Blood Flashcards
1
Q
Hey gurl!! just to lets you know you can do this!!! 🤩🥰✨
A
Mwaaaaahhh!!
2
Q
- It is a specialized connective tissue
- Plays an important role in maintaining homeostasis in a living organism
A
Blood
3
Q
Physical properties of blood
A
Average adult = 7-9 % of total body weight.
- Male = 5-6 Liters
- Female = 4-5 liters
4
Q
Why is the blood red?
A
Red color of arterial blood is due to oxygenated hemoglobin (Hgb)
5
Q
Functions of blood
A
- Transport
- Protection
- Regulation
6
Q
What function of the blood makes the oxygen travel from the lungs to body tissues
A
Transport
7
Q
What function of the blood that can clot preventing excessive loss of blood
A
Protection
8
Q
What function of the blood makes the:
- platelets maintain homeostasis - control ph
acid-base balance
- albumin osmotic pressure helps retain water
- help dissipate heat to the environment
A
Regulation
9
Q
What are the components of the blood?
A
- Plasma
Contains:
a. Water
b. Plasma proteins:
(Albumin, Globulin, Fibrinogen)
c. Plasma Electrolytes:
(Cations, Anions)
d. Nutrients and waste products:
(Nutrients, Metabolic wastes)
e. Gases buffers
10
Q
What is it called to the plasma without the presence of fibrinogen and other protein?
A
Serum
10
Q
What are the formed elements (45% of blood composition)
A
- Whole-cell, cell fragments
a) RBC (red blood cell) - erythrocyte
b) WBC (white blood cell) - leukocyte
c) Platelets - thrombocytes
11
Q
Percentage by body weight
A
- Blood
a. Plasma (55%)- 7% protein; 91% water; 2% other solutes
b. Formed elements (45%) - 250-400k platelets; 5-9k WBC; 4.2-6.2
million RBC (45%)
- 7% protein; 91% water; 2% other solutes
12
Q
Plasma (55% of blood compostion)
A
- The liquid portion of blood, primarily responsible for transporting nutrients, hormones, and waste products.
13
Q
- promotes water retention to maintain blood volume and pressure
- it’s like a magnet
A
Albumin (Plasma protein)
14
Q
- carrier molecule to transport liquid
and fat-soluble vitamins in the blood - used as antibodies (immunoglobulins)
A
Globulin (Plasma protein)
15
Q
Essential for blood clotting.
A
Fibrinogen
16
Q
inorganic molecules that separate into
ions when they are dissolved in water.
A
Plasma Electrocytes
17
Q
Positively charged ions like Na+ (sodium),
K+ (Potassium), Ca+ (Calcium), Mg²+ (Magnesium)
A
Cations (Plasma Electrocytes)
18
Q
Negatively charged ions, including chloride, phosphate, and iodide
A
Anion (Plasma Electrocytes)
19
Q
Glucose, amino acid, phospholipid,
triglyceride, free fatty acid, cholesterol
A
Nutrients (Nutrients and Waste products)
20
Q
lactic acid, nitrogenous waste (urea)
A
Metabolic wastes (Nutrients and Waste products)
21
Q
Oxygen (O2), Nitrogen (N2), and Carbon dioxide (CO2) – principal gases dissolved in plasma
A
Gases and Buffers
22
Q
Erythrocytes: Primary function is to transport oxygen throughout the body
A
Red blood cell (RBC)
23
Q
Leukocytes: Play crucial roles in the immune system to defend against infections and foreign susbtances.
A
White blood cells (WBC)
24
Thrombocytes: Fragments of cells that help in blood clotting and wound repair.
Platelets
25
- The most numerous blood cells are about one thousand times more numerous than white blood cells
- Shape – biconcave disc (7.5 um – 2.0 um)
- Anucleated – no nucleus in the RBC; but during development it will contain a nucleus
- Absence of cytoplasmic organelles
- Contains oxygen-carrying protein Hemoglobin
that gives blood its red color
- Plasma membrane – strong and flexible
- Life span – 120 days
- Old RBC’s are removed by macrophages in spleen
WHATS IS THIS?
Erythrocytes
26
In the lung’s oxygen binds with _________ iron portion to form _________, when blood reaches the body tissue capillaries, hemoglobin releases oxygen first into interstitial fluid and then to cell for its cellular
metabolism.
1. Heme
2. Oxyhemoglobin
27
a waste product of cellular metabolism from the tissue, will bind with globin to form carbaminohemoglobin. As blood flows to the
lungs carbon dioxide is released by hemoglobin and then exhaled.
Carbon dioxide
28
Carbon dioxide is a waste product of cellular metabolism from the tissue, will bind with _______ to form _____________. As blood flows to the lungs carbon dioxide is released by hemoglobin and then exhaled.
1. globin
2. carbaminohemoglobin
29
- production of red blood cell
- Site of production – Red bone marrow of certain bones
Erythropoiesis
30
- Decreased the blood oxygen stimulates kidney to produce/increase hormone erythropoietin which in turn stimulates red bone marrow to produce/increase RBC and will increase also the blood oxygen.
Hypoxia
31
Immature RBC (Parang ikaw✨🤌)
Reticulocyte
32
mature RBC (Sabi nila mature na daw mga college)
Erythrocyte
33
Development of Blood cell
Stem cell
a) Proerythroblast
- Origin of RBC
b) Myeloblast
- Production of granulocytes
c) Lymphoblast
- Agranular leucocytes
d) Monoblast
- Agranular leucocytes
e) Megakaryoblast
- Production of platelets
34
Origin of RBC
Proerythroblast
35
- Production of granulocytes
Myeloblast
36
- Agranular leucocytes
Lymphoblast
37
- Agranular leucocytes
Monoblast
38
- Production of platelets
Megakaryoblast
39
- Male =14- 16 gm
- Female = 12-14 gm
- Male has higher production of this because testosterone found more in male stimulates synthesis of erythropoietin
Hemoglobin (Hgb)
40
- (to separate) = number of RBC in whole blood
- percentage of volume of blood sample occupied by red cells - Supernatant plasma, buffy coat, and packed RBCs
- Male = 45 – 52%; Female = 37 – 48%
Hematocrit (Hct)
41
what are RBC disorders:
1. Anemia – decrease of hemoglobin and
hematocrit
2. Hemophilia – bleeding disorder
42
– decrease of hemoglobin and
hematocrit
Anemia
43
bleeding disorder
Hemophilia
44
- 5,000-10,000 Has nucleus
- no hemoglobin
- Less numerous and larger than RBC
- Most live in a few days except lymphocyte can live for several months or years
- Combats pathogen by phagocytosis and immune response
- They will eat up the microorganism or through immune response
White Blood cell (WBC) – leukocytes
45
process by which neutrophil and other WBC are attached to the chemicals released by
microorganisms at the site of infection or injury
Chemotaxis
46
process by which WBC leaves the bloodstream by being able to deform, elongate, and squeeze through pores of capillaries to reach injured tissue.
Diapedesis
47
Types of White blood cell
A. Granular Leucocytes:
a) Neutrophils
b) Eosinophils
c) Basophils
B. Agranular Leucocytes
1. Lymphocytes
a) B – cell
b) T – cell
c) NK cells
2. Monocytes
48
- 60-70% - most numerous leucocyte
- nucleus 3-5 lobes
- BARR Body – inactive X chromosome found
only in females important in sex identification
- first line of defense – responds quickly to
bacterial infection - contains lysozyme - stains
neutral pink–blue
- they are elevated during acute bacterial
infection; iT ool un namamatay kasama Untio
microorganism tapos magiging pus (nana). J I
Neutrophils (Granular Leucocytes)
49
- 2 – 4%; 2 lobes
- second most numerous granulocyte
- Granules contain lysozymes, peroxidases to
destroy intruder
- Stains pink in acidic dyes
- Phagocytize Ag-Ab complexes - Destroy certain parasitic worm
- Combat effects of histamine in allergic reaction by releasing histaminase
- Elevated during allergic reaction or parasitic
infestation
Eosinophils (Granular Leucocytes)
50
- 0.5- 1%
- Least commonly encountered granulocyte
- coarse large granules which stain dark blue
obscuring S-shaped nucleus
- liberates heparin (anticoagulant); slow
reacting substance of anaphylaxis-SRS-A
Basophils (Granular Leucocytes)
51
- 20-25%
- Large nucleus; thin ring of cytoplasm
- most numerous agranular leucocyte
- have minimal cytoplasm and lack specific
granules, not phagocytic
- produced in bone marrow and lymphoid
- elevated when it has acute viral and chronic
bacterial infection
- produce antibodies
Lymphocytes (Agranular Leucocytes)
52
- humoral immune response
- b cell will transform to plasma cells and will
transforming or producing the antibodies.
B – cell (Types of Lymphocytes)
53
- Cellular immune response
- Attacking the microorganism
T – cell (Types of Lymphocytes)
54
- Natural killer cells
- Large granular lymphocytes
- Type of cytotoxic lymphocytes that is
important in the innate immune system
- Rapid responses to virus infected cells (3 days
after the infection)
NK cells (Types of Lymphocytes)
55
- 3 – 8%
- kidney shaped nucleus
- largest of formed elements
- stays in the bloodstream only for 3 days
- capable of phagocytosis as it transforms to
macrophages
- nucleus is horseshoe-shaped or kidney-shape
Monocytes (Agranular Leucocytes)
56
- 150,000 – 400,000
- anucleated
- membrane bounded fragments of cells
- are shed from the surface of megakaryocytes in red bone marrow
- usually described as having a biconvex discoidal shape - approximately 2 to 4 um in diameter and often appear in clumps
- smallest of formed elements; they appear in
clumps
Platelets
57
Roles of Platelets in Hemostasis
1. They prevent loss of blood by clotting.
2. have an incompletely understood
role in maintaining the integrity of the endothelial lining.
3. react to abnormal surfaces such as might
be encountered in a bleeding wound.
4. release factors that participate in the
clotting cascade and in fibrin formation.
58
When platelets are activated. Mass of platelets increases called ??
Thrombus
59
Example for an injured blood vessel:
1. Platelet adhesion occurs when von Willebrand
factor connects collagen and platelets.
2. The platelet release reaction is the release of
ADP, thromboxanes, and other chemicals that
activate other platelets.
3. Platelet aggregation occurs when fibrinogen
receptors on activated platelets bind to
fibrinogen, connecting the platelets to one
another. A platelets plug is formed by the
accumulating mass o platelets.
60
Steps in the formation of fibrin:
1. Stage 1: inactive clothing factors are activated by
exposure to connective tissue or by chemicals
released from tissues.
2. Stage 1: through a series of reactions, the
activated clothing factors form prothrombinase.
3. Stage 2: prothrombin is converted to thrombin by
prothrombinase.
4. Stage 3: Fibrinogen is converted to fibrin (the clot)
by thrombin.
61
What stage of the formation of fibrin:
- inactive clothing factors are activated by
exposure to connective tissue or by chemicals
released from tissues.
- through a series of reactions, the activated clothing factors form prothrombinase.
STAGE 1
62
What stage of the formation of fibrin:
- prothrombin is converted to thrombin by
prothrombinase.
STAGE 2
63
What stage of the formation of fibrin:
- Fibrinogen is converted to fibrin (the clot)
by thrombin.
STAGE 3
64
Blood types
1. Type A
2. Type B
3. Type AB
4. Type O
65
What blood type that:
- Red blood cells with this type surface antigens
and plasma with anti-B antibodies
Type A
66
What blood type that:
- Red blood cells with this type surface antigens
and plasma with anti-A antibodies
Type B
67
What blood type that:
- Red blood cells that contain two type of blood types surface antigens, and neither anti-A nor anti-B plasma antibodies.
- Universal recipient
Type AB
68
What blood type that:
- Red blood cells that do not contain neither the two types of blood surface antigens, but both anti-A and anti-B
plasma antibodies.
- Universal donor
Type O
69
Blood type A donated to type A
does not cause an agglutination reaction because the anti-B antibodies in the recipient do not combine with the type A antigens on the red blood cells in the donated blood.
70
Blood type A donated to a type B
causes an agglutination reaction because the anti-A antibodies in the recipient combine with the type A antigens on the red blood cells in the donated blood.
71
- Discovered in rhesus monkey
If the Father is Rh positive and Mother Rh negative, and they will produce baby which is Rh positive:
Antigen D (Rh positive)
72
Antigen D (Rh positive)
If the Father is Rh positive and Mother Rh negative, and
they will produce baby which is Rh positive:
1. Before or during delivery, Rh-positive red blood cells from the fetus enter the blood of a Rh- negative woman through a tear in the placenta.
2. The mother is sensitized to the Rh antigen and produces anti-Rh antibodies because this usually happens after delivery. There is no effect on the fetus in the first pregnancy.
3. During a subsequent pregnancy with a Rhpositive fetus, Rh-positive red blood cells cross the placenta, enter the maternal circulation, and stimulate the mother to produce antibodies against the Rh antigen. Antibody production is rapid because the mother has been sensitized to the Rh antigen.
4. The anti-Rh antibodies from the mother cross the placenta, causing agglutination and hemolysis of fetal red blood cells, and hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN) develops.
