Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

ANAPHY > General and special senses > Flashcards

General and special senses Flashcards

1
Q

Brain receives information about the environment and the body

A

Senses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

process initiated by stimulating sensory receptors and perception

A

Sensation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

conscious awareness of those stimu

A

Perception

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Five recognized senses:

A
  • Smell
  • Taste
  • Vision
  • Hearing
  • Touch
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Senses are divided into two:

A
  • General senses
  • Special senses
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q
  • Nerve endings or specialized cells capable of responding to stimuli by
    developing action
A

Sensory receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Receptors:

A
  • Mechanoreceptors – respond to mechanical stimuli; bending and
    stretching
  • Chemoreceptors – respond to chemicals.
  • Photoreceptors – respond to light
  • Thermoreceptors – respond to temperature changes
  • Nociceptors (noceo = to injure) – – respond to stimuli that result in the
    sensation of pain
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

are widely distributed across various parts of the body and are categorized as either Somatic or Visce

A

General senses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Categories of senses

A

A. Somatic Senses
* Touch
* Pressure
* Proprioception (sense of body position)
* Temperature
* Pain

B. Visceral Senses
* Pain
* Pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

General senses (List)

A
  • Light touch or tactile discrimination
  • Pressure
  • Touch
  • Pain
  • Temperature
  • Limb position
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Meissner’s corpuscles

A

– Light touch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Hair follicle nerve ending

A

– Light touch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Merkel’s tactile disc

A

Touch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Pacinian corpuscle

A

Pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Krause end

A

Cold

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Ruffini’s nerve ending

A

Heat/warmth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Free nerve

A

Pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Muscle spindle

A

Proprioception

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Golgi tendon organ (Tendon spindle)

A

Proprioception

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Receptors (List)

A
  • Meissner’s corpuscles – Light touch
  • Hair follicle nerve ending – Light touch
  • Merkel’s tactile disc – Touch
  • Pacinian corpuscle – Pressure
  • Krause end – Cold
  • Ruffini’s nerve ending – Heat/warmth
  • Free nerve – Pain
  • Muscle spindle – Proprioception
  • Golgi tendon organ (Tendon spindle) – Proprioception
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

General Sense Pathways (N simula)

A
  • First-order neuron (N1): Sensory neuron that receives the initial
    stimulus.
  • Second-order neuron (N2): Association neuron.
  • Third-order neuron (N3): Transmits sensory information to the cortex
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Ascending Fiber Tracts (4 sila)

A
  • Anterolateral System
  • Pathways to the Cerebellum
  • Cuneocerebellar Tract
  • Posterior Column
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Anterolateral System (2 sila)

A

➢ Lateral Spinothalamic Tract – For pain and temperature (except head).
➢ Anterior Spinothalamic Tract – Crude touch or light touch (except head).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Pathways to the Cerebellum (2 sila)

A

➢ Posterior Spinocerebellar Tract –Unconscious proprioception
from lower limbs.
➢ Anterior Spinocereb

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Unconscious proprioception from the upper
body

A

Cuneocerebellar Tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

– For conscious proprioception,
deep pressure, and discriminative touch.

A

Posterior Column (Dorsal Column)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Categories of Posterior Column (Dorsal Column) (2 sila)

A
  • Gracile fasciculus – Lower extremities.
  • Cuneate fasciculus – Upper extremities.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Ano ang Pain and Temperature Pathway and receptor

A
  • Pathway: Lateral Spinothalamic Tract
  • Receptors: Free nerve endings, Krause end bulb, Ruffini’s corpuscle
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

senses pathways of Pain and Temperature Pathway

A

o N1 - Dorsal Root Ganglion
o N2 - Dorsal horn cells (spinal cord), axons cross to the opposite
side and ascend.
o N3 - Ventroposterolateral nucleus (thalamus), terminating in
Brodmann’s area 3,1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Ano ang Crude Touch Pathway (Light Touch, Pressure) and receptor?

A
  • Pathway: Ventral/Anterior Spinothalamic Tract
  • Receptors: Meissner’s corpuscle, Merkel’s disc, Hair follicle nerve ending
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

senses pathways of Crude Touch Pathway (Light Touch, Pressure)

A

o N1 - Dorsal Root Ganglion
o N2 - Laminae VI, VII, VIII; fibers cross to the opposite side.
o N3 - Ventroposterolateral nucleus of the thalamus, ending in
Brodmann’s area 3,1,2.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

what are Discriminative Touch, Deep Pressure, and Proprioception Pathway and receptor

A
  • Pathway: Dorsal Column/Medial Lemniscal System
  • Receptors: Pacinian corpuscle, Meissner’s corpuscle, Muscle spindles, Tendon spindles
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Senses pathway of Discriminative Touch, Deep Pressure, and Proprioception Pathway

A

o N1 - Dorsal Root Ganglion; fibers ascend as fasciculus gracilis or fasciculus cuneatus.
o N2 - Synapse in nucleus gracilis or cuneatus, cross at the medial lemniscus.
o N3 - Ventroposterolateral nucleus of the thalamus, ending in Brodmann’s area 3,1,2.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Clinical Signs of Injury to the Lemniscal Pathway

A

Inability to recognize limb position
Astereognosia
Loss of vibration sense
Loss of two-point discrimination
Positive Romberg’s Sign

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What is Astereognosia?

A

Inability to identify objects by touch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What is Positive Romberg’s Sign?

A

Increased body sway with eyes closed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Unconscious Proprioception Pathways

A

Anterior Spinocerebellar Tract -Lower extremity group proprioception

Posterior Spinocerebellar Tract – Individual muscle proprioception in lower extremities

Cuneocerebellar Tract – Upper extremity muscle proprioception

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

what is Pyramidal System?

A

Controls skilled voluntary movements.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Pathways of Pyramidal System (2 sila)

A
  • Corticospinal Tract
    ➢ 90% of fibers cross in the medulla to form the Lateral Corticospinal Tract.
  • Corticobulbar Tract
    ➢ Terminates at motor nuclei in the brainstem, supplying cranial
    nerves.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What is the origin of Corticospinal Tract

A

: Primary motor cortex (Brodmann’s areas 4, 6)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

what is the origin of Corticobulbar Tract

A

➢ Origin: Brodmann’s areas 4 and 8.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Clinical Correlations

A
  • Upper Motor Neuron Lesions
    ➢ Spastic paralysis, hyperreflexia, positive Babinski sign.
  • Lower Motor Neuron Lesions
    ➢ Flaccid paralysis, hyporeflexia, muscle atrophy, and positive
    fasciculations.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What is extrapyramidal system

A
  • Coordinates movements and postural adjustments.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What are the functions of . Extrapyramidal System

A

Functions:
* Smooth movement coordination with the pyramidal system.
* Control of automatic actions (e.g., smiling).
* Postural and muscle tone adjustments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Each eyeball is positioned in a bony depression in the skull called ____________?

A

Orbit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Only the _______________ of the eye’s surface can normally be seen

A

anterior one-sixth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Made up of the eyeball specialized for its ability to ______________

A

react to light

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

the stimuli for sense of vision, the light rays must pass through the different parts of the refractive media before reaching the retina.

A

eyeball

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Parts of the eyeball

A

o cornea
o aqueous humor
o lens
o vitreous humor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Accessory structures of the eye which – protects, lubricate, move the eye

A
  • Extrinsic Eye Muscles
  • Eyelids - controlled by orbicularis oculi
  • Conjunctiva - transparent covering of the eyeball
  • Lacrimal apparatus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

controlled by orbicularis oculi

A

Eyelids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q
  • transparent covering of the eyeball
  • Lines the eyelids and covers part of the white eye (sclera) infront o Secretes the mucus which helps to lubricate the eyeball and keep it moist
A

Conjunctiva

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Anteriorly the eyes are protected by the ________ which meet at the medial and lateral corners of the eye, the medial and lateral canthus respectively

A

eyelids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q
  • Projecting from the border of each eyelid
A

eyelashes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

o Modified sebaceous glands associated with the eyelid edges
o Produce an oily secretion that lubricates the eyes

A

Meibomian Glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Modified sweat glands between the eyelashes

A

Ciliary Glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

o Located above the lateral ends of each eye
o Continually release a dilute salt solution
that drain into the nasal cavity through the inferior meatus

A

Lacrimal glands

58
Q

o not only moistens and lubricates the conjunctival sac but also reduces eye infections because it contains bactericidal
enzyme (lysozyme)

A

Lacrimal fluid

59
Q

Lateral rectus moves eye

A

Laterally (nerve supply VI)

60
Q

Medial rectus moves eye

A

Medially (nerve supply III)

61
Q

Superior rectus moves eye

A

Upwards medially (III)

62
Q

Inferior rectus moves eye

A

Downwards and medially (III)

63
Q

Inferior oblique moves eye

A

upwards and laterally (III)

64
Q

Superior oblique moves eye

A

Downwards and laterally (IV)

65
Q

Protects the delicate inner structure of the eye and with the intraocular pressure maintain the shape and turgor of the eyeballmaintains

A

Fibrous Coat

66
Q

posterior 5/6 - opaque, white of the eye

A

Sclera

67
Q

Anterior 1/6 – Transparent

A

Cornea

68
Q

➢ the outermost coat
➢ also called the fibrous tunic seen anteriorly as the “white of the eye”
➢ covered in the anterior part by the transparent conjunctiva
➢ densely packed collagenous fibers (type I collagen fibrils) – where tendons of extraocular muscles are attached
➢ pierced by optic nerve, ciliary nerves and blood vessels

A

Sclera

69
Q

➢ The central transparent anterior portion of the eye covering the colored part of the eye which is the iris
Avascular and the central part depends on diffusion from aqueous
humor for its nourishment.
➢ Thicker than sclera with refractive power 2x as high as the lens

A

Cornea

70
Q

DId you kwow?

A

One of the few organs that can be successfully transplanted from one person to another without the worry of rejection because it
has no blood vessels thus it is beyond the reach of the immune system is Cornea

71
Q

o Concerned with nutrition of retina and production of aqueous humor
o Provides mechanisms for accommodation of the eyes for near vision and control of amount of light entering the eye
o Choroid
o Cilliar body
o Iris

A

Vascular and Muscular coat or UVEA

72
Q

– most of the blood vessels are located on (eye)

A

Choroid

73
Q

secretes aqueous humor (eye)

A

Cilliary body

74
Q

Constric (eye)

A
  • Increase in light
75
Q

Relax (eye)

A
  • decrease in light
76
Q

➢ Middle coat of the eye
➢ Blood-rich nutritive tunic that contains a dark pigment that prevents light from the scattering inside the eye

A

Choroid

77
Q

➢ A thickened part of the vascular layer (tunic) of the eye.
➢ Links the choroid to the circumference of the iris
➢ Contains the ciliary muscle, which aids in accommodation—the ability of the eye to focus on close objects
➢ Produce aqueous humor, which nourishes the eye and maintains intraocular pressure.

A

Ciliary body

78
Q

When the ciliary muscle contracts, the lens becomes more convex, enhancing ___________

A

focus for nearby objects

79
Q

Eye strain occurs with a focus less than 20 feet; beyond 20 feet, the eye muscles relax

A

wala lang

80
Q

eye disease can cause vision loss if you are diabetic

A

Glaucoma

81
Q

➢ Heavy pigmented colored part of the eye which is membranous
extension of the choroid
➢ Partially covers the lens, leaving around opening at the center called pupil
➢ With sphincter and dilator pupillae (constrict and dilate pupils)

A

Iris

82
Q

2 smooth muslces

A
  • Sphincter pupillae
    ➢ Circumferentially oriented fibers
    ➢ Constriction of pupil (parasympathetic)
    ➢ Constriction - miosis
  • Dilator pupillae
    ➢ Radially oriented fibers
    ➢ Dilation of pupil (sympathetic)
    ➢ Dilation - mydriasis
83
Q

What is Nerve Coat

A

o Retina
➢ Innermost layer where receptors for sense of sight are found
➢ The nervous coat of the eyeball containing the photoreceptor cells

84
Q

Photoreceptor

A
  • Rods
    ➢ stimulated by low intensity light
    ➢ For night vision (scotopic vision)
  • Cones
    ➢ stimulated by high intensity light
85
Q

– very sensitive and produces detachable signal on absorption of a single photon of light

A

Rhodopsin

86
Q

what causes Night blindnes?

A

vitamin A deficiency

87
Q

For day vision/ color vision (photopic vision) sensitive to blue, green, and red lights – 3 kinds provide basis for color vision

A

wala lang, bakit ba?

88
Q

Refractive Media of the Eyes

A

➢ Transparent structures traversed by the light rays on the way to the photoreceptors of the retina
➢ These structures can bend or refract the light rays so the images can be focused on the retina

89
Q

Refractive Media of the Eyes (parts)

A

o Cornea
o Aqueous humor (water) (in anterior and posterior chamber)
o Lens
o Vitreous humor

90
Q

➢ transparent biconvex body situated immediately behind the pupil.
➢ shape changes during accommodation
➢ covered by a homogenous highly refractile capsule which is essentially an exceedingly thick basal lamina

A

Lens

91
Q

➢ colorless, structureless. gelatinous mass with a glasslike transparency filling up the vitreous cavity between lens and retina.
➢ nearly 99% is water
➢ with liquid and solid phase

A

Vitreous humor

92
Q

➢ photosensitive area
➢ with a circular depressed white area, optic disk or optic papilla where optic nerve exits and retinal vessels enter and leave

A

Pars Optica

93
Q

contains nerve fibers but no photoreceptors and is insensitive to light. Called phya siologic blind spot.

A

Optic disk

94
Q

lies on the superior bank of the calcarine cortex, receives the medial fibers of the visual radiations

A

Cuneus gyri

95
Q

– lies on the inferior bank of the calcarine cortex, the medial fibers coursing in the visual radiations, which carry input from the upper
retina (i.e. the lower contralateral visual field), pass from the lateral geniculate body directly through the parietal lobe to reach the cuneus gyrus.

A

Lingual gyrus

96
Q

nearsightedness; corrects with concave

A

Myopia

97
Q

farsightedness; corrects with convex

A

Hyperopia

98
Q

Parts of the ear Outer (external) ear

A

o Pinna or auricle
o External acoustic meatus
o Tympanic Membrane or Eardrum

99
Q

Pinna or auricle

A

Shell-shaped structure surrounding the auditory canal opening

100
Q

External Auditory Canal

A

➢ A short narrow chamber about 1 inch long by ½ inch wide
➢ Curved into temporal bone of the skull
➢ Skin of walls lined with ceruminous glands which secretes a waxy
yellow substance called ear wax, or cerumen

101
Q

Tympanic Membrane or Eardrum

A

➢ A thin membrane separating outer from middle ear

102
Q

Parts of the ear (middle ear/ tympanic cavity)
➢ A small, air filled cavity within the temporal bone

A

o Ossicles (malleus, incus stapes)
o Tensor tympani, stapedius

103
Q

Medial Boundary
➢ A bony wall with 2 openings

A

o Oval window
o Round window

104
Q

Lateral Boundary

A

➢ Tympanic membrane with handle of the malleus attached

105
Q

Anterior Boundary

A

➢ Eustachian tube (connects middle ear and nasopharynx)

106
Q

Posterior Boundary

A

➢ Mastoid process

107
Q

Ossicles in the Middle Ear

A

➢ Malleus (hammer) attached to tympanic membrane
➢ Incus – anvil
➢ Stapes – stirrups, presses on the oval window of the inner ear

108
Q

Middle ear part

A

Middle Ear or Tympanic Cavity
Medial Boundary
Lateral Boundary
Anterior Boundary
Posterior Boundary
Ossicles in the Middle Ear

109
Q

Inner (internal) ear (labyrinth)
➢ Composed of 2 parts:

A

o Bony Labyrinth
o Membranous Labyrinth

110
Q

Bony Labyrinth

A

➢ Wall is bony – temporal bone
➢ Fluid inside is perilymph (one of the two types of cochlear
fluids, the other being endolymph)
➢ Made up of:
▪ Cochlea – made up of scala vestibuli and tympani;
concerned with hearing
▪ Vestibule – concerned with static equilibrium
▪ 3 semicircular canals – concerned with dynamic
equilibrium

111
Q

Membranous Labyrinth

A

➢ Found inside the bony labyrinth
➢ Wall is fibrous
➢ Fluid inside is endolymph (fluid contained in the
membranous labyrinth of the inner ear)
➢ Made up of:
▪ Scala media – inside bony cochlea
▪ Utricle & Saccule – inside bony vestibule
▪ 3 semicircular ducts – inside the semicircular canal

112
Q

Organ of Corti

A
  • Receptor for hearing
  • Found in the cochlea
113
Q
  • A spiral bony canal turning 2 ¾ around a central bony axis (modiolus)
  • A spial bony projection from modiolus (spiral lamina) makes also a 2 ¾ turns.
  • Scala vestibuli and tympani contain perilymph. They communicate in heliotrema
  • Scala media contains endolymph
    o Incompletely divides the bony cochlea
    ➢ Scala vestibuli
    ➢ Scala tympani
A

Cochlea

114
Q
  • Composed of five filaments embedded in gelatinous matrix rich in
    mucopolysaccharides
  • Secreted at the upper surface of interdental cells
A

Tectorial membrane

115
Q

Hearing loss of any degree

A

Deafness

116
Q

2 types of deafness

A
  • Conduction Deafness
    ➢ Results when something interferes with conduction of sound
    vibrations to the fluids of the inner ear
    ➢ Involves diseases of external and middle ear
    o Impacted Cerumen
    o Otosclerosis
    o Rupture of Eardrum
    o Otitis Media
  • Sensorineural Deafness
    ➢ Results from degeneration or damage to receptor cells to cochlear
    nerve, or to neurons of auditory cortex
    o Old age
    o Extended listening to excessively loud sounds
    o Intake of ototoxic drugs like streptomycin, quinine, aspirin
117
Q

Test to distinguish sensorineural from conduction deafness

A

Weber’s Test
➢ The base of the vibrating tuning fork is applied in the midline

Rinne’s Test
➢ The base of the tuning fork is placed over the mastoid process of the skull
➢ When it can no longer be heard, it is removed and then is held in front of the ear

118
Q

Weber’s Test

A

o Normal Individual - sound appears to be in the midline
o Conduction Deafness - sound appears louder in the affected ear
o Sensorineural Deafness - sound appears louder in the normal ear

119
Q

Rinne’s Test

A

o Normal Individual - continues to hear by air conduction after bone
conduction ceases; air conduction is greater than bone
conduction
o Conduction Deafness - bone is greater than air conduction
o Sensorineural Deafness - both are diminished but air conduction
remains better than bone conduction

120
Q

Vestibular Sense / Apparatus

A
  • Consists of receptors located in the inner ear on both sides of the head
  • 8th cranial nerve transmits the vestibular information (for equilibrium) from the receptors to the CNS
121
Q

What area the function o fVestibular Sense / Apparatus

A
  • Maintains body balance
  • Coordinates eye, head and body movements
  • Permits the eyes to remain fixed on a point in space as the head moves
122
Q
  • vestibule and the semicircular canals are components of the bony
    labyrinth associated with balance
A

Vestibule Organs

123
Q

Receptors od vestibular sense/ apparatus

A
  • Cristae Ampullaris
    ➢ found in the dilatations of semicircular ducts called ampulla
    ➢ stimulated by angular acceleration
    ➢ contains gelatinous substance called cupula
  • Macula
    ➢ found in the vestibule
    ➢ stimulates by linear acceleration
    ➢ contains gelatinous substance called otolithic membrane
124
Q

Dynamic Function

A
  • Mediated largely by the semicircular canals
  • Can detect motion of head in space
125
Q

Static Functions

A
  • Mediated mostly by the utricle
  • Allow detection of the position of the head in relation to gravity
  • Important in control of posture
126
Q

Chambers of Vestibule

A

Utricle
Saccule
Endolymphatic duct

127
Q

– largest membranous component of the vestibular system

A

Utricle

128
Q
  • spherical and smaller communicates with the cochlear duct through the short narrow ductus reunions and with the utricle through the utriculo-saccular duct
A

Saccule

129
Q

– tubular evagination of the utriculo-saccular duct; it terminates as a blind expansion called the endolymphatic sac

A

Endolymphatic duct

130
Q

Vestibular Nuclei

A
  • Superior – vestibular nucleus of Bechterew
  • Inferior – descending spinal
  • Medial – vestibular nucleus of Schwalbe
  • Lateral – vestibular nucleus of Deither
131
Q

what is the receptor of Olfactory Sense / Apparatus

A

olfactory epithelium located in the upper 1/3 of each nasal mucosa

132
Q

what is the receptor of Gustatory Sense / Apparatus

A

: taste buds

133
Q

➢ Most are localized in the tongue
➢ A few are found on the soft palate, inner surface of the cheeks, walls of oropharynx
➢ Cylindrical taste bud is composed of many sensory gustatory cells that are encapsulated by supporting cells
➢ Are found on the sides of the circumvallate and on the more numerous fungiform papilla

A

Taste Buds

134
Q

➢ Opening in the taste buds where the gustatory hairs (sensitive portion
of receptor cell) pass through
➢ Dorsal surface of tongue is covered with small peg-like projections or
papillae

A

Taste Pore

135
Q

Four types of Papillae

A
  • Circumvallate – with taste buds
  • Fungiform – with taste buds
  • Foliate – with taste buds
  • Filliform – contains only gustatory cells
136
Q

4 basic modalities of taste are sensed acutely In particular regions of the tongue

A
  • Sweet – tip of tongue
  • Bitter – back of tongue
  • Salty – over most of the tongue
  • Sour – sides of tongue
137
Q

➢ respond to substances such as sugars, saccharine, and some amino
acids

A

Sweet Receptors

138
Q

➢ respond to alkaloids

A

Bitter Receptors

139
Q

➢ respond to metal ions in solution

A

Salty Receptors

140
Q

➢ respond to hydrogen ions (h+), or the acidity of the solution

A

Sour Receptors

141
Q

Termination of the gustatory pathway

A
  • area located in the opercular part of the post central gyrus (Brodmann’s
    Area 43)

ANAPHY (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions