History Terms and Events Flashcards
Beringia
land bridge the natives took to migrate into north america
Treaty of Tordesillas
Spain and Portugal’s compromise in 1494 which drew an imaginary line west of the Cape Verde Islands (off the west coast of Africa) and stipulated that the area to its west (which included most of the Americas) would be a Spanish sphere of exploration and settlement. Africa and what was to become Brazil were granted to Portugal
Oldest city in what is now US
St. Augustine 1565
Columbian exchange
The period of cultural and biological exchanges between the New and Old Worlds. Exchanges of plants, animals, diseases and technology transformed European and Native American ways of life.
Virginia Company
- King James I main achievement
- A coporation in which investors in England sent groups over to find gold and silver
- Came about James Town 1607 (first trip 144 men)
James Town
- landed in 1607 (first British settlement)
- included John Smith and Powhata and Pocahontas
- 1619 events:
- house of burgesses
- success of tobacco
- introduction of african slaves
House of Burgesses
the first legislature in America
First successful crop in Virginia
Tobacco
Indentured servants
Poor citizens of England who wanted to come go to America, sold themselves as salves; worked for normally 7 years and then let free with small land - thus becoming a freedmen
Protestant
Included Calvinist, which consisted of:
- Puritans
- Separatist
- Pilgrims
Puritans
wanted to purifie the church of england
Separatist
wanted to rid of the church of england completely and start from over (felt they could not be purified)
Church of England / Anglicans
lean twards most of Puritan beliefs, but held a lot of Catholicism as well
Mayflower Compact - “civil body politic”
Nov. 11, 1620 upon the Pilgrims arriving, a constitution (basically setting up a democracy; a government) was signed
Wampanoag
- Indian Tribe that helps out the Pilgrims (chief wampanoag) 1621 first thanksgiving
- Also Metacom (king Philip; Massasoit’s son) involved in the metacom war, slaughtering thousands of Puritans
“city upon a hill”
Massachusetts Bay Colony led by governor John Winthrop (used as a refuge for prosecuting Puritans) would be self governing unlike Jamestown who was still ruled by London - strictly for Puritans only, all others would be banned, punished, or executed
New Netherland
A Dutch colony that settled along the Atlantic coast 1640, was taken over by the Duke of York (later king James II) thus changed to New York City
Quakers
Settled in Pennsylvania; was a religious group meaning the friends society (they believe god spoke to them) they were calm and hard working people - against war and violence (main city was Philadelphis very advanced and clean) - held meetings no church like
Pequot War 1637
Massachusetts joined by Connecticut colonist wiped out the Pequot Nation. Pequot Indians killed english pirates and Puritans upset about it - attacked a Pequot village near the Connecticut River valley (shooting at men, women, and children as they fled)
King Phillilp’s War
New England Colonies kept growing reducing eastern tribes to poverty. Forced them to embrace English laws and customs. English man killed some Wampanoag Indians (convicted of murder), the Wampanoag attacked and burned over 50 Puritan towns. King Phillip was eventually captured and killed in 1676. - This ended the Indian and New England confrontations.
Dominion of New England
Sir Edmund Andros as the New Governor 1686-1689
James II sent him to New England to control the colonies, wanted them to remember they were still under the control of the King. Tried to forced Puritans back to the church of England.
Glorious Revolution
End of the Dominion
James II was over thrown (catholic wife and new heir)
Mary and William came to rule England
Allowed Parliament to make most of the decisions
Salem Witch Trials 1692
20 executed - 19 hung and 1 male refused to confess was crushed to death
- witch trials were common in Europe (mainly single woman)
- young girls accusations were used as “spectral evidence”
Bacon’s Rebellion 1676
Nathaniel Bacon becomes leader of Freedmens and attacks Jamestown (burns it to the ground) thus ended Freedmen and resorted to only black slaves
Growth of slavery
in 1600 75% of immigrants were indenture servants
in 1680 7% of Virginians were slaves
by 1700 all were Black slaves
* 10 million salves brought over, 500,000 to US
Mercantilism
belief in the benefits of profitable trading
- colonies exist to serve the mother country
- the government should help and protect its own merchant
- wealth is measured by how much gold the country possess
- war is a natural state since people will fightover limted resources
Navigation Act 1651 (the Triangular trade)
- Parliment adopted, designed to increase the nations commercial revenues by restricting the economic freedom of its colonies in ways thatt would also take commerce away from their dutch enemies. Required all goods imported to England or the colonies from Asia and Africa to be carried only in ships built in England and owned by Englishmen. 1660 - certain products from the colonies were to be shipped only to england included tobacco, cotton, indigo, ginger, and sugar. England and its colonies become the sole outlet .
- Europe -> africa -> america -> Europe
Georgia a penal colony
The State of Georgia first founded by James Edward Oglethorpe was used as a penal colony for prisoners taken largely from debtors’ prison
Great Awakening - emotionalism 1730-1740
A religious revival
Jonathan Edwards practiced Emotionalism (one who spoke to the heart)
Enlightenment, late 1700s
All about reason, logic, scientific
- intellectual movement that started in Europe
- Emphasized reason and progress
- centered among wealthy and well educated, not the common people
- many were Deists
- included Franklin, Jefferson, Paine, Washington, Adams, Madison
Deism
those who believed in God, but not the bible - lean more towards scientific research and reasoning
salutary neglect
Britain followed a policy of “a wise and salutary neglect” that gave the colonies greater freedom to peruse their economic interest and claim greater political freedoms. Such “salutary neglect” created among many colonists an independent attitude and would start the revolution.
French & Indian War
- lasted 7 years
- French and Britain fought over the land between them in the new world.
- was a world wide war, on land, on sea, back in britain
- britain won because they had more money (borrowed money from themselves (gov bonds) citizens then financing it.
- Ended in 1763 as a result the French was kicked out of the N. America and spit between the spanish and britain.
Proclamation of 1763
- after french and indian war
- a line was drawn, colonies could not travel outside the line by the british government (did not want to risk another war with the indian)
Stamp Act Crises
“no taxation without representation”
created tax on anything that was printed including marriage license, news paper, etc
Declaratory Act
Parliament rid of the Stamp Act, only to issue an act stating that they had the power to make laws binding the colonies “in all cases whatsoever”
Boston Massacre March 5, 1770
Townspeople of Boston interrogated 8 British soldiers and in defending themselves shot at the citizens, John Adams was the defense attorney for the soldiers. (5 dead or dying 8 wounded)
Tea Act and Boston Tea Party
- after the Boston Massacre, the Tea act was the only one still implemented by Britain.
- Colonist could only buy tea from the east india british tea company
- “sons of liberty” organized by Samuel Adams threw over 300 boxes of tea
Coercive Acts
- closed boston port
- reduced power of Massachusetts assembly (thomas gage military gov.)
- english trial for royal officials
- quarter act (british army lived in the homes of the colonist)
- quebec act (gave large amount of land to quebec; colonist was not allowed to have)
1st Continental Congress
- sept 5, 1774 had 55 delegates set up in Philadelphia (lasted 7 weeks)
- It was called in response to the passage of the Coercive Acts by the British
- Their mission was to assert the rights of the colonies and create collective measures to defend them
- Adopted a declaration of american rights which proclaimed once again the rights of Americans as English citizens, denying Parliaments authority to regulate internal colinia laffiars
2nd Continental Congress
- may 10, 1775 the Revolutionary war had begun
- Included 13 representative from the 13 colonies
- named George Washington commander in chief of a Continental army (had experienc in the french and indian war)
- Franklin and Hancock was present for this
Lexington and Concord
- April 19, 1775
- Thomas Gage (british general) planed to send troops into concord during the night from boston 700 troops, to arrive early to take all guns an weapons
- someone snitched (said to be his wife)
- troops get to lexington (1st confrontation) colonist had 70 men
- gets to concord but weapons were already gon
- British troops ran back to boston
- 273 british soldier wounded or killed/ 100 americans wounded or killed
“common sense”
Thomas Paine wrote about how the 13 colonies should become independant (became best seller)
- directly took on the idea of a king, monarchy was stupid; military, was now the time to do it (they had the people w/ experience)
Bunker Hill, Trenton & Princeton
battles during the revolutionary war
- bunker hill was the most bloody
- Trenton; Washington crosses the Delaware river to attack the Hessian (germany troops)
Battle in Saratago
General Gates led
- the turning point battle
- brought on french recognition
Battle in Yorktown
Siege of York Town
- the arrival of the french navy
- Cornwallis and British troops were surrounded
- they surrender
- ended the American Revolution
Treaty of Paris 1783
Treaty that ended the American Revolution
