Since 1877 Test 1 Events and Terms

Question 1

Growth of Technology & Corportation

Answer 1

1. education
2. agricultural (coal; steal)
3. high concentration of people, products, and consumers
4. capitalism
   - High growth of both tech. such as:
   telephones; auto Mobil; light bulb; phonograph; airplanes; etc
   - Large Corps. such as:
   Proctor & Gamble, etc

Question 2

Laissez-faire

Answer 2

The Government doesn’t interfere with business

Question 3

1840-2010 the 3 major types of jobs

Answer 3

1. agriculture
2. industry
3. services
   (changes mainly during the 1800s)

Question 4

Rise of Corporations; the Benefits of having a corp:

Answer 4

1. brought in more money and investments

2. legal protection (for people who invest)

Question 5

4 major “hero of capitalism” or “robber barons”

Answer 5

1. John Rockefeller (oil)
2. Andrew Carnegie (steel)
3. Cornelius Vanderbilt (roads & shipping)
4. J.P. Morgan (banker)

Question 6

Knights of Labor

Answer 6

• first national labor organization in US (largest in 19th century): strikes/boycotts/political action/educational social activities
• Terence Powderly was named head o the Knights
• large companies would hire private armies and resort to violence
• 1877 biggest strike in N.E. “great rail road strike” (gov. sided with business)
• Strikers were seen as spoiled and illegal

Question 7

Haymarket Riot

Answer 7

• took place in Chicago May 1886
• Iron Molder Union against McCormick Harvesting Company
• Workers wanted 8 day work week
• McCormick brought in police and a battle took place in the street; a striker threw a bomb killing a police; the police panicked and opened fire; afterwards police arrested 8 leaders, they were tried, found guilty, and sentenced to death
• NO evidence showed they were involved; 4 were hung, 1 commits suicide, 3 eventually pardon by governor of Illinois (pro-labor) John Altegeld

Question 8

American Federation of Labor

Answer 8

• Samuel Gompers was president of this organization from 1886 to 1924
• this was a much friendlier union that focused on skilled workers (b/c they were harder to replace)
• they had specific Limited goals (which differ from the Knights of Labor)

Question 9

Dawes Act of 1887

Answer 9

• named after Senator Henry Dawes of Massachusetts
• this act broke up the land of nearly all tribes into small parcels and distributed to Indian families; the remainder auctioned to white families
• Indian families who accepted the farms was required to convert to american ways
• this led to the loss of much tribal land, but whites benefited; resulted in many land rushes for white settlers

Question 10

Wounded Knee

Answer 10

• Indian Ghost Dance (many Indians gathered for days of singing, dancing, and religious events)
• the Gov. fearing a “uprising” sent troops to the reservations on Dec 29, 1890 and opened fire on Ghost Dancers (South Dakota)
• killed between 150-200 Indians (machine guns), mostly women and children
• this event pretty much ended the Indian Wars

Question 11

Sharecroppping

Answer 11

• huge after the civil war in which many southern land owners lost slave workers needed help growing crops
• this lasted through the depression; all the way into the 1930s

Question 12

Plessy v. Ferguson

Answer 12

• Plessy challenged the “seating” law by sitting in the front o the train
• he was 1/8 black and very light skin; considered an “octaroon”
• in the south if you had “one drop” of black blood, you were considered black
• this case went to the Supreme Court which ruled 8-1 that “separate but equal” was allowed
• this case and its decision led to unlimited actions of segregation including Hopitals

Question 13

Jim Crows Laws

Answer 13

Allowed for segregation; such as separate drinking fountain, jobs, etc.
- OPEN discrimination

Question 14

Currency Debate (gold v silver)

Answer 14

• all money was backed up by Gold and due to no more gold, the Gov. stopped printing money (which led to a deflation b/c products were still increasingly being produced)
• Populist party wanted Gov. to print money (backed up by silver) or printed in forms for silver coins
• Colorado especially pushed this because they were a big distributor of silver

Question 15

Interstate Commerce Act (commission) ICC

Answer 15

• 1887, the Gov. finally tries to regulates business
• Gov. sets up to regulate railroads (ensure that railroads charged farmers and merchants a “reasonable” price and did not offer favorable treatment to some shippers over others)
• president ends up appointing railroad executives (bad idea)
• also, the federal agency lacked power to establish rates on its own (could only sue companies in court)
• unfortunately, the first 20 years was ineffective

Question 16

Sherman Anti Trust Act

Answer 16

• 3 years after the ICC, Congress passed this to ban all combinations and practices that prevented free trade (which posed a threat to corporate efforts in dominating the economy; could not longer stifle competition)
• but instead, the courts primarily used this as a way to suppress labor unions (judges would issue injunctions prohibiting strikes b/c they illegally interfered with free trade)

Question 17

Populism

Answer 17

Due to high mortgages and deflation, farmers esp. in the west begin get angry blaming railroads and pushing the Government to get in involve, there demands included:

1. Gov. Prints money (also backed up by silver)
2. Wanted an income tax created (to replace the tariff, assume rich people would pay this)
3. Wanted direct voting for representatives and senators (during this time, senators were appointed in-house)
4. Wanted Gov. to take over railroads and banks (gov. should set prices)
5. also knew they needed city worker votes and support, so agreed to such ideas as 8 hour work day and child labor

Question 18

Chinese exclusion act

Answer 18

• chinese brought in mainly to build railraods and after, ino the mines
• not allowed to own land, so they resourted to business such as restaurants and laundry
• there was a lot of pressure to stop the Chinese immigrants from entering which led to the pass of this act in 1882 ( this was the first time that race had been used to exclude an entire group of people from entering the US)
• it was only suppose to last 10 years, but was renewed and permanently adopted in 1902

Question 19

Gilded Age

Answer 19

• a book written by Mark Twain “The Gilded Age” that went after business and politician (hypocrisy)
• The era 1870 to 1890
• This was an era of politicalferment and conflict over the proper us of Governmental authority
• Labor and capital (distrust between employees and employers)

Question 20

Election of 1876

Answer 20

1. Rutherford Hayes (republican) - won w/ 185 votes
   He created a deal to end reconstruction in the south (didn’t work anyways, b/c the south always voted for democrats)
2. Samuel J. Tilden (democrat) - had a higher popular vote (one of the 4 elections where the person with the highest pop. vote didn’t win electoral votes)
   * 20 electoral votes were in dispute in four states; An informal deal was struck to resolve the dispute: the Compromise of 1877, which awarded all 20 electoral votes to Hayes. In return, the Republicans agreed to withdraw federal troops from the South, ending Reconstruction.

Question 21

Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act

Answer 21

• after Garfield was assassinated by a civilian who was upset he did not get a federal job (presidents job to ok all who were employed), Vice president Chester Arthur passed this act stating that the president will NOT be the only one to appoint federal jobs

Question 22

“remember the Maine”

Answer 22

• During McKinley’s presidency, in an attempt to offer help to Cuba’s fight for independence from Spain, he sent over a USS Maine Ship as a warning (mainly hung around the water borders of cuba)
• During this time, the Maine explodes and the US automatically points blame at Spain
• This led to the 1898 (April) Spanish and American War
• Col. Roosevelt was a famous leader during this war and led the US to victory in San Juan Hill
• The was quickly over in Fall of 1898; Spain signed a Treaty (cuba was given independence); the treaty also stated that:
  1. the US reserved the right to send in armies or navy to restore order if needed in Cuba
  2. the purchase of Peurto Rico and Philippine and the Pacific Island of Guam

Question 23

Rough Riders

Answer 23

The first US volunteer cavalry, led in battle in the Spanish American war by Roosevelt; they were victorious in their only battle near Santiago Cuba, and Roosevelt used the notoriety to aid his political career

Question 24

Phillippine American War

Answer 24

• Philippine was planing a revolt against Spain, but after the Spanish American war was won by the US, the Philippine expected freedom (as cuba), but was not granted such
• Emilio Aguinaldo led the revolt leading to this 3 year war
• the war consisted of many guerilla attack and jungle fighting
• Aguinaldo was captured and forced to surrender along with his army

Question 25

Boxer Rebellion

Answer 25

• China had “spheres” of influences including: British, french, japan, Russian, Germans; U.S. wanted in, so they came up with the “open door” policy - let all compete for market
• During the 1900s Merchants and missionaries were sent into China
• the Boxer Rebellion “fist of righteousness”; local Chinese that tried to rid foreigners by attacking Missionaries (killed many)
• US plus other countries sent their own army and troops in to control the rebellion

Question 26

Sources of Immigration

Answer 26

• 1840 big boom of irish and germans (due to potato famine)
• in the Late 1800’s the most immigrants arriving was russians, itialian, and austria-hungarian
• russian/german immigrants (Jews) were being force out (during this time Poland did not exist; most immigrants came from this mix)
• “Pale of Settlement” jews were being excluded as where to live in Germany, so many migrated to US (settled mainly in NY (lower west side))

Question 27

Attitudes toward Catholics

Answer 27

• in the 1840s, the Catholic population expanded significantly when thousands of Irish Catholics immigrated to the U.S. following Ireland’s potato famine
• In the late 1800s, a second flood of Catholic immigrants came from Eastern Europe and Italy.
• Protestants feared Catholics would not adapt to the individualism promoted by democracy. They also suspected Catholics of attempting to make the U.S. a papal state.
• Prior to World War I, there were more than 60 anti-Catholic newspapers
• The American Protective Association was founded in the late 19th century to promote anti-Catholicism

Question 28

Urbanization

Answer 28

• over 50% by 1920; ties in w/ industrialization & immigration (if a town consist of 2.500 or more it was consider an Urban Area)
• mainly in the north (including NY, Philadelphia, Chicago)
• Spread Horizontally: due to street cards and railroads; the rich tend to live on the west side of town due to wind direction and the stench from the city
• Spread Vertically: skyscraper (worlds first in 1884 “Home Insurance Building” chicago); steel was a big contributor, and the advancement of elevators - Elisha Otis’s automatic breaking system

Question 29

Political Machines

Answer 29

• most cities were ran by criminals/mafias directing towards immigrants
• people were being forced (through violence if needed) to vote a certain way (in return protection, jobs, living space)
• this was reduced due to famous editorial cartoons (encouraged people to kick these criminals out of town)

Question 30

Dumbbell tenants

Answer 30

• regarded to tenements (living spaces)
• it was a city ordinance that each tenement have at least 1 window; dumbbell allowed windows for each tenement (a court yard was established; normally became dirty from trash throwing)
• this structure allowed for more families to live in one building

Question 31

Ashcan school, Armory Show

Answer 31

the development of Modern Art (movement)

• the Armory show was in 1913 with featured Marcel Duchamp’s Nude Descending A staircase
• Jazz music (a provocative music)
• Biggest sports include: baseball, boxing, and College foot ball (pro football not famous until TV)

Question 32

Progressive Movement

Answer 32

this era was all about cleaning up society: the actual cities, on a political level, and health care (the people)

• it started in many urban cities
• Progressive groups were afraid of what they were seeing: rich people running the towns & the poor possibility of creating an anarchy (pushing for no government control)
• Progressive concerned that revolution would emerge and felt it was their job to fix these issues

Question 33

Muckrakers

Answer 33

• journalist whose jobs was to expose and write about all the bad/wrong things happening in the cities (politicians, working environment, living conditions of the poor, etc)
• their goal was to induce and bring out public opinion
• among them were Lincoln Steffens (went undercover; Upton Sinclair (writer of the Jungle exposing slaughter houses)

Question 34

Pure Food and Drug Act

Answer 34

Passed by T. Roosevelt in 1906 which regulated the use of pure ingredients in packaged food, and forced companies to list items/ingredients on packaging

Question 35

Speak softly and carry a big stick

Answer 35

T. Roosevelts famouse qoute regarding his view on wars

• his “big stick” was the US Navy (in which he put together)
• he actually had Navy ships just travel the world to show off, became known as the “great white Navy”

Question 36

16 and 17 amendment

Answer 36

Passed by William Taft:
16th Amnd. passed in 1913 which gave congress the power to establish a national income tax (thus lowing tariff)
17th Amnd, passed in 1913 stated that US senators were to be elected by popular vote (the people) rather than by state lagislatures

Question 37

Progressive Party (Bull Moose)

Answer 37

the 1912 election, upon loosing the vote to be the Republican candidate, T. Roosevelt created the Progressive Party to run for president (which ultimately split The Republican party in half)

Question 38

Election of 1912

Answer 38

Woodrow Wilson - Democrat (WON)
W. Taft - Republican
T. Roosevelt - Progressive Party
E. Debs _ Socialist Party
* each party claiming to be the biggest progressive party
- T.R. was the first candidate to every suggest health insurance (also made a speech after being shot)
- This was an odd election because T.R. and Taft both (basically) represented the Republican party and ultimately ended up splitting the electoral votes which allowed Wilson to win