stand on its end” and producing “goosebumps”
A

Definitive

80
Q

Fingernails grow at approximately ?

A

1mm per week

81
Q

NEVER BACK DOWN NEVER WHAT?!?!?!?

A

NEVER GIVE UP!!!

ANAPHY (10 decks)

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