Simplified Final Flashcards
What are the 5 layers of the epidermis from deep to superficial?
Stratum Basale Stratum Spinosum Stratum Granulosum Stratum Lucidum Stratum Corneum (BSGLC)
What type of epithelium is the skin?
Stratified Squamous Epithelium
is found in only thick (hairless) skin
Stratum Lucidum
Where are keratinocytes made?
Stratum Basale
The layer from which all cells are regenerated in the skin
Stratum Basale
Sheded flakes of skin are referred to as
Squames
What are the four cells found in the epidermis?
Keratinocytes
Melanocytes
Langerhans Cells
Merkel Discs
Cells which carry pigment granules that give the skin its color
Langerhans Cells
Langerhans cells are a type of _____ cell
dendritic
A type of nervous system cell that detects light touch
Merkel Disc
Help to waterproof the skin
Keratin
What vitamin is synthesized in the skin
Vitamin D
is a dense connective layer beneath the epidermis
Dermis
The dermis is made up of what few type of cells?
Collagen and elastic fibers
about 1/5 of the thickness of the dermis
Papillary region
Palms, fingertips, and soles of the feet, the underlying structure of the dermis causes the skin to have fingerprints.
Papillary region
about 4/5 of the thickness of the dermis
Reticular region
Nerves and blood vessels runs through this layer. Hair roots and glands are present here
Reticular region
Stretch marks are referred to as
Striae
A bone stem cell and is the precursor to all other cell types
Osteogenic cell
Dividing cells. Laying down the components of bone. Bone building cells. Forms bone
Osteoblasts
Bone cells. Maintain bone integrity.
Osteocytes
Constantly tunnel through bone. Dissolving the bone matrix as they go. Bone chewing. Breaks down bone.
Osteoclasts
Inorganic (mineralized) component of bone is primarily
Hydroxyapatite (calcium, hydroxyl, and phosphate)
Organic (protein) component of bone is primarily
Collagen type 1
When there is too much bone minerals, it becomes brittle and fractures easily
Osteogenesis Imperfecta
If a bone has too much collagen, bones are soft and pliable, as in
Rickets (children)
Osteomalacia (adults)
What does PTH do with bone cells?
Stimulates osteoclasts
Inhibits osteoblasts
What does Calcitonin (CT) do with bone cells?
Stimulates osteoblasts
Inhibits osteclasts
If you have a low blood calcium, what happens to osteoblasts and osteoclasts?
Stimulation of osteoclasts
Inhibition of osteoblasts
If you have a high blood calcium, what happens to osteoblasts and osteoclasts?
Stimulation of osteoblasts
Inhibition of osteoclasts
If blood calcium is too low, what hormone kicks in?
PTH
If blood calcium is too high, what hormone kicks in?
Calcitonin
What does PTH do to blood calcium?
Raises it
What does Calcitonin do to blood calcium?
Lowers it
What does Calcitriol do?
Detects low blood calcium in the kidneys and increases absorption in the GI tract
Part of the nasal sinuses. Back of the eye.
Ethmoid Bone
A horshoe shaped “floating bone” in the neck
Hyoid Bone
Small bone that forms the bridge of the nose.
Nasal Bone
Forming the roof of the mouth
Palatine Bone
Complex shape in the center of the skull, butterfly shaped bone
Sphenoid
A bone between the ethmoid, maxilla and palatine bone
Vomer
The largest part of a vertebra is the
Body
A joint between two adjacent bodies is filled with a disk of fibrocartilage
Intervertebral Disc
Extend laterally on the vertebrae
Transverse processes
Connects the transverse process to the vertebral body
Pedicle
Is a projection which protrudes posteriorly on a vertebrae
Spinous process
Joins a transverse process to the spinous process
Laminae
The first cervical vertebrae is called the
Atlas
The second cervical vertebrae is called the
Axis
Nod or bump located on C2.
Dens
What is unique about a cervical vertebrae?
Bifid
C7 is referred to as
Vertebra prominens
Made up of 5 fused vertebrae
Sacrum
Made up of 3-4 fused vertebrae
Coccyx
What are ribs 1-7 referred to as?
True ribs. This is because they directly connect c the sternum.
Ribs 8-10 are referred to as?
False ribs. This is because they use rib 7 to articulate c the sternum.
Ribs 11-12 are referred to as
Floating ribs.
What two bones form the pectoral girdle?
Clavicle
Scapula
Three bones that make up the pelvis.
Ilium
Ischium
Pubis
Two halves of the pelvis join where?
Pubic Symphysis
Socket for the head of the femur is called
Acetabulum
Largest bone in the body
Femur
Kneecap
Patella
Ankle Bones
Tarsals
Big toe is referred to as
Halux
Knuckle on bone
Condyle
On top of a condyle
Epicondyle
Window
Foramen
Ditch
Fossa
Projection
Process
Like process, but pointed.
Spine
Pulley
Trochlea
Little potato
Tubercle
Potato-like bump
Tuberosity
Point of contact between the nervous system and the muscular system
Neuromuscular Junction
Motor neurons release what neurotransmitters?
ACh
Last neuron in the motor neuron is called
Alpha motor neuron
Breaks apart ACh molecule at its ester linkage
Acetylcholinesterase
Help action potential penetrate deep into the muscle fibers
Transverse tubules (T tubules)
Two sarcoplasmic reticulum and a T tubule make up a
Triad
The sarcoplasmic reticulum releases what?
Calcium Ions
Calcium binds to what in muscle cells?
Troponin
Troponin does what once calcium is present?
Moves tropomyosin for action and myosin to attach
Sensory nerves are also called
Afferent nerves
Motor nerves are also called
Efferent nerves
Energy is converted to the nervous system through the process called
Transduction
Comprises those which are not under conscious control. a.k.a. don’t involve the cerebral cortex
Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
Begins in the cerebral cortex and passes through the spinal cord. For skeletal and voluntary muscle.
Somatic Nervous System
Nerve cells are called.
Neurons
Glial cells are called
Glia
What are the four types of glial cells?
Astrocytes (astroglia)
Oligodendrocytes (Oligodendroglia)
Microglia
Ependymal cells
All atoms want to move from high to low concentration
Concentration forces
Positive ions want to move where there are excess negative charges and vice versa
Electrical forces
Concentration (diffusional) forces pushes K+…
Out of the cell
Electrical forces push K+…
Into the cell
Concentration (diffusional) forces push Na+…
Into the cell
Electrical forces push Na+…
Into the cell
Depolarization occurs when
Sodium channels open
Repolarization occurs when
Potassium channels open
Open up all voltage gated sodium channels. The tipping point is called..
Treshold
During the time that sodium channels are inactivated and potassium channels are open, nothing can change the state of these cells.
Refractory Period
When firing an action potential is impossible, we call this
Absolute refractory period
When its difficult to fire an action potential, because all of the channels have reset we call this
Relative refractory period
What are the sequence of events at the synapse?
- Action potential arrives
- Ca++ enters terminal
- Ca++ interacts with synaptic vesicles
- Neurotransmitter released from vesicles
- Receptor protein undergoes a change
- Ion flow results in a Post synaptic potential
When a cell becomes more negative
Inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP)
When a cell becomes more positive
Excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)
Where a chemical signal acts on receptors on the same cell that release the chemical signal. Cells signal themselves.
Autocrine signaling
Where a chemical signal travels a short distance to neighboring cells in the same organ. Cells signaling neighbors
Paracrine signaling
Where a hormone is release to act on receptors on a distant organ. Cells signaling distant targets.
Endocrine signaling
Have channels that open and close in response to outside chemical signals
Ionotropic Receptors
Proteins that change the internal biochemistry of the cell in response to outside chemical signals
Metabotropic receptors
