Cell Flashcards
Types of Cell
Prokaryotic
Eukaryotic
Prokaryotes
Organism: Bacteria
Organelles: few/none
DNA: Circular/ in the cytoplasm
RNA and Protien: RNA and protein synthesize in the same compartment
Cell Division: Binary Fission
Eukaryotes
Organism: Protist, fungi, plants, animals
Organelles: Nucleus, mitochondria, ER, etc.
DNA: Linear/ circular bounded by a membrane
RNA and Protien: RNA and protein synthesize in nucleus/ protiein in the cytoplasm
Cell Division: Mitosis/Meiosis
Cell Basic compostion
- Protoplasm/Cytoplasm
- Cell membrane
- Nucleus
PHYSIOLOGIC PROPERTIES OF CELL
- Irritability/Excitability
- Conductivity
- Contractility
- Absorption and Secretion
- Excretion
- Respiration
7.Growth and Reproduction - Organization
Cell membrane
-Trilaminar (inner and outer protein layer, and middle lipid layer)
-Semipermeable
Cytoplasm
-Colloidal
-With organelles, inclusions, and cytoskeleton
Nucleus
-With DNA in a form of:
a. Heterochromatin (In active)
b. Euchromatin (Active)
Membrane Transport
Selectively permeable membrane
- osmosis
- protein channels
- active transport
- Fluid mosaic model
Transport processes across cell membrane
-passive
-active
Passive
-Simple diffusion
-Facilitated diffusion
-Osmosis
-Filtration
Active
-Active transport
-Endocytosis
a. Phagocytosis (cell eating)
b. Pinocytosis (cell drinking)
-Exocytosis
Active transport
Need an energy
Endocytosis
entry of particle towards the cell
Phagocytosis
Cell eating
Pinocytosis
Cell drinking
Exocytosis
Extrusion of substance within the cell
Movement of solute form the area of HIGH solute concentration to an area of LOW solute area
Simple diffusion
Movement of solute from an area of HIGH solute concentration to an area of LOW solute concentration with a CARRIER
Facilitated Diffusion
Movement of solvent (WATER) from an area of LOW solute concentration to an are of HIGH solute concentration
Osmosis
Movement of solute form an area of LOW solute concentration to an area of HIGH solute concentration
Active Transport
-mostly water with chemical compunds in solution or colloid
- Solution: atoms or ions ditributed in medium
-Polar compounds go into solution
-nonpolar compunds go into colloidal suspension
with organnelles, inclusions, cytoskeleton
Cytoplasm
ORGANELLES
- Mitochondria (chondriosome)
- Ribosomes
- Endoplasmic Reticulum
a. Rough/Granular ER
b. Smooth/Non-granular ER
4.Golgi Complex (Dictyosome) - Lysosomes
a.Primary Lysosome
b.Secondary Lysosome
c. Residual Bodies - Peroxisimes/Microbodies
- Melanosomes
- Secretory Granules
Types of ER
- Rough ER (extra protein)
- Smooth ER
Types of Lysosome
Primary Lysosome
Secondary Lysosome
Residual Bodies
-powerhouse of the cell
-Synthesize ATP
-Energy requirements of cell determine cristae number
-Also accumulate Ca+, synthesize nucleic acids and proteins, oxidation of fatty acids
Mitochondria
Inner folds where cellular respiration occurs
Cristae
-Distributed throughout cytoplasm
-Attached to rough ER
-No membrance covering
-Site of protein systhesis free __________- protein for intracellular use
Ribosomes
-system of membranes that makes up channels
-Connects with outer nuclear and cell membranes
Endoplasmic Reticulum
For protein synthesis attached ribosimes
- (protein-EXTRACELLULAR USE)
Rough ER
Fat transport and sex hormone synthesis, HCL synthesis, release and recapture (ca+) in skeletal muscle
Smooth ER
-collection of flat saclike cisternae
-concentration and collection of cellular compounds
-Storage warehouses of the cell
-Carbohydrate synthesis site
-“PACKAGING”
Golgi Apparatus
-digestive enzyme packages
-with acid hydrolases
-lack oxidases and catalases
-function
- play role in cellular defense
-digest stored food
-maintenance and repair of organelles
-suicide agents for old or weak cells
Lysosomes
Contain:
- Catalase - converts H2O2(Hydrogenperoxide) into H2O to O2
-Oxidase
Peroxisomes/Microbodies
INCLUSIONS
- Glycogen
- Lipid
- Pigments
a. Exogenous
b. Endogenous
1) Lipofuscin
2) Melanin
3) Hemoglobin
4) Bilirubin - Crystals
a.Crystals of Reinke
b. Crystals of Charcot-Bottcher
Types of Pigment
a. Exogenous
b. Endogenous
1) Lipofuscin
2) Melanin
3) Hemoglobin
4) Bilirubin
Types of Crystals
a.Crystals of Reinke
b. Crystals of Charcot-Bottcher
Cyctoskeleton
1.Microfilaments
2.Intermediate Filaments
a. Keratin- Epithelial cells
b. Vimentin- Mesenchymal Cells
c. Desmin- Muscle cells
d. Glial fibrillary protein- glial cells of
nervous system
e. Neurofilaments - neurons
3. Microtubules
a.centrioles- determine polarity of cell
b. cilia- line respiratory tract
c. Flagella- tail of spermatozoa
Intermediate Filaments
a. Keratin- Epithelial cells
b. Vimentin- Mesenchymal Cells
c. Desmin- Muscle cells
d. Glial fibrillary protein- glial cells of
nervous system
e. Neurofilaments - neurons
Microtubules
a.centrioles- determine polarity of cell
b. cilia- line respiratory tract
c. Flagella- tail of spermatozoa
-Two centrioles at right angles to each other
-composed of nine sets of triplet fibers
-form spindle fibers during cell division
-Guide duplicated chromosomes to daughter cells
centrosome/ centrioles
-Hairlike protrusions from cell membrane
-Nine double fibrils around two single central fibrils
Cilia and Flagella
Move materials across cell surface
Cilia
Propels cell through a medium
Flagellum
-control center of the cell
-Nuclear membrane has porse to allow substances passage
Nucleus
Genetic material inside nucleoplasm
Chromatin
Site of ribosome formation
Nucleolus
Cell Cycle (Mitosis Interphase)
Prophase (G1)
Metaphase (G0)
Anaphase (S)
Telophase (G2)
-chromosomes progressively shorten and thicken to form double structures
-nucleolus gradually disappears
-mitotic apparatus begins to form
-degeneration of the nuclear membrane
Prophase
-chromatids align at the equitorial plane
Metaphase
-separation of sister chromatids and migrate towards the opposite poles by the translocation of the spindle microtubules.
Anaphase
-Nucleoli and nuclear membranes reappear at the opposite ends of the cell
-Mitotic apparatus gradually disappears
-A purse string constriction of bands of microfilaments appear at the equatorial plate dividing the cytoplasm and eventually the daughter cells.
Telophase
