Skeletal 1 and 2 Flashcards
1
Q
functions of skeletal system
A
- support and protect soft tissues
- provide points of attachment for muscles
- store inorganic salts(calcium)
- house blood-producing cells
2
Q
tissues in bones
A
- bone tissue
- cartilage
- dense connective tissue
- blood and nervous tissue
3
Q
four kinds of bones
A
long
flat
short
irregular
4
Q
examples of long bones
A
thigh, forearm
5
Q
examples of flat bones
A
ribs, skull
6
Q
examples of short bones
A
ankle,wrist
7
Q
examples of irregular bones
A
bones in face, vertebrae
8
Q
plate-like structures
A
flat bones
9
Q
shaped like cubes
A
short bones
10
Q
example of round bone
A
patella
11
Q
small and nodular and embedded within tendons adjacent to joints
A
round bones
12
Q
to form a joint
A
articulate
13
Q
at end of long bone, forms a joint with another bone
A
epiphysis
14
Q
coats the epiphysis with a layer of hyaline cartilage
A
articular cartilage
15
Q
shaft of the bone
A
diaphysis
16
Q
widening part of the bone between the diaphysis and the epiphysis
A
metaphysis
17
Q
tough covering of dense connective tissue that covers the bone
-helps form/repair bone tissue
A
periosteum
18
Q
semirigid tube with a hollow chamber
A
medulary cavity
19
Q
how is the medullary cavity formed?
A
formed by compact bone in the diaphysis of a long bone
20
Q
thin membrane containing bone forming cells
A
endosteum
21
Q
soft connective tissue
A
marrow
22
Q
projection at the point of attachment
A
process
23
Q
extraceullular matrix composed of
A
collagen
inorganic salts
24
Q
gives bone strength
A
function of collagen
25
make bone hard, make bone resistant to crushing
inorganic salts
26
central canal and perforating contains
blood vessels/ nerve fibers, surrounded by loose connective tissue
27
How do compact and spongy bones differ in structure?
Compact bone is comprised of tightly packed tissue that is strong, solid, and resistant to bending. Spongy bone consists of numerous branching bony plates, reduced weight of the bone.
28
What connects central canals?
Perforating canal
29
Distinguish between the microscopic structure of compact bone and the microscopic structure of spongy bone
Compact bone is comprised of tightly packed tissue that is strong, solid, and resistant to bending. Spongy bone consists of numerous branching bony plates. Irregular interconnected spaces occur between these plates, thus reducing the weight of the bone.
30
bone cells in lacunae, transports nutrients and wastes to nearby cells by passing through canaliculi
osteocytes
31
bone-forming cells
osteoblasts
32
bone resorbing cells
osteoclasts
33
Why do we have to have a certain level of calcium in our blood?
For homeostasis of heart function
34
types of blood cells
1. red
2. white
3. platelets(clotting)
35
most abundant salt
calcium phosphate
36
loss of bone mineral
osteoporosis
37
other salts other than Calcium
magnesium ions, sodium ions, potassium ions, carbonate ions
38
stores fat, not blood cells
yellow marrow
39
soft, netlike mass of connective tissue in spaces of medullary cavity in spongy bone
marrow
40
blood cell formation
hematopoiesis
41
blood cell formation
red marrow
42
functions of bones
shapes, supports, and protects
43
Why do females stop growing sooner?
Estrogen has a greater effect than testosterone
44
factors affecting bone development, growth, and repair
nutriton, exposure to sunlight, hormonal secretion, physical exercise
45
deficiency of vitamin C(results in fragile bones)
scurvy
46
deficiency of vitamin d in children
rickets
47
deficiency of vitamin d in adults
osteomalacia
48
insufficient growth hormone
dwarfism
49
excessive growth hormone
gigantism
50
insufficient thyroid hormone
delays bone growth
51
how do sex hormones impact bones?
promote bone formation, stimulate, ossification of epiphyseal plates
52
originate with sheetlike layers of connective tissue
intramembranous ossification
53
bones begin as hyaline cartilage
endochondral ossification
54
bone resorption
action of osteoclasts
55
replace the bone
action of osteoclasts
56
most bones are
endochondral
57
4 zones of growth at the epiphyseal plate
1. resting cartilage
2. proliferating cartilage
3. hypertrophic cartilage
4. calcified cartilage
58
1. closet at the end of epiphysis
2. resting cells
3. anchors epiphyseal plate to epiphysis
resting cartilage
59
1. many rows of young cells
| 2. undergoing mitosis
proliferating cartilage
60
1. older cells
2. left behind when new cells appear
3. cells enlarging and becoming calcified
4. aging cells
hypertrophic cartilage
61
1. thin
2. dead cells
3. calcified extracellular matrix
calcified cartilage
62
4 factors affecting bone development, growth, and repair
nutrition, exposure to sunlight, hormonal secretion, physical exercise
63
hemoglobin
oxygen carrying pigment
64
harmful metallic elements
radium, lead, strontium
65
osteoclasts resorb bone tissue and osteoblasts replace the bone
bone remodeling
66
tiny bone chambers
lacunae
67
dense connective tissue that encloses the majority of the bone
periosteum
68
bone cell
osteocyte
69
found in cortical bone, consists of bone cells and layers of extracellular matrix clustered around a central canal
osteon
70
cellular processes by which bone cells transport nutrients and waste
canaliculi
71
What happens when blood is low in calcium
1.
Parathyroid hormone stimulates stimulates osteoclasts to break down bone tissue,
2. releasing calcium salts into the blood
72
Where does bone tissue replace hyaline cartilage in long bones?
center of the diaphysis(primary ossification center)
73
appears in the epiphyses, spongy bone forms in all directions from them
secondary ossification centers
74
increases cellular metabolism, stimulating osteoblast activity
thyroid hormone(thyroxine)
75
how does physical stress stimulate bone growth
skeletal muscles contracting pulls at their attachments on bones and causes bone tissue to thicken and strengthen
76
bone tissue thickening and strengthening
hypertrophy
77
weak bones that become thin
atrophy
78
why does the human body require calcium
1. muscle cell contraction
2. nerve impulse contraction
3. blood clot formation
79
incomplete longitudinal break
fissured fracture
80
incomplete break on the bend in the bone
greenstick fracture
81
completely fragments the bone
comminuted fracture
82
break occurs at a right angle to the axis of the bone
transverse
83
fracture that occurs at an angle other than a right angle
oblique fracture
84
fracture caused by twisting the bone excessively
spiral fracture
85
how do fractures repair
blood escapes from broken bone and forms a hematoma(blood clot)
86
location of yellow marrow in an adult
skull, vertebrae, hipbones, sternum
87
when do bones form
bone tissue replaces connective tissue
88
what does the central canal contain?
- blood vessels/nerve fibers
| - surrounded by loose connective tissue
89
stimulates division of cartilage cells at the epiphyseal plates
growth hormone
