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ANAPHY > Skeletal > Flashcards

Skeletal Flashcards

1
Q

Bones making up the limbs, pelvis, and shoulder areas

A

Appendicular skeleton

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2
Q

The site of close approximation of two or more bones

A

Articulation

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3
Q

Thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering the surface of the epiphysis

A

Articular cartilage

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4
Q

The skeleton that forms the central supporting axis of the body

A

Axial skeleton

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5
Q

Small bones of the wrist

A

Carpal bones

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6
Q

Rounded knob; usually fits into a fossa on another bone to form a joint

A

Condyle

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7
Q

A moderately raised ridge

A

Crest

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8
Q

The central shaft-like portion of a long bone

A

Diaphysis

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9
Q

Thin epithelial membrane lining the inside of the medullary cavity

A

Endosteum

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10
Q

A bump superior to a condyle

A

Epicondyle

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11
Q

Layer of cartilage separating the epiphysis from the diaphysis at each end of a long bone It is the site where bone growth occurs

A

Epiphyseal plate

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12
Q

The head of each end of a long bone

A

Epiphysis

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13
Q

Portion of the pelvis that extends between the edges of the iliac bones

A

False pelvis

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14
Q

Un-fused area of an infant’s skull

A

Fontanel

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15
Q

A furrow or depression

A

Fossa

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16
Q

A round opening in a bone, usually a passageway for vessels and nerves

A

Foramen

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17
Q

The prominent, expanded end of a bone

A

Head

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18
Q

A central canal in compact bone containing blood vessels and nerves; surrounded by lamellae

A

Haversian canal

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19
Q

Process in the fetus whereby fibrous connective tissue
evolves into bone

A

Intramembranous ossification

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20
Q

An exaggerated thoracic curvature

A

Kyphosis

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21
Q

Tiny gaps between rings of lamellae in compact bone

A

Lacunae

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22
Q

Concentric rings of matrix surrounding Haversian canal in compact bone

A

Lamellae

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23
Q

A tube-like opening

A

Meatus

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24
Q

The central hollow portion of a long bone that contains bone marrow

A

Medullary cavity

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25
Q

Bone tissue

A

Osseous tissue

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26
Q

The creation of new bone

A

Ossification

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27
Q

Bone-forming cell

A

Osteoblast

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28
Q

Bone cells that dissolve old or unhealthy bone

A

Osteoclasts

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29
Q

Mature osteoblast

A

Osteocyte

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30
Q

Basic structural unit of compact bone consisting of a Haversian canal and surrounding lamellae

A

Osteon

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31
Q

Dense fibrous membrane covering the diaphysis

A

Periosteum

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32
Q

A projection or raised area

A

Process

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33
Q

Reshaping or reconstructing part of a bone

A

Remodeling

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34
Q

The destruction of old bone; part of the bone remodeling process

A

Resorption

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35
Q

A lateral curvature of the spine

A

Scoliosis

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36
Q

Cavity in the skull filled with air

A

Sinus

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37
Q

Also called cancellous bone. It is found in the ends of long bones and the middle of most other bones

A

Spongy bone

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38
Q

Groove or elongated depression

A

Sulcus

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39
Q

Immovable joints of the skull

A

Sutures

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40
Q

Latticework of osseous tissue that makes up the structure of spongy or cancellous bone

A

Trabecula

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41
Q

A large process. It is found only on the femur

A

Trochanter

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42
Q

Portion of the pelvis that extends between the pelvic brim

A

True pelvis

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43
Q

A small, rounded process

A

Tubercle

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44
Q

A rough, raised bump, usually for muscle attachment

A

Tuberosity

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45
Q

are large molecules consisting of polysaccharides attached to core proteins, similar to the way needles of a pine tree are attached to the tree’s branches.

A

Proteoglycans

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46
Q

Most of the mineral in bone is in the form of calcium phosphate crystals

A

hydroxyapatite

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47
Q

contains substances that are essential for the make-up of our bones since the cartilages, tendons, ligaments, and even our bones, are connective tissues.

A

Extracellular Matrix

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48
Q

large molecules consisting of polysaccharides attached
to core proteins, similar to the way needles of a pine tree are attached to the tree’s branches.

A

Proteoglycans

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49
Q

Four categories of bone, based on their shape,

A
  1. Long Bone
    1.1 Diaphysis - Shaft or body
    1.2 Epiphysis - head of each end of a long bone
    1.3 Medullary Activity - marrow cavity
  2. Short Bone
  3. Flat Bone
  4. Irregular Bone
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50
Q
  • are longer than they are wide and have knobby ends where the articulations form.
  • Long bones are hollow in the middle and more solid on the ends.
A

Long bone

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51
Q

It is covered by dense connective tissues on the outside called _____________ and a thinner inner lining
called endosteum. Long bones have several parts.

A

Perioteum

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52
Q

are equal in length and width, making them nearly cube-shaped. Examples include most bones of the ankles and the wrists.

A

Short bones

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53
Q

are thin and provide both protection and surfaces for muscle attachments. The bones of the skull, sternum, and ribs are all at bones.

A

Flat Bones

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54
Q

have complex shapes, such as those of the face and vertebral column.

A

Irregular bones

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55
Q

FUNCTIONS OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM

A
  1. Support
  2. Protection
  3. Movement
  4. Blood cell production
  5. Storage
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56
Q

It supports and stabilizes surrounding tissues such as muscles, blood and lymphatic vessels, nerves, fat, and skin.

A

Support

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57
Q

It protects vital organs of the body such as the brain, spinal cord, the heart, and lungs, and it protects other soft tissues of the body.

A

Protection

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58
Q

It assists in body movement by providing attachments for muscles that pull on the bones that act as levers.

A

Movement

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59
Q

It manufactures blood cells. Red bone marrow, a connective tissue within bone, produces red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets in a process
called “hemopoiesis”.

A

Blood cell production

60
Q

It is a storage area for mineral salts, especially phosphorus and calcium, and fats. Moreover, Yellow bone marrow within bone is composed mostly of adipose cells, which store triglycerides (fats). In a newborn, all bone marrow is red, but it eventually
changes into yellow marrow with increasing age.

A

Storage

61
Q

function in the formation of bone,
as well as in the repair and remodeling of bone.

A

Osteoblast

62
Q

When osteoblasts become surrounded by matrix,
they are referred to as

A

Osteocytes

63
Q

are also present and contribute to bone repair
and remodeling by removing existing bone.

A

Osteoclasts

64
Q

Bone is formed in thin sheets of extracellular matrix called

A

Lamallae

65
Q

lamellae, with osteocytes located between the lamellae within spaces called

A

Lucanae

66
Q

Cell processes extend from the osteocytes
across the extracellular matrix of the lamellae within tiny canals called

A

Canaliculi

67
Q

Two types of bone tissue

A
  1. compact or dense bone
  2. cancellous or spongy bone.
68
Q

is strong and dense, provides protection and support, and resists the stresses produced by weight and movement.

A

Compact bone / dense bone

69
Q
  • is lightweight
  • also known as cancellous bone, contains irregular lattices of thin bone columns called “trabeculae”.
A

Spongy bone / cancellous

70
Q

Bones form initially in the embryo by two processes.

A
  1. intramembranous ossification, bone forms directly from mesenchyme.
  2. endochondral ossification, bone forms within and replaces cartilage.
71
Q

bone is constantly made and destroyed in an ongoing process called

A

Bone Remodeling

72
Q

Bone Repair

A
  1. Hematoma formation
  2. Callus formation
  3. Callus ossification
  4. Bone remodeling
73
Q

T: Body, shaft

A

D: Main portion

74
Q

T: Head

A

D: Enlarged end

75
Q

T: Neck

A

D: Contricted are between head and body

76
Q

T: Condyle

A

D: Smooth, rounded articular surface

77
Q

T: Facet

A

D: Small, flattened articular surface

78
Q

T: Crest

A

D: Prominent

79
Q

T: Process

A

D: Prominent projection

80
Q

T: Tubercle, or tuberosity

A

D: Knob or enlargement

81
Q

T: Trochanter

A

D: Large tuberosity found only on proximal femur

82
Q

T: Epicondyle

A

D: Enlargement near or above a condyle

83
Q

T: Foramen

A

D: Hole

84
Q

T: Canal, meatus

A

D: Tunnel

85
Q

T: Fissure

A

D: Cleft

86
Q

T: Sinus

A

D: Cavity

87
Q

T: Fossa

A

D: Depression

88
Q

forms the forehead, roofs of the eye sockets, and front part of the cranial floor. The mucous membrane–lined spaces (frontal sinuses) deep within it resonates
sound.

A

frontal bone

89
Q

(2) form the sides and roof of the cranium

A

Parietal

90
Q

(2) form the lower side of the cranium and part of the cranial floor. The temporal bones have several features:

A

temporal bones

91
Q

carotid artery passes through a foramen called the

A

Carotid foramen

92
Q

serves as a point of attachment for the tongue and neck muscles.

A

Styloid process

93
Q

It contains ______, which drain into the nasal cavity.

A

sphenoidal sinuses

94
Q

The pituitary gland sits in a depression of the sphenoid bone called the

A

sella turcica.

95
Q

The optic nerve passes through its optic foramen, and the mandibular nerve passes through its

A

Foramen Ovale

96
Q
  • forms the anterior part of the cranial floor, the medial part of the eye sockets, and superior portions of the nasal cavity.
A

ethmoid bone

97
Q

cavity. It has 3 to 18 ______________ (air
spaces) and mucus-lined ___________ that warm and moisten inhaled air and trap foreign
particles.

A

ethmoidal sinuses and conchae

98
Q

a ridge on the superior portion of the ethmoid bone, serves as an attachment point for the meninges.

A

crista galli

99
Q

This is surrounded by the___________ through
which the nerves associated with the receptors for smell pass from the nose into the brain.

A

cribriform plate

100
Q

Facial Bones

A
  • Nasal bones
  • Maxillae (2)
  • Palatine bones (2)
  • Mandible
  • Zygomatic bones (2)
  • Lacrimal bones (2)
  • Inferior nasal conchae (2)
  • Vomer
101
Q

form the bridge of the nose.

A

Nasal Bones

102
Q

form the upper jawbone and join with all the other facial bones except the mandible

A

Maxillae

103
Q

form the posterior portion of the hard palate, part of the lower eye sockets, and part of the floor and the sides of the nasal cavity.

A

Palatine Bones

104
Q

are holes that allow passage of the mental nerve.

A

Mental Foramina

105
Q

or cheekbones, form the cheek prominences and part of the wall of the eye sockets. They form joints with the frontal, maxilla, sphenoid, and temporal bones.

A

Zygomatic bones

106
Q

are the smallest, thinnest bones on the medial eye socket. They house the tear ducts, which tunnel through to the nasal cavity. This is why your nose
runs when you cry.

A

Lacrimal bones

107
Q

project into the nasal cavity to filter air before it passes
toward the trachea and lungs.

A

Inferior nasal conchea

108
Q

joins with the maxillae and the palatine bones to form the floor of the nasal cavity. Along with cartilage and the ethmoid bone, the single vomer forms the nasal
septum, which divides the nasal cavity into right and left sides.

A

vomer

109
Q

Features of the Skull

A

4 major sutures in the skull:
1. Coronal suture
2. Saggital suture
3. Lamboid suture
4. Squamous sutures

110
Q

are found in the sphenoid, frontal, ethmoid, and maxillary bones. They produce mucus, lighten the weight of the skull, and serve as echo chambers, which
produce the unique sounds of your voice.

A

Paranasal sinuses

111
Q

are mesenchyme-filled spaces between the cranial bones of infants at birth.

A

Fontanels

112
Q

is located in the neck, between the mandible and larynx. It is suspended from the styloid process of each temporal bone by ligaments and muscle. It
supports the tongue, stabilizes the airways, and provides attachment points for tongue, neck, and pharyngeal muscles.

A

Hyoid bone

113
Q

The vertebral column consists of 26 bones called vertebrae.

A

Vertebral Column

114
Q

thick, disc-shaped anterior portion that bears weight. (vertebral)

A

body

115
Q

arch extends posteriorly from the body. It consists of two short, thick processes called pedicles that project backward and join with two at parts called laminae.

A

Vertebral arch

116
Q

Seven processes arise from the vertebral arch:

A
  • Spinous process (1) projects from the laminae; it serves as attachment point for muscles.
  • Transverse processes (2) are lateral extensions that serve as attachment points
    for muscles.
  • Superior articular processes (2) attach to vertebra above.
  • Inferior articular processes (2) attach to vertebra below.
  • Cervical vertebrae (7) are in the neck region. Each cervical vertebra has three
    openings (foramina): a larger, central opening (vertebral foramen) for the spinal
    cord, and two transverse foramina, passages for blood vessels and nerves.
  • Thoracic vertebrae (12) are posterior to the chest cavity and serve as
    attachments for the ribs.
  • Lumbar vertebrae (5) form the lower back.
117
Q

consists of 5 fused vertebrae and forms the posterior wall of the pelvis. Blood vessels and nerves pass through the openings.

A

Sacrum

118
Q

sometimes referred to as the tailbone, consists of 4 fused vertebrae.

A

coccyx

119
Q

A lateral curvature that causes the spine to “lean” to one side more than the other. This condition is seen more commonly in females than in males.

A

Scoliosis

120
Q

An exaggeration of the thoracic curve that forms a “humpback” appearance.

A

Kyphosis

121
Q

An exaggeration of the lumbar curve that causes a “sway back.”

A

Lordosis

122
Q

articulates with the collarbone, or clavicle, and the first rib.

A

manubrium

123
Q

made of cartilage that ossifies by age 40. No ribs attach to this pointed structure, which rescuers use to locate the proper hand position for cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR).

A

The xiphoid process

124
Q

Ribs

A
  • rib pairs 1 through 7 are called true ribs
  • rib pairs 8 through 12 are called false ribs
  • rib pairs 11 and 12 are referred to as floating ribs
125
Q

in the upper body is the shoulder _______________________, which attach the upper limbs to the axial skeleton.

A

girdles or pectoral girdles

126
Q

___________or collarbone, attaches to the manubrium of the sternum and the __________,

A

Clavicle and scapula

127
Q

_____________ of the scapula serves as a point of attachment for muscles and its ____________ forms the shoulder joint with the head of the humerus

A

coracoid process and glenoid cavity

128
Q

the longest bone in the upper body.

A

Humerus

129
Q

the two bones of the forearm

A

the ulna and radius

130
Q

medial to the radius.

A

Ulna

131
Q

is rounded and articulates with the humerus, to allow approximately 180° of forearm rotation.

A

Radius

132
Q

Distal to the ulna and radius are the bones of the wrist, the _______________, which are arranged in two rows of 4 bones each.

A

carpals (8 bones)

133
Q

The distal row attaches to the bones of the
palm of the hand, whose distal heads form the knuckles.

A

metacarpals

134
Q

the metacarpals attach to the bones of the fingers.

A

Phalanges (2 phalanges in the thumb and 3 in
each finger.)

135
Q

which consists of the two hip bones.

A

Pelvic girdle

136
Q

The hip bones, also called the coxal bones or os coxa, attach to the sacrum of the vertebral column posteriorly and with each other anteriorly to form

A

Pubic symphysis

137
Q

the “socket” for the hip joint that articulates with the femur from the leg.

A

Acetabulum

138
Q

forms the boundary between the upper pelvis (false pelvis) and the lower pelvis (true pelvis).

A

Pelvic brim

139
Q

Blood vessels and nerves to the legs pass through openings in the lower pelvis called the

A

obturator foramina.

140
Q

Attached to each coxal bone is a _____________ the longest single bone in the body.

A

Femur

141
Q

The femur bends ans attaches distally to the ___________ and the tibia

A

Patella (kneecap)

142
Q

is the large medial bone of the shin and beras most of the weight.

A

Tibia

143
Q

The patellar ligament, which holds the patella in place, attaches to the tibia at the?

A

Tibial Tuberosity

144
Q

The lateral bone of the shin is valled the?

A

Fibula

145
Q

The ankle bones, or?, consist of 7 bones

A

Tarsals

146
Q

Tarsals

A

Talus (ankle joint) , Calcenous(heel) (posterior)

147
Q

are the phalanges (toes), which have a structure similar to the phalanges in the hand. The calcaneus forms the posterior portion of the foot. The foot has two raised bends, or arches, in it. The longitudinal arch spreads from anterior to posterior, while the transverse arch goes from side to
side. The arches are flexible and springy. They absorb shocks, distribute body weight over the foot, and provide leverage while walking.

A

Metataesals

ANAPHY (7 decks)

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