Skeletal Flashcards
Bones making up the limbs, pelvis, and shoulder areas
Appendicular skeleton
The site of close approximation of two or more bones
Articulation
Thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering the surface of the epiphysis
Articular cartilage
The skeleton that forms the central supporting axis of the body
Axial skeleton
Small bones of the wrist
Carpal bones
Rounded knob; usually fits into a fossa on another bone to form a joint
Condyle
A moderately raised ridge
Crest
The central shaft-like portion of a long bone
Diaphysis
Thin epithelial membrane lining the inside of the medullary cavity
Endosteum
A bump superior to a condyle
Epicondyle
Layer of cartilage separating the epiphysis from the diaphysis at each end of a long bone It is the site where bone growth occurs
Epiphyseal plate
The head of each end of a long bone
Epiphysis
Portion of the pelvis that extends between the edges of the iliac bones
False pelvis
Un-fused area of an infant’s skull
Fontanel
A furrow or depression
Fossa
A round opening in a bone, usually a passageway for vessels and nerves
Foramen
The prominent, expanded end of a bone
Head
A central canal in compact bone containing blood vessels and nerves; surrounded by lamellae
Haversian canal
Process in the fetus whereby fibrous connective tissue
evolves into bone
Intramembranous ossification
An exaggerated thoracic curvature
Kyphosis
Tiny gaps between rings of lamellae in compact bone
Lacunae
Concentric rings of matrix surrounding Haversian canal in compact bone
Lamellae
A tube-like opening
Meatus
The central hollow portion of a long bone that contains bone marrow
Medullary cavity
Bone tissue
Osseous tissue
The creation of new bone
Ossification
Bone-forming cell
Osteoblast
Bone cells that dissolve old or unhealthy bone
Osteoclasts
Mature osteoblast
Osteocyte
Basic structural unit of compact bone consisting of a Haversian canal and surrounding lamellae
Osteon
Dense fibrous membrane covering the diaphysis
Periosteum
A projection or raised area
Process
Reshaping or reconstructing part of a bone
Remodeling
The destruction of old bone; part of the bone remodeling process
Resorption
A lateral curvature of the spine
Scoliosis
Cavity in the skull filled with air
Sinus
Also called cancellous bone. It is found in the ends of long bones and the middle of most other bones
Spongy bone
Groove or elongated depression
Sulcus
Immovable joints of the skull
Sutures
Latticework of osseous tissue that makes up the structure of spongy or cancellous bone
Trabecula
A large process. It is found only on the femur
Trochanter
Portion of the pelvis that extends between the pelvic brim
True pelvis
A small, rounded process
Tubercle
A rough, raised bump, usually for muscle attachment
Tuberosity
are large molecules consisting of polysaccharides attached to core proteins, similar to the way needles of a pine tree are attached to the tree’s branches.
Proteoglycans
Most of the mineral in bone is in the form of calcium phosphate crystals
hydroxyapatite
contains substances that are essential for the make-up of our bones since the cartilages, tendons, ligaments, and even our bones, are connective tissues.
Extracellular Matrix
large molecules consisting of polysaccharides attached
to core proteins, similar to the way needles of a pine tree are attached to the tree’s branches.
Proteoglycans
Four categories of bone, based on their shape,
- Long Bone
1.1 Diaphysis - Shaft or body
1.2 Epiphysis - head of each end of a long bone
1.3 Medullary Activity - marrow cavity - Short Bone
- Flat Bone
- Irregular Bone
- are longer than they are wide and have knobby ends where the articulations form.
- are hollow in the middle and more solid on the ends.
Long bone
It is covered by dense connective tissues on the outside called _____________ and a thinner inner lining
called endosteum. Long bones have several parts.
Perioteum
are equal in length and width, making them nearly cube-shaped. Examples include most bones of the ankles and the wrists.
Short bones
are thin and provide both protection and surfaces for muscle attachments. The bones of the skull, sternum, and ribs are all at bones.
Flat Bones
have complex shapes, such as those of the face and vertebral column.
Irregular bones
FUNCTIONS OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
- Support
- Protection
- Movement
- Blood cell production
- Storage
It supports and stabilizes surrounding tissues such as muscles, blood and lymphatic vessels, nerves, fat, and skin.
Support
It protects vital organs of the body such as the brain, spinal cord, the heart, and lungs, and it protects other soft tissues of the body.
Protection
It assists in body movement by providing attachments for muscles that pull on the bones that act as levers.
Movement
It manufactures blood cells. Red bone marrow, a connective tissue within bone, produces red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets in a process
called “hemopoiesis”.
Blood cell production
It is a storage area for mineral salts, especially phosphorus and calcium, and fats. Moreover, Yellow bone marrow within bone is composed mostly of adipose cells, which store triglycerides (fats). In a newborn, all bone marrow is red, but it eventually
changes into yellow marrow with increasing age.
Storage
function in the formation of bone,
as well as in the repair and remodeling of bone.
Osteoblast
When osteoblasts become surrounded by matrix,
they are referred to as
Osteocytes
are also present and contribute to bone repair
and remodeling by removing existing bone.
Osteoclasts
Bone is formed in thin sheets of extracellular matrix called
Lamallae
lamellae, with osteocytes located between the lamellae within spaces called
Lucanae
Cell processes extend from the osteocytes
across the extracellular matrix of the lamellae within tiny canals called
Canaliculi
Two types of bone tissue
- compact or dense bone
- cancellous or spongy bone.
is strong and dense, provides protection and support, and resists the stresses produced by weight and movement.
Compact bone / dense bone
- is lightweight
- also known as cancellous bone, contains irregular lattices of thin bone columns called “trabeculae”.
Spongy bone / cancellous
Bones form initially in the embryo by two processes.
- intramembranous ossification, bone forms directly from mesenchyme.
- endochondral ossification, bone forms within and replaces cartilage.
bone is constantly made and destroyed in an ongoing process called
Bone Remodeling
Bone Repair
- Hematoma formation
- Callus formation
- Callus ossification
- Bone remodeling
T: Body, shaft
D: Main portion
T: Head
D: Enlarged end
T: Neck
D: Contricted are between head and body
T: Condyle
D: Smooth, rounded articular surface
T: Facet
D: Small, flattened articular surface
T: Crest
D: Prominent
T: Process
D: Prominent projection
T: Tubercle, or tuberosity
D: Knob or enlargement
T: Trochanter
D: Large tuberosity found only on proximal femur
T: Epicondyle
D: Enlargement near or above a condyle
T: Foramen
D: Hole
T: Canal, meatus
D: Tunnel
T: Fissure
D: Cleft
T: Sinus
D: Cavity
T: Fossa
D: Depression
forms the forehead, roofs of the eye sockets, and front part of the cranial floor. The mucous membrane–lined spaces (frontal sinuses) deep within it resonates
sound.
frontal bone
(2) form the sides and roof of the cranium
Parietal
(2) form the lower side of the cranium and part of the cranial floor. The temporal bones have several features:
temporal bones
carotid artery passes through a foramen called the
Carotid foramen
serves as a point of attachment for the tongue and neck muscles.
Styloid process
It contains ______, which drain into the nasal cavity.
sphenoidal sinuses
The pituitary gland sits in a depression of the sphenoid bone called the
sella turcica.
The optic nerve passes through its optic foramen, and the mandibular nerve passes through its
Foramen Ovale
- forms the anterior part of the cranial floor, the medial part of the eye sockets, and superior portions of the nasal cavity.
ethmoid bone
cavity. It has 3 to 18 ______________ (air
spaces) and mucus-lined ___________ that warm and moisten inhaled air and trap foreign
particles.
ethmoidal sinuses and conchae
a ridge on the superior portion of the ethmoid bone, serves as an attachment point for the meninges.
crista galli
This is surrounded by the___________ through
which the nerves associated with the receptors for smell pass from the nose into the brain.
cribriform plate
Facial Bones
- Nasal bones
- Maxillae (2)
- Palatine bones (2)
- Mandible
- Zygomatic bones (2)
- Lacrimal bones (2)
- Inferior nasal conchae (2)
- Vomer
form the bridge of the nose.
Nasal Bones
form the upper jawbone and join with all the other facial bones except the mandible
Maxillae
form the posterior portion of the hard palate, part of the lower eye sockets, and part of the floor and the sides of the nasal cavity.
Palatine Bones
are holes that allow passage of the mental nerve.
Mental Foramina
or cheekbones, form the cheek prominences and part of the wall of the eye sockets. They form joints with the frontal, maxilla, sphenoid, and temporal bones.
Zygomatic bones
are the smallest, thinnest bones on the medial eye socket. They house the tear ducts, which tunnel through to the nasal cavity. This is why your nose
runs when you cry.
Lacrimal bones
project into the nasal cavity to filter air before it passes
toward the trachea and lungs.
Inferior nasal conchea
joins with the maxillae and the palatine bones to form the floor of the nasal cavity. Along with cartilage and the ethmoid bone, the single vomer forms the nasal
septum, which divides the nasal cavity into right and left sides.
vomer
Features of the Skull
4 major sutures in the skull:
1. Coronal suture
2. Saggital suture
3. Lamboid suture
4. Squamous sutures
are found in the sphenoid, frontal, ethmoid, and maxillary bones. They produce mucus, lighten the weight of the skull, and serve as echo chambers, which
produce the unique sounds of your voice.
Paranasal sinuses
are mesenchyme-filled spaces between the cranial bones of infants at birth.
Fontanels
is located in the neck, between the mandible and larynx. It is suspended from the styloid process of each temporal bone by ligaments and muscle. It
supports the tongue, stabilizes the airways, and provides attachment points for tongue, neck, and pharyngeal muscles.
Hyoid bone
The vertebral column consists of 26 bones called vertebrae.
Vertebral Column
thick, disc-shaped anterior portion that bears weight. (vertebral)
body
arch extends posteriorly from the body. It consists of two short, thick processes called pedicles that project backward and join with two at parts called laminae.
Vertebral arch
Seven processes arise from the vertebral arch:
- Spinous process (1) projects from the laminae; it serves as attachment point for muscles.
- Transverse processes (2) are lateral extensions that serve as attachment points
for muscles. - Superior articular processes (2) attach to vertebra above.
- Inferior articular processes (2) attach to vertebra below.
- Cervical vertebrae (7) are in the neck region. Each cervical vertebra has three
openings (foramina): a larger, central opening (vertebral foramen) for the spinal
cord, and two transverse foramina, passages for blood vessels and nerves. - Thoracic vertebrae (12) are posterior to the chest cavity and serve as
attachments for the ribs. - Lumbar vertebrae (5) form the lower back.
consists of 5 fused vertebrae and forms the posterior wall of the pelvis. Blood vessels and nerves pass through the openings.
Sacrum
sometimes referred to as the tailbone, consists of 4 fused vertebrae.
coccyx
A lateral curvature that causes the spine to “lean” to one side more than the other. This condition is seen more commonly in females than in males.
Scoliosis
An exaggeration of the thoracic curve that forms a “humpback” appearance.
Kyphosis
An exaggeration of the lumbar curve that causes a “sway back.”
Lordosis
articulates with the collarbone, or clavicle, and the first rib.
manubrium
made of cartilage that ossifies by age 40. No ribs attach to this pointed structure, which rescuers use to locate the proper hand position for cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR).
The xiphoid process
Ribs
- rib pairs 1 through 7 are called true ribs
- rib pairs 8 through 12 are called false ribs
- rib pairs 11 and 12 are referred to as floating ribs
in the upper body is the shoulder _______________________, which attach the upper limbs to the axial skeleton.
girdles or pectoral girdles
___________or collarbone, attaches to the manubrium of the sternum and the __________,
Clavicle and scapula
_____________ of the scapula serves as a point of attachment for muscles and its ____________ forms the shoulder joint with the head of the humerus
coracoid process and glenoid cavity
the longest bone in the upper body.
Humerus
the two bones of the forearm
the ulna and radius
medial to the radius.
Ulna
is rounded and articulates with the humerus, to allow approximately 180° of forearm rotation.
Radius
Distal to the ulna and radius are the bones of the wrist, the _______________, which are arranged in two rows of 4 bones each.
carpals (8 bones)
The distal row attaches to the bones of the
palm of the hand, whose distal heads form the knuckles.
metacarpals
the metacarpals attach to the bones of the fingers.
Phalanges (2 phalanges in the thumb and 3 in
each finger.)
which consists of the two hip bones.
Pelvic girdle
The hip bones, also called the coxal bones or os coxa, attach to the sacrum of the vertebral column posteriorly and with each other anteriorly to form
Pubic symphysis
the “socket” for the hip joint that articulates with the femur from the leg.
Acetabulum
forms the boundary between the upper pelvis (false pelvis) and the lower pelvis (true pelvis).
Pelvic brim
Blood vessels and nerves to the legs pass through openings in the lower pelvis called the
obturator foramina.
Attached to each coxal bone is a _____________ the longest single bone in the body.
Femur
The femur bends ans attaches distally to the ___________ and the tibia
Patella (kneecap)
is the large medial bone of the shin and beras most of the weight.
Tibia
The patellar ligament, which holds the patella in place, attaches to the tibia at the?
Tibial Tuberosity
The lateral bone of the shin is valled the?
Fibula
The ankle bones, or?, consist of 7 bones
Tarsals
Tarsals
Talus (ankle joint) , Calcenous(heel) (posterior)
are the phalanges (toes), which have a structure similar to the phalanges in the hand. The calcaneus forms the posterior portion of the foot. The foot has two raised bends, or arches, in it. The longitudinal arch spreads from anterior to posterior, while the transverse arch goes from side to
side. The arches are flexible and springy. They absorb shocks, distribute body weight over the foot, and provide leverage while walking.
Metataesals
