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Cardiovascular system Flashcards

1
Q

Basic Divisions of the Cardiovascular

A
  1. Heart
  2. Two closed circuits of Blood Vessels:
    a) Pulmonary circuit
    b) Systemic circuit
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2
Q

a muscular pump consisting two receiving
chambers (atria) and two pumping chambers
(ventricles)

A

Heart

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3
Q
  • circulation of the blood from the heart going
    to the lungs to get the oxygen and throw the
    carbon dioxide and back to the heart.
  • Between the heart and lungs
A

Pulmonary circuit (Two closed circuits of Blood Vessels)

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4
Q
  • From the heart to be distributed to the
    different body system.
  • Between heart and different body system
A

Systemic circuit (Two closed circuits of Blood Vessels)

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5
Q

Blood Vessels (3)

A
  1. Arteries
  2. Capillaries
  3. Veins
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6
Q
  • Carrying oxygenated blood, except pulmonary arteries that will carry unoxygenated blood.
  • Reddish color
A

Arteries (Blood Vessels)

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7
Q
  • Exchange of gases and giving the oxygen to the tissues and getting the carbon dioxide from the tissues.
A

Capillaries (Blood Vessels)

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8
Q
  • Carrying unoxygenated blood, except
    pulmonary veins that will carry oxygenated
    blood.
  • Blueish color
A

Veins (Blood Vessels)

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9
Q
  • is a four-chambered, hollow, muscular organ lying between the lungs in the middle mediastinum.
  • it is about the size of a man’s fist, and in the normal male weighs approximately 250-300gm - Male/200-275gm – Female.
  • the heart is shaped like an inverted cone, with its apex pointed downward and to the left base
    upwards and to the right
  • its apex anteriorly and inferiorly to the left at 5th ICS, MCL (ICS – intercostal space, MCL – mid clavicular line)
A

Heart

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10
Q

Covering of the Heart

A
  1. Pericardium
    a) Fibrous pericardium
    b) Serous Pericardium
    1. Parietal pericardium
    2. Visceral Pericardium (Epicardium)
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11
Q

What is Pericardium (Covering of the Heart)

A

It is the covering of the heart and an invaginated sac

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12
Q
  • Tough covering
  • Provide protection and anchors the heart into the mediastinum
A

Fibrous pericardium (Covering of the Heart)

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13
Q

Under the Serous Pericardium:
- Outer layer of the serous membrane lines the fibrous coat
- That will line the fibrous pericardium
- adherent to the fibrous pericardium

A

Parietal Pericardium (Covering of the Heart)

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14
Q

Under the Serous Pericardium:
- Inner layer of the serous membrane
- Outermost layer of the wall of the heart

A

Visceral Pericardium / Epicardium (Covering of the Heart)

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15
Q
  • filled with pericardial fluid that will serve as lubricant, to prevent friction between the parietal and visceral pericardium during contraction during contraction of the heart.
A

Pericardial Cavity

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16
Q

Walls of the heart

A
  1. Epicardium
  2. Myocardium
  3. Endocardium
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17
Q
  • External/outermost layer, the visceral layer
    of the serous pericardium
A

Epicardium (Walls of the heart)

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18
Q
  • middle muscular layer - made up of cardiac
    muscle cells
A

Myocardium (Walls of the heart)

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19
Q
  • inner layer of the endothelium
A

Endocardium (Walls of the heart)

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20
Q

Chambers of the Heart

A
  1. 2 Atria
    a. Right Atrium
    1. Interatial septum
    2. Fossa ovalis
    3. Musculiati
    4. Crista terminalis
    5. Tricuspid valve
    b. Left Atrium
  2. 2 Ventricles
    a. Right ventricle
    1. Infundibulum
    2. Trabeculae Carneae
    3. Papillary muscles
    4. Chordae tendineae
    5. Moderator Band (Septomarginal band)
    b. Left Ventricle
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21
Q

Location: Right border of the heart

Function: Receives venous blood from the
Superior vena cava (SVC), Inferior vena cava (IVC), Anterior cardiac veins, Vena cordis minimae, and the coronary sinus.

Features:
1. Interatial septum - Separates the right and left atria
2. Fossa ovalis - Remnant of the fetal foramen ovale
3. Musculiati - Ridges that allow atria expansion.
4. Crista terminalis - Separates smooth and ridges areas.
5. Tricuspid valve - Allows blood flow to the right ventricle.

A

Right Atrium (2 atria, Chambers of the Heart)

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22
Q

Location: Base of the heart

Shape: Quadrilateral

Function: Receives oxygenated blood from the lungs through the pulmonary veins.

Blood flow: Blood exits via the via the mitral/bicuspid valve to the left ventricle.

Features: Smooth interior with musculi pectinati inly in the auricle

A

Left Atrium (2 atria, Chambers of the Heart)

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23
Q

What Separates the right and left atria

A

Interatrial septum (Right Atrium)

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24
Q

What is the remnant of the fetal foramen ovale

A

Fossa ovalis (Right Atrium)

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25
Q

What is called to the Ridges that allow atria expansion.

A

Musculiati (Right Atrium)

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26
Q

What separates the smooth and ridges area

A

Crista terminalis (Right Atrium)

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27
Q

What allows the blood flow to the right ventricle

A

Tricuspid valve

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28
Q

Location: Forms most of the heart’s anterior surface.

Function: Receives venous blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs via the pulmonary arteries.

Wall: Thinner than the left ventricle

Features:
1. Infundibulum - Smooth upper portion leading to the pulmonary artery.
2. Trabeculae carneae - Irregular muscular ridges aiding in blood storage
3. Papillary muscles - Conical muslces anchoring chordae tendineae
4. Chordae tendineae - Thread-like structures connecting to papillary muscles and valve cusps
5. Moderator band - prevent overdistention, unique to right ventricle.

A

Right ventricle (2 ventricle, Chambers of the Heart)

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29
Q

What the smooth upper portion leading to the pulmonary artery.

A

Infundibulum (right ventricle)

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30
Q

What is the Irregular muscular ridges aiding in blood storage

A

Trabeculae carneae (right ventricle)

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31
Q

What is the Conical muslces anchoring chordae tendineae

A

Papillary muscles (right ventricle)

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32
Q

What is the thread-like structures connecting to papillary muscles and valve cusps

A

Chordae tendineae (right ventricle)

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33
Q

What the band that prevent overdistention, unique to right ventricle.

A

Moderator band (right ventricle)

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34
Q

Location: Apex of the heart

Characteristics: Longer, narrower, and wall are 3x thicker than the right ventricle

Function: Pumps oxygenated blood to the entire body.

Apexcated at the 5th left intercostal space along the midclavicular line.

A

Left ventricle (2 ventricle, Chambers of the Heart)

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35
Q

Valves of the Heart

A
  1. Atrioventricular valves
    a. Tricuspid valve
    b. Mitral/Bicuspid valve
  2. Semilunar Valves
    a. Aortic valve
    b. Pulmonic valve
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36
Q

What is between of the atrium and ventricle

A

Atrioventricular valves (Valves of the Heart)

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37
Q

– allowing blood to flow from the right atrium to the right ventricle in your heart and preventing from flowing backward.

A

Tricuspid valve
(Atrioventricular valves, (Valves of the Heart)

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38
Q

– it regulates the flow of blood from your lungs into the left ventricle, the main pumping chamber.

A

Mitral/Bicuspid valve
(Atrioventricular valves, (Valves of the Heart)

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39
Q

to allow blood to leave the heart from the left ventricle through the aorta and the body.

A

Aortic valve
(Semilunar Valves, (Valves of the Heart)

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40
Q

– guarding the pulmonary trunk and aortic valve

A

Pulmonic valve
(Semilunar Valves, (Valves of the Heart)

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41
Q
  • are structures separating the chambers
A

Septa

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42
Q

separates the right and left atrium

A

Interatrial septum (Septa)

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43
Q

Septa

A
  1. Interatrial septum
  2. Interventricular septum
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44
Q
  • separates the right and the left ventricles
A

Interventricular septum (Septa)

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45
Q

Blood supply of the heart

A

Coronary arteries

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46
Q

What is Coronary arteries?

A
  • branches of the sending of aorta.
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47
Q

Venous drainage of the heart

A

Coronary sinus

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48
Q

What is Coronary sinus

A
  • main venous drainage of the heart
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49
Q

Nerve Supply of the Heart

A
  1. Parasymphatetic
  2. Symphatetic
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50
Q

What is parasympathetic?
(Nerve Supply of the Heart)

A
  • vagus nerve which is inhibitory to the heart
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51
Q

What is sympathetic?
(Nerve Supply of the Heart)

A
  • which is excitatory(stimulate) to the heart.
  • It will increase your heart rate.
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52
Q

Impulse Conducting system of the Heart

A
  1. Sinoatrial node (SA node)
  2. Atrio-ventricular node (AV node)
  3. Bundle of His
  4. Subendocardial network of Purkinje /Purkinje fibers
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53
Q
  • Pacemaker of the heart
  • located at the posterior wall in the groove
    between the superior vena cava and the right
    atrium
A

Sinoatrial node (SA node)
(Impulse Conducting system of the Heart)

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54
Q

Where does Atrio-ventricular node (AV node) located?
(Impulse Conducting system of the Heart)

A

located at the lower part of the interatrial septum

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55
Q
  • a pale bundle about the size of a match stick
    located at the interventricular septum
    (upperpart)
  • bundle of his moves little down to the
    interventricular septum, it will divide into a right and left bundle branch
A

Bundle of His
(Impulse Conducting system of the Heart)

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56
Q
  • lies beneath the endocardium distributed
    throughout the heart.
  • On the ventricular walls
A

Subendocardial network of Purkinje /Purkinje fibers
(Impulse Conducting system of the Heart)

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57
Q

Heart Sounds

A

S1 – first heart sound closure of the AV valves
S2 – closure of the semilunar valves
S3 – ventricular gallop
S4 – atrial gallop

58
Q

Hearts sounds S1

A

first heart sound closure of the AV valves

59
Q

Hearts sounds S2

A

closure of the semilunar valves

60
Q

Hearts sounds S3

A

ventricular gallop

61
Q

Hearts sounds S4

A

atrial gallop

62
Q

Electrocardiogram

A

1.P wave
2. QRS complex
3. T wave

63
Q

What is Electrocardiogram

A
  • Representing the activity of the heart
64
Q
  • represents atrial depolarization which spreads from the SA node through the contractible fibers in both atria
  • small upward deflection
A

P wave (Electrocardiogram)

65
Q
  • Represents rapid ventricular depolarization - as action potential spreads through ventricular
    contractile fibers
A

QRS complex (Electrocardiogram)

66
Q
  • represents ventricular repolarization
  • occurs just as the ventricles are starting to relax
  • dome-shaped upward deflection
A

T-wave (Electrocardiogram)

67
Q

Circulation of the Blood

A
  1. Unoxygenated blood from the upper part will drain to the superior vena cava; the lower part – inferior vena cava = will drain to the right atrium
  2. It will pass to the tricuspid valve to go to the right ventricle
  3. From the Right ventricle, go to the lungs through the pulmonary artery
  4. From the lungs it will get oxygenated blood
  5. Oxygenated blood from the lungs - will go back to the heart through the pulmonary veins
  6. Goes to the left atrium, the blood passes to the mitral valve to go to the left ventricle and will go to the systemic circulation through aorta
68
Q
  • Simple squamous epithelium
  • For easier diffusion of substances
  • The RBC will carry the oxygen and it will be
    passing to the capillaries to be distributed to the tissues. And the tissue will dispose the carbo dioxide, it will be circulating back to the heart and going to the lungs for expulsion to exhalation.
A

Capillary Endothelial cell

69
Q

Arteries

A
  1. Aorta
    a. Ascending aorta
    b. Arch of aorta
    c. Descending/ Thoracic Aorta
    d. Abdominal Aorta
70
Q

What is Aorta

A
  • the main arterial trunk of the systemic circulation is divided into:
    a. Ascending aorta
    b. Arch of aorta
    c. Descending/ Thoracic Aorta
    d. Abdominal Aorta
71
Q
  • Coronary arteries – blood supply
  • arise:
  • Right coronary from anterior aortic
    sinus
  • Left coronary from left posterior aortic
    sinus
A

Ascending Aorta (Aorta)

72
Q
  • direct branches:
  • brachiocephalic or innominate artery –
    supplies blood to the right arm and the
    head and neck.
  • left common carotid
  • left subclavian
A

Arch of aorta (Aorta)

73
Q
  • Begins at level of T4 and descends to
    diaphragm to become abdominal aorta
A

Descending/ Thoracic Aorta (Aorta)

74
Q
  • Continuation of thoracic aorta
  • passes through diaphragm at level of T12
A

Abdominal aorta (Aorta)

75
Q

Aorta (V n P)

A

I. Visceral
A. Paired
1. Suprarenal arteries
2. Renal artery
3. Gonadal artery
B. Unpaired (Single)
1. Celiac artery
2. superior mesenteric artery
3. Inferior mesenteric artery

II. Parietal
1. Inferior phrenic
2. Lumbar
3. Common iliac
a) internal iliac
b) external iliac
B. Unpaired (Single)
1. Median sacral

76
Q

What artery that supplies suprarenal gland

A

Suprarenal arteries (Visceral, Paired)

77
Q

What artery thatsupplies kidney

A

Renal Artery (Visceral, Paired)

78
Q

What artery that is going to the testicular or
ovarian

A

Gonadal artery (Visceral, Paired)

79
Q

What artery that supplies foregut

A

Celiac artery (Visceral, Unpaired)

80
Q

What artery that supplies midgut

A

Superior mesenteric artery
(Visceral, Unpaired)

81
Q

What artery supplies hindgut

A

Inferior mesenteric artery
(Visceral, Unpaired)

82
Q

What artery supplies the lower diaphragm

A

Interior phrenic (Parietal, Paired)

83
Q

What artery supplies the posterior abdominal wall

A

Lumba (Parietal, Paired)

84
Q

What artery is terminal branch divide into:
a. Internal iliac
b. External iliac

A

Common iliac (Parietal, Paired)

85
Q

Types of common iliac

A

a) internal iliac – supplies the pelvic area
b) external iliac – will give blood supply to
the lower extremities

86
Q

What artery that falls under the type of common iliac that supplies the pelvic area

A

Internal iliac (Parietal, Paired)

87
Q

What artery that falls under the type of common iliac that will give blood supply to the lower extremities

A

External iliac (Parietal, Paired)

88
Q

What artery that supplies the inferior vertebrae

A

Median sacral (Parietal, Unpaired)

89
Q

Arteries of the Head and Neck

A
  1. Common carotid arteries
    a. External carotid artery
    - Supplies blood to the face and neck
    b. Internal carotid artery
    - Will go inside the brain to form the blood
    supply for the brain called Circle of Willis.
90
Q

What artery that falls under the type of common carotid arteries that is responsible for supplying blood to the face and neck

A

External Carotid artery
(Arteries of the Head and Neck)

91
Q

What artery that falls under the type of common carotid arteries that will go inside of the brain to form the blood supply for the brain called Circle of Willis

A

Internal carotid artery
(Arteries of the Head and Neck)

92
Q

What is the 2 artery that is responsible for blood supply of the brain

A
  1. Internal carotid artery
  2. Verterbal Artery
93
Q

Arteries of the Upper Limbs

A
  1. Axillary artery - Coming from the subclavian
    artery
  2. Brachial artery – coming from the axillary artery.
  3. Radial artery – terminal branch of the brachial artery and arises at the cubital fossa of the forearm.
  4. Ulnar artery – also a terminal branch of brachial artery and arising at the proximal aspect of the forearm.
94
Q

What artery of the upper limbs that is coming from the subclavian artery

A

Axillary artery (Arteries of the Upper Limbs)

95
Q

What artery of the upper limbs that is coming from the axillary artery

A

Brachial artery (Arteries of the Upper Limbs)

96
Q

What artery of the upper limbs the terminal branch of the brachial artery and arises at the cubital fossa of the forearm

A

Radial artery (Arteries of the Upper Limbs)

97
Q

What artery of the upper limbs that is also a terminal branch of brachial artery and arising at the proximal aspect of the forearm.

A

Ulnar artery (Arteries of the Upper Limbs)

98
Q

Arteries of the Lower Limbs

A
  1. Femoral artery
    a) Anterior tibial artery
    b) Posterior tibial artery
99
Q

What is Arteries of the Lower Limbs

A

Form external iliac artery

100
Q

What is Femoral artery

A

Popliteal artery that divides into:
a) Anterior tibial artery
b) Posterior tibial artery

101
Q

An artery of the lower limbs that continues as dorsalis pedis

A

Anterior tibial artery
(Femoral Artery, Arteries of the lower Limbs)

102
Q

An artery of the lower limbs
- that divided into medial and lateral plantar arteries
- Back of the knee - popliteal artery

A

Posterior tibial artery
(Femoral Artery, Arteries of the lower Limbs)

103
Q
  • A travelling pressure that cause an alternating
    expansion and recoil of the elastic arteries
  • Normally = 70-80 beats per min
  • Tachycardia = > 100 per min
  • Bradycardia = below 60 per min
104
Q

Normal pulse beat

A

70-80 beats per min

105
Q

Tachycardia pulse beat

A

100 per min

106
Q

Bradycardia pulse beat

A

below 60 per min

107
Q

Common sites of pulses:

A
  1. Superficial temporal artery – it arises from the external carotid artery
  2. Facial artery – supplies the muscles and skin of the face.
  3. Femoral artery – extends down the thigh and
    becomes the popliteal artery
  4. Popliteal artery – back of the knee
  5. Radial artery – lateral distal anterior surface of forearm
  6. Dorsalis pedis – dorsum of the foot
  7. Carotid artery – lateral to the neck
108
Q

Sites of pulses where it arises from the
external carotid artery

A

Superficial temporal artery (Site of pulses)

109
Q

Site of pulses where it supplies the muscles and skin of the face.

A

Facial artery (Site of pulses)

110
Q

Site of pulses where extends down the thigh and becomes the popliteal artery

A

Femoral artery (Site of pulses)

111
Q

Site of pulses where is it located on the back of the knee

A

Popliteal artery (Site of pulses)

112
Q

Site of pulses where lateral distal anterior surface of forearm

A

Radial artery (Site of pulses)

113
Q

Site of pulses where it is located to dorsum of the foot

A

Dorsalis pedis (Site of pulses)

114
Q

Site of pulses where is it located to lateral to the neck.

A

Carotid Artery (Site of pulses)

115
Q

Blood pressure

A
  1. Systolic blood pressure - highest pressure during systole; contraction of the ventricles; 1st sound
  2. Diastolic blood pressure - lowest pressure during diastole; relaxation of the ventricles; last sound
  3. Normal BP - 120/80 mmHg (that was before); now
    is prehypertensive pressure
116
Q

highest pressure during systole; contraction of the ventricles; 1st sound

A

Systolic blood pressure

117
Q

lowest pressure during diastole; relaxation of the ventricles; last sound

A

Diastolic blood pressure

118
Q

120/80 mmHg (that was before); now
is prehypertensive pressure

A

Normal blood pressure

119
Q

What is blood pressure

A

Force exerted by the blood pushing against the
blood vessels walls that circulated throughout the body

120
Q

Returns blood to the right atrium of the heart and through the superior vena cava, the inferior vena cava and the coronary sinus.

A

Drainage system (Veins)

121
Q

This drains blood only from the walls of
the heart

A

Coronary Sinus (Drainage system, Veins)

122
Q

This drain the rest of the body, except the lungs.

A

Vena cava (Drainage system, Veins)

123
Q

Major Venous Drainage

A
  1. Superior vena cava
    - drains unoxygenated blood from the head, neck, upper limb, thorax, into the right atrium
  2. Inferior vena cava
    - Drains unoxygenated blood from the abdomino- pelvic cavity into the right atrium
  3. Coronary sinus
    - drains the heart
  4. Portal vein
    - main venous drainage of the abdominal visceral organs
124
Q

What Major Venous Drainage that drains unoxygenated blood from the head, neck,
upper limb, thorax, into the right atrium

A

Superior vena cava (Major Venous Drainage)

125
Q

What Major Venous Drainage that drains unoxygenated blood from the abdomino-
pelvic cavity into the right atrium

A

Inferior vena cava (Major Venous Drainage)

126
Q

What Major Venous Drainage that drains the heart

A

Coronary sinus (Major Venous Drainage)

127
Q

What Major Venous Drainage that is the main venous drainage of the abdominal visceral organs

A

Poratal vein (Major Venous Drainage)

128
Q

Veins called tributaries

A
  1. superior vena cava – the tributaries will be the left brachiocephalic vein and right brachiocephalic vein.
  2. Hepatic portal vein – splenic vein and superior mesenteric vein; the blood supply of the liver.
129
Q

the tributaries will be the left brachiocephalic vein and right brachiocephalic vein.
(Example of Veins called tributaries)

A

Superior vena cava

130
Q

splenic vein and superior mesenteric vein; the blood supply of the liver.
(Example of Veins called tributaries)

A

Hepatic portal vein

131
Q

Portal Circulation

A
  • Blood from the intestines will pass through this circulation on the way to the liver.
  • Food nutrients that had been absorbed in the small intestines → intestinal veins → superior mesenteric veins → joins splenic vein to form portal vein→Liver.
  • The portal vein is one of 2 main blood supplies of the liver. (the other one is Hepatic artery) These cavities absorb food nutrients
132
Q

Normal coronary artery

133
Q

What is the term used regarding the building of fats; increase in BP

A

Atherosclerosis

134
Q

It is the
- obstructing the passage of blood;
- in the heart – myocardial infarction (MI);
- in the brain – cerebrovascular accident (CVA)

A

Atherosclerosis with blood clot

135
Q

Vascular changes after birth

A

Ductus venosus- Ligamentum vinosum
Foramen Ovale - Fossa Ovalis
Umbilical arteries - Lateral umbilical ligament
Umbilical vein - Ligamentum teres hepatis
Ductus arteriosus - Ligamentum arteriosum

136
Q

Equivalent of Ligamentum vinosum

A

Ductus venosus

137
Q

Equivalent of Fossa Ovalis

A

Foramen Ovale

138
Q

Equivalent of Lateral umbilical ligament

A

Umbilical arteries

139
Q

Equivalent of Ligamentum teres hepatis

A

Umbilical vein

140
Q

Quivalent of Ligamentum arteriosum

A

Ductus arteriosus

141
Q

Never back down never what?

A

Never give up! mwah gurl Ace this midterm up.

ANAPHY (10 decks)

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