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Advanced Anatomy & Physiology > Module 14: Endocrine System > Flashcards

Module 14: Endocrine System Flashcards

(102 cards)

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1
Q

what two systems are responsible for maintaining homeostasis?

A

endocrine and nervous

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2
Q

is a mediator molecule secreted from one part of the body that circulates via the body fluids to cells in another part of the body

A

hormone

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3
Q

where are hormones initially secreted

A

interstitial fluid, then to the bloodstream

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4
Q

the study of endocrine and hormones is called

A

endocrinology

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5
Q

molecules can be both ____ and _____

A

neurotransmitters, hormones

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6
Q

hormone receptors are simply

A

cellular proteins

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7
Q

increased responsiveness by increasing receptor numbers

A

up-regulation

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8
Q

decreased responsiveness by decreasing receptor numbers

A

down-regulation

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9
Q

hormones secreted into the interstitial fluid and then the bloodstream

A

circulating hormones

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10
Q

hormones secreted into the interstitial fluid that act on neighboring cells

A

paracrines

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11
Q

hormones secreted into the interstitial fluid that act on the same cell that secreted it

A

autocrines

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12
Q

what are the three examples of lipid-soluble hormones

A

steroid hormones
thyroid hormones
nitric oxide (gas)

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13
Q

what are the three examples of water-soluble hormones

A

amines
peptides & proteins
eicosanoids

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14
Q

what are characteristics of water-soluble hormones?

A

freely circulate in bloodstream

can’t pass through cell membrane

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15
Q

what are characteristics of lipid-soluble hormones?

A

mostly carried in blood by transport proteins

can freely diffuse through cell membrane

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16
Q

what are three examples of second messengers?

A

ca++ ions
cAMP
cGMP

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17
Q

when the hormone output reverses a particular effect it is what homeostatic loop?

A

negative feedback loop

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18
Q

when the hormone output reinforces the stimulus effect it is what homeostatic loop

A

positive feedback loop

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19
Q

action of one hormone requires the presence of another

A

permissive effect

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20
Q

the effects of two hormones acting together is greater than one acting alone

A

synergistic effect

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21
Q

one hormone opposes the action of another

A

antagonistic effect

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22
Q

is the major link between the nervous and endocrine systems

A

hypothalamus

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23
Q

what connects the pituitary gland and the hypothalamus

A

infundibulum

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24
Q

the anterior pituitary is also referred to as the

A

adenohypophysis

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25
the posterior lobe is also referred to as
neurohypophysis
26
how is the anterior pituitary connected to the hypothalamus
blood vessels
27
how is the posterior pituitary connected to the hypothalamus
nerves
28
where are the hormones from the posterior pituitary produced
neurosecretory neurons of the hypothalamus
29
hormones from the hypothalamus that stimulate the release of hormones from the adenohypophysis
releasing hormones
30
hormones from the hypothalamus that inhibit the release of hormones from the adenohypophysis
inhibiting hormones
31
hormones from the adenohypophysis that act on other endocrine glands
tropic hormones
32
what are the seven hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary
``` hGH, TSH, FSH, LH, PRL, MSH, ACTH ```
33
what is the function of hGH
stimulates growth of body cells
34
what is the function of TSH
stimulates thyroid gland
35
what is the function of ACTH
stimulates cortex of adrenal gland
36
what is the function of FSH
ova/sperm development and production
37
what is the function of LH
maturation of uterine lining, testosterone, production, and ovulation.
38
what is the function of PRL
lactation of mammary glands
39
what is the function of MSH
darkens melanocytes
40
over-production is referred to as
hypersecretion
41
under-production is referred to as
hyposecretion
42
is cause by hypo secretion of hGH during childhood. the epiphyseal plates will close before the child achieves a normal height.
Pituitary dwarfism
43
is caused by hyper secretion of hGH during childhood. patient will be very tall. main cause is tumor of the anterior pituitary gland
Giantism (pituitary)
44
is a disorder caused by excessive HGH secretion; the problems occur during adulthood after a person is done growing; after epiphyseal plate closure, one ceases to grow linearly
acromegaly
45
what hormones are produced in the hypothalamus and stored in the posterior pituitary
oxytocin | ADH (vasopressin)
46
targets smooth muscle in the uterus and breasts. uterine contractions, and in response to sucking from an infant "milk letdown"
oxytocin
47
causes arterioles to constrict thereby increase BP, and targets collecting ducts in the kidneys and sweat gland for retention of water
ADH (vasopressin)
48
where are osmoreceptors and what do they do
hypothalamus; monitor blood osmotic pressure
49
what are the three targets of osmoreceptors
kidneys sudoriferous (sweat) glands smooth muscle cells of blood vessels
50
hypo secretion of ADH
Diabetes Insipidus
51
insufficient production or secretion of ADH
Neurogenic DI
52
diminished renal response to the ADH that is produced
Nephrogenic DI
53
where is the problem in Neurogenic DI
hypothalamus (insufficient production or secretion of ADH)
54
where is the problem in Nephrogenic DI
kidneys (Diminished renal response to the ADH that is produced)
55
the tissue connection between the two lobes of the thyroid
isthmus
56
an enlargement of the thyroid gland
goiter
57
formerly called cretinism; a low growth rate and mental retardation due to the synergistic relationship between the thyroid hormones and human growth hormones; hypothyroidism in children
Congenital hypthyroidism
58
hypothyroidism in adults; causes dry brittle hair, dry skin due to decrease perspiration, gain weight easily, diminished intelligence
myxedema
59
hyperthyroidism. an autoimmune disease that results in product of antibodies against TSH receptors.
Graves disease
60
what are two symptoms of graves disease
exopthalmos | goiter
61
what part of the thyroid is T3 & T4 produced
thyroid folllicular cells
62
what part of the thyroid gland is calcitonin produced
parafollicular cells (c cells)
63
what does calcitonin do to the blood
inhibits osteoclastic activity therefore decreasing blood calcium and phosphate levels
64
what part of the parathyroid secretes parathyroid hormones
chief (principal) cells
65
what does PTH's action
Increases blood ca+ and Mg by stimulating osteoclastic activity decreases blood phosphate and calcitriol
66
what is calcitonin's action
increases blood phosphate and calcitriol | decreases blood calcium and magnesium
67
chromaffin cells of the medulla are controlled by
sympathetic preganglionic neurons from the CNS
68
what are the three functional zones of the adrenal cortex
zona glomerulosa zona fasciculata zona reticularis
69
what is the zona glomerulosa responsible for
produces and secretes the mineralcorticoids (aldosterone)
70
what is the zone fasciculata responsible for
produces and secretes the glucocorticoids (cortisol)
71
what is the zona reticularis responsible for
produces and secretes the gonadocorticoids (androgens)
72
in females androgens are also converted to
estrogens
73
hypo secretion of cortisol. an autoimmune destruction of the adrenal cortex. results in low BG, low blood Na+, High blood K+, and low BP
Addison's disease
74
hyper secretion of cortisol, high BG, poor wound healing, HTN, and redistribution of body fats
Cushing Disease/ Syndrome
75
is a benign tumor of the chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla; results from hypersecretion
pheochromocytoma
76
provide exocrine function of the pancreas
acini cells
77
provide endocrine function of the pancreas
pancreatic islets, or islets of Langerhans
78
cells that secrete glucagon
Alpha cells
79
cells that secrete insulin
Beta cells
80
cells that secrete somatostatin
Delta ( D cell )
81
cells that secrete pancreatic polypeptide
F cells
82
what are the two types of diabetes mellitus
Type 1, Juvenile onset, and insulin dependent | Type 2, Adult onset, and non-insulin dependent
83
low blood sugar may result in
Insulin Shock
84
high blood sugar may result in
Diabetic Coma
85
results from destruction of beta cells. lower than 50% autoimmune. environmental factors thought to be a cause
type 1 diabetes
86
patients produce less insulin and don't utilize what they produce appropriately down-regulation of insulin receptors
type 2 diabetes
87
where a patient doesn't have any available glucose due to a complete lack of insulin. rely on fatty acid metabolism for their ATP production
ketoacidosis (increase in ketones and acids)
88
what hormones do the ovaries produce
estrogen progesterone inhibin relaxin
89
what hormones do the testes produce
testosterone
90
attached to the top of the third ventricle. epithalamus
pineal gland
91
what hormone does the pineal gland secrete
melatonin
92
what is the function of melatonin
circadian rhythms
93
other related hormones from the thymus gland encourage the maturation of T-lymphocytes
thymosin
94
anything that causes stress
stressor
95
heightens responsiveness and helps increase concentration. good stress
eustress
96
stress that has a negative effect is called, and is always harmful
distress
97
GAS
general adaptation syndrome (GAS)
98
what are the three stages of the stress response or GAS
fight-or-flight resistance reaction exhaustion
99
body is trying to quickly activate mechanisms to allow an immediate physical response; alarm reaction
fight-or-flight
100
also initiated by the hypothalamus, but in this case by secreting the releasing hormones, easily predict the results; coping reaction
resistance reaction
101
the body's resources have become so depleted, they can't maintain a resistance reaction/ response; signs and symptoms, exceed coping mechanism
Exhaustion phase
102
what are the characteristics of lipid-soluble hormones
diffuse through the cell membrane bind to a receptor and create and complex receptor is on the DNA/nucleus do not require a messenger

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