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Anatomy > Skeletal 1 and 2 > Flashcards

Skeletal 1 and 2 Flashcards

1
Q

functions of skeletal system

A
  1. support and protect soft tissues
  2. provide points of attachment for muscles
  3. store inorganic salts(calcium)
  4. house blood-producing cells
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2
Q

tissues in bones

A
  1. bone tissue
  2. cartilage
  3. dense connective tissue
  4. blood and nervous tissue
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3
Q

four kinds of bones

A

long
flat
short
irregular

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4
Q

examples of long bones

A

thigh, forearm

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5
Q

examples of flat bones

A

ribs, skull

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6
Q

examples of short bones

A

ankle,wrist

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7
Q

examples of irregular bones

A

bones in face, vertebrae

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8
Q

plate-like structures

A

flat bones

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9
Q

shaped like cubes

A

short bones

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10
Q

example of round bone

A

patella

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11
Q

small and nodular and embedded within tendons adjacent to joints

A

round bones

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12
Q

to form a joint

A

articulate

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13
Q

at end of long bone, forms a joint with another bone

A

epiphysis

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14
Q

coats the epiphysis with a layer of hyaline cartilage

A

articular cartilage

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15
Q

shaft of the bone

A

diaphysis

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16
Q

widening part of the bone between the diaphysis and the epiphysis

A

metaphysis

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17
Q

tough covering of dense connective tissue that covers the bone
-helps form/repair bone tissue

A

periosteum

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18
Q

semirigid tube with a hollow chamber

A

medulary cavity

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19
Q

how is the medullary cavity formed?

A

formed by compact bone in the diaphysis of a long bone

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20
Q

thin membrane containing bone forming cells

A

endosteum

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21
Q

soft connective tissue

A

marrow

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22
Q

projection at the point of attachment

A

process

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23
Q

extraceullular matrix composed of

A

collagen

inorganic salts

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24
Q

gives bone strength

A

function of collagen

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25
Q

make bone hard, make bone resistant to crushing

A

inorganic salts

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26
Q

central canal and perforating contains

A

blood vessels/ nerve fibers, surrounded by loose connective tissue

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27
Q

How do compact and spongy bones differ in structure?

A

Compact bone is comprised of tightly packed tissue that is strong, solid, and resistant to bending. Spongy bone consists of numerous branching bony plates, reduced weight of the bone.

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28
Q

What connects central canals?

A

Perforating canal

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29
Q

Distinguish between the microscopic structure of compact bone and the microscopic structure of spongy bone

A

Compact bone is comprised of tightly packed tissue that is strong, solid, and resistant to bending. Spongy bone consists of numerous branching bony plates. Irregular interconnected spaces occur between these plates, thus reducing the weight of the bone.

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30
Q

bone cells in lacunae, transports nutrients and wastes to nearby cells by passing through canaliculi

A

osteocytes

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31
Q

bone-forming cells

A

osteoblasts

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32
Q

bone resorbing cells

A

osteoclasts

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33
Q

Why do we have to have a certain level of calcium in our blood?

A

For homeostasis of heart function

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34
Q

types of blood cells

A
  1. red
  2. white
  3. platelets(clotting)
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35
Q

most abundant salt

A

calcium phosphate

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36
Q

loss of bone mineral

A

osteoporosis

37
Q

other salts other than Calcium

A

magnesium ions, sodium ions, potassium ions, carbonate ions

38
Q

stores fat, not blood cells

A

yellow marrow

39
Q

soft, netlike mass of connective tissue in spaces of medullary cavity in spongy bone

A

marrow

40
Q

blood cell formation

A

hematopoiesis

41
Q

blood cell formation

A

red marrow

42
Q

functions of bones

A

shapes, supports, and protects

43
Q

Why do females stop growing sooner?

A

Estrogen has a greater effect than testosterone

44
Q

factors affecting bone development, growth, and repair

A

nutriton, exposure to sunlight, hormonal secretion, physical exercise

45
Q

deficiency of vitamin C(results in fragile bones)

A

scurvy

46
Q

deficiency of vitamin d in children

A

rickets

47
Q

deficiency of vitamin d in adults

A

osteomalacia

48
Q

insufficient growth hormone

A

dwarfism

49
Q

excessive growth hormone

A

gigantism

50
Q

insufficient thyroid hormone

A

delays bone growth

51
Q

how do sex hormones impact bones?

A

promote bone formation, stimulate, ossification of epiphyseal plates

52
Q

originate with sheetlike layers of connective tissue

A

intramembranous ossification

53
Q

bones begin as hyaline cartilage

A

endochondral ossification

54
Q

bone resorption

A

action of osteoclasts

55
Q

replace the bone

A

action of osteoclasts

56
Q

most bones are

A

endochondral

57
Q

4 zones of growth at the epiphyseal plate

A
  1. resting cartilage
  2. proliferating cartilage
  3. hypertrophic cartilage
  4. calcified cartilage
58
Q
  1. closet at the end of epiphysis
  2. resting cells
  3. anchors epiphyseal plate to epiphysis
A

resting cartilage

59
Q
  1. many rows of young cells

2. undergoing mitosis

A

proliferating cartilage

60
Q
  1. older cells
  2. left behind when new cells appear
  3. cells enlarging and becoming calcified
  4. aging cells
A

hypertrophic cartilage

61
Q
  1. thin
  2. dead cells
  3. calcified extracellular matrix
A

calcified cartilage

62
Q

4 factors affecting bone development, growth, and repair

A

nutrition, exposure to sunlight, hormonal secretion, physical exercise

63
Q

hemoglobin

A

oxygen carrying pigment

64
Q

harmful metallic elements

A

radium, lead, strontium

65
Q

osteoclasts resorb bone tissue and osteoblasts replace the bone

A

bone remodeling

66
Q

tiny bone chambers

A

lacunae

67
Q

dense connective tissue that encloses the majority of the bone

A

periosteum

68
Q

bone cell

A

osteocyte

69
Q

found in cortical bone, consists of bone cells and layers of extracellular matrix clustered around a central canal

A

osteon

70
Q

cellular processes by which bone cells transport nutrients and waste

A

canaliculi

71
Q

What happens when blood is low in calcium

A

1.
Parathyroid hormone stimulates stimulates osteoclasts to break down bone tissue,
2. releasing calcium salts into the blood

72
Q

Where does bone tissue replace hyaline cartilage in long bones?

A

center of the diaphysis(primary ossification center)

73
Q

appears in the epiphyses, spongy bone forms in all directions from them

A

secondary ossification centers

74
Q

increases cellular metabolism, stimulating osteoblast activity

A

thyroid hormone(thyroxine)

75
Q

how does physical stress stimulate bone growth

A

skeletal muscles contracting pulls at their attachments on bones and causes bone tissue to thicken and strengthen

76
Q

bone tissue thickening and strengthening

A

hypertrophy

77
Q

weak bones that become thin

A

atrophy

78
Q

why does the human body require calcium

A
  1. muscle cell contraction
  2. nerve impulse contraction
  3. blood clot formation
79
Q

incomplete longitudinal break

A

fissured fracture

80
Q

incomplete break on the bend in the bone

A

greenstick fracture

81
Q

completely fragments the bone

A

comminuted fracture

82
Q

break occurs at a right angle to the axis of the bone

A

transverse

83
Q

fracture that occurs at an angle other than a right angle

A

oblique fracture

84
Q

fracture caused by twisting the bone excessively

A

spiral fracture

85
Q

how do fractures repair

A

blood escapes from broken bone and forms a hematoma(blood clot)

86
Q

location of yellow marrow in an adult

A

skull, vertebrae, hipbones, sternum

87
Q

when do bones form

A

bone tissue replaces connective tissue

88
Q

what does the central canal contain?

A
  • blood vessels/nerve fibers

- surrounded by loose connective tissue

89
Q

stimulates division of cartilage cells at the epiphyseal plates

A

growth hormone

Anatomy (21 decks)

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