Site Planning & Design Flashcards
Aquifer
A oermeable straum of soil material that allows the passage of wanter underground ans is the water source for wells
Alluvium
Soil, sand or mud deposited by flowing water
Albedo
The measurement of how much of the radiant energy that a surface receives is reflected rather than absorbed.
Arterial Roads
Wide, high capacity streets usually connecting to expressways
Auger Boring
Type of soil testing: This method uses an auger drill bit fastened to a rod to bring the soil to the surface. Most efficient in sand or clay because the bit is easily obstructed. It has a limited depth capacity
Bedrock
The most stable soil type
Breast Boards
Horizontal boards, 2 in to 4 in thick placed between soldier beams used to hold soil in place during excavation.
Battering
The sloping it recessing of successive courses of stone or masonry to help resist soil thrust and overturning.
Bioswale
A shallow ditch lined with grass or other ground cover. A permanent construction, It is designed to slow storm runoff and remove sediments.
Catch Basin
A reservoir in which debris and sediment from runoff may settle before it enters the storm drain
Clay
Fine grained cohesive material, least stable and least predictable, plastic when wet, prone to heaving - #4 drainage / grain size
Compact parking stall dim.
7’-6” to 8’ wide X 16’ to 18’ long
Collector Roads
Connection roads between local and arterial streets
Coarse-Grained Soils
gravels, silty gravels, sands, silty sands
Coefficient of Runoff
A fixed ratio of total rainfall that runs off a surface
Compaction (soil improvement)
Existing soil - Moisture is added and the soil is then compacted
Coniferous Trees
Wind and sun block - leaves all year round.
Convection
The transfer of heat by the movement of liquid or gas, such as air
Core Boring
Type of soil testing: An intact cylindercal sample is extracted by drilling through all types of soil including bedrock. Excellent depth capability. This test is very reliable as well as expensive.
Cost for cutting and filling earth on site is calculated with what unit?
Cubic yards [meters]
Covenant
Type of “deed restriction”. It is a provision in the deed that places limitation on land development by the owner for public interest.
Crime Prevention through environmental design
• architectural design: use if defensible space, natural access control, natural surveillance, territorial reinforcement • electronic methods: locks, alarms, surveillance. • organizational methods: guard, door attendants, etc.
Culvert
A drain or channel that permits the passage of water below ground. Typ. a lare dia. conc. or metal pipe often used to channel water under a road
Degree Days
The number of degrees that the mean temperature for any day at a particular location is below 65F
Deciduous Trees
Screen out direct sunlight in the summer while allowing it to pass in the winter
Drain Tile
A perforated pipe surrounded by granular fill used to relieve hydrostatic pressure from foundation or retaining walls
Expressways
Limited access roads with high speed, high volume circulation
Fill (soil improvement)
Poor soil is replaced with the appropriate soil, sand and gravel mix - moisture is added and the soil is then compacted
Densification (soil improvement)
Use of heavy pounding piles, vibration or weights to compact and fill voids
Excavation
The removal of soil from its natural position to allow for construction below grade
Easement
A limited right, whether temporary or permanenet, to use the property of another in a certain way. This may inlcude the right of access to water, light and air, right-of-way, etc.
Extraction / treatment
Most commonly used technology in groundwater remediation projects
Fine-Grained Soils
silts and clays
Flume
An elevated artificial channel that carries fast moving water and is used to transport items such as logs or fish, or to divert a stream
Gap-Graded Soils
Consists of both large and small particles but the continuity of gradation is interrupted, typically by the absence of intermediate-size particles. A type of poorly graded soil.
Forecourt
A design where the building line is set back from the frontage line and a wall is placed at the frontage line, creating a semi-private courtyard.
Gravel
Course granular - #1 drainage / grain size
Gridiron Street System
This urban layout incorporates public parks and open spaces as well as uniform spacing and setbacks.
How to prevent heaving?
Place top of footing at or below frost line.
Humus
Soft dark soil containing decomposed organic matter, poor bearing capacity
Hydrology
The study of the occurance , movement and quality of water ona site. Concerned with water forms, drainage patters, runoff, water table and aquifer zones.
Invert
The elevation of the bottom (flow line) of a pipe
Lagging Boards
Horizontal boards, 2 in to 4 in thick placed between soldier beams used to hold soil in place during excavation.
Loam
Rich soil containing equal parts of sand, silt and clay
Local Roads
Low capacity roads with direct access to a site
Mat Footing
One large footing under the entire building that distributes the load over the entire building area. used when soil is poor.
min distance between drieway and intersection depending on speed and capacity of road
50’ to 200’
min. and max. a slope for parking area
1% min. to 5% max.
min. angle of road at an intersection
70
min. slope for a rough paved area
1.5% min.
min. slope for a smooth paved area
1% min.
min. slope for a underground drainage pipe
0.3” min.
min. to ideal slope for a lawn
2% min. to ideal 4%
min. width of a one-way driveway
10’
min. width of a two-way driveway
16’
min. width of a two-way main aisle between 90 parking stalls
20’
Minimum width for planting strips of grass.
4 feet min.
Minimum width for planting strips of trees.
6 - 7 feet minimum
Mixing (soil improvement)
Addition of sand or gravel to the soil
Percolation Test
A test method to determine the rate at which soil absorbs effluent.
Highly-Grained Soils
peat, leaf and branch particles, grass or other organic material that may have undesirable bldg, characteristics.
Proctor Test
A test method used to determine the optimum relationship between moisture content and compaction soil
Raker
A temporary diagonal brace used to support vertical sheeting against earth walls created by excavation
Recess Line
In urban site planning the recess line is the top of the full-width plane of a building facade, which effectively defines the enclosure of public space relative to the distance between it and an opposite facade.
Right-Of-Way
A strip of land granted by deed or easement for a circulation path
Riprap
Rock along a watercourse it drainage area designed to prevent erosion.
Sand
Granular material, particles too small to be picked up individually - #2 drainage / grain size
Sheet flow
Water that drains in a thin layer across a sloped surface, pavement, grass or landscape.
Shoring
Temporary wood or steel bracing usually set at an angel position and used to hold walls in place
Silt
Granular particles, too small to be seen individually. Stable but is weak when dry, swells when wet, is non plastic and can heave in freezing temps. - #3 drainage / grain size
Silt Fence
A temporary construction designed to filter water runoff from a construction site and trap sediment before it is washed into drains or nearby bodies of water.
Soil liquefaction
The sudden loss of shearing resistance in a cohesionless soil
Soldier Beam
A heavy timber or steel column driven vertically into the soil and used to hold sheeting boards in place.
Spot Zoning
The designation of a parcel of land for a use classification different from that of the surrounding area to favor a particular owner
Square footage required per car for parking and ciculation
300-400 s.f.
Standard parking stall dim.
8’ to 9’ wide X 18’ to 20’ long
standard slope for a pedestrian paths
2% (1/4” per foot) standard
Storm Drain
Underground conduit used to carry rainwater, not sewage, from a catch basin to a paved channel ot body of water. Controls runoff and erosion in high-density areas with impervious surfaces. Dia. is determined by the region’s rainfall in inches per hour
Subsurface investigation report contents
-Result of field test -Result of laboratory test -Recommended types of foundations
Surcharging (soil improvement)
Adding fill to existing soil and allowing settlement to take place with time
Swale
A type of above ground drainage used to control runoff.
Test Pit
Type of soil testing: An excavation of an open pit. This allows for a visual examination of the existing conditions as well as the ability to take intact samples for further testing. Can determine the depth of the water table.
Timber Sheetinga
Horizontal boards, 2 in to 4 in thick placed between soldier beams used to hold soil in place during excavation.
Transition Line
The line running the full width of the facade and that may be expressed as a change of material or limited projection.
Transpiration
The process by which water vapor escapes into the atmosphere from plants
Trenching
Creating shallow excavation used for pouring small footings and foundation walls or to provide drainage of surface water
Underpinning
Providing additional support to an existing foundation by rebuilding or reinforcing
Uniformly-Graded Soils
Consists of particles that are all approximately the same size. A type of poorly graded soil
Vapor Extraction
Clean up technology to remediate the unsaturated zone of ground water contamination
View plane
Established by local ordinances, they are restrictions to protect scenic views from a specific point or area.
Wale, waler or whaler
A horizontal brace of steel or timber used to support sheathing or other members such as concrete framework. Holds vertical members and form work in line.
Wash Boring
Type of soil testing: The drilling of a test hole to locate bedrock beneath very compact soil. A pip is driven into the soil while water forces the material to the surface. It can penetrate all materials other than rock
Water Table
The boundary between aerated and water-saturated soil. Thine plane may rise and fall seasonally. same as ground-water level.
Weir
An embankment, levee or dam formed to hold a river or stream or divert a flow of water.
Well-Graded Soils
Has a good representation of all particle sizes, in proportionate quantities, from the largest to the smallest. Increased grain to grain proportion.
What cause heaving?
Upward lift of soil.
What is the relationship between wind and the mass of high-rise buildings?
More wi d turbulence is created at the street level of wide, smooth-surfaced facades.
max. slope for automobile ramps
90 degree Parking Layout
45 degree Parking Layout
Spalling
The deterioration of concrete or masonry caused by excessive moisture and is unlikely to cause a retaining wall to fail.
