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Advanced Anatomy & Physiology > Module 18: Digestive System > Flashcards

Module 18: Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

The body’s mechanism for processing and absorbing nutrients, biochemical substances that are necessary for life is:

A

The Digestive System

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2
Q

The anatomical structure that carries out the functions of the Digestive System is called the:

A

The Gastrointestinal (GI) tract or The Alimentary Canal

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3
Q

The functions of the digestive system include:

A
  • ingestion
  • secretion
  • mixing and propulsion
  • digestion
  • absorption
  • defacation
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4
Q

To take in food is called:

A

Ingestion

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5
Q

To release substances that will help in the breakdown and absorption of nutrients is called:

A

Secretion

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6
Q

Ensuring that chemicals and foods are mixed to promote breakdown, and moving things along is called:

A

Mixing and Propulsion

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7
Q

Breaking down foods is also called:

A

Digestion

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8
Q

Transferring nutrients from the GI tract to the bloodstream is also called:

A

Absorption

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9
Q

Removing waste matter from the body is called:

A

Defacation

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10
Q

4 layers of the GI tract from deep to superficial

A

Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis
Serosa

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11
Q

The inside of the GI tract

A

Lumen

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12
Q

The outside of the GI tract

A

Serous membrane

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13
Q

Layers of the mucosa from deep to superficial

A

Epithelium
Lamina Propria
Muscularis mucosae

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14
Q

Stratified squamous in the mouth and simple columnar in the stomach and intestines (layer of mucosa)

A

Epithelium

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15
Q

A layer of areole connective tissue with blood and lymphatic vessels to pick up material absorbed by epithelium (layer of mucosa)

A

Lamina propria

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16
Q

A thin muscle layer that makes the inside of the GI tract all crinkly and folded (layer of mucosa)

A

Muscularis mucosae

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17
Q

This layer of the GI tract comprises areole connective tissue. In it, we find blood and lymphatic vessels and the submucosal plexus of the enteric nervous system

A

Submucosa

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18
Q

This layer of the GI tract is striated and voluntary muscle in the mouth and pharynx to control swallowing. Smooth, involuntary muscle lines the rest of the GI tract and keeps materials moving through peristalsis

A

Muscularis

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19
Q

What kind of muscle in the mouth and pharynx controls swallowing

A

Striated, voluntary

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20
Q

What kind of muscle lines the rest of the GI tract and keeps materials moving through peristalsis

A

Smooth, involuntary

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21
Q

This layer of the GI tract is made up of areolar connective tissue covered by a simple squamous epithelium. In the abdominal cavity, this is called the visceral peritoneum because it forms the “guts” side of the peritoneal cavity

A

Serosa

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22
Q

What is the serosa called in the abdominal cavity

A

Visceral peritoneum

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23
Q

Non-taste structures that give the tongue a rough texture. They also look like little threads and cover most of the tongue’s surface

A

Filiform papillae

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24
Q

Three groupings where taste buds are found

A

Fungiform papillae(mushrooms)

Foliate papillae(leaf-shaped…lateral & posterior)

Vallate(V-shaped, surrounded by a wall)

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25
Q

Function of lingual glands

A

Secrete mucus plus an enzyme, lingual lipase = helps break down fatty food in mouth

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26
Q

What kind of muscle is the tongues

A

Skeletal, voluntary

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27
Q

3 divisions of the pharynx

A

Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx

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28
Q

This structure connects the paranasal sinuses to the pharynx, allowing air to pas from nose to trachea

A

Nasopharynx

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29
Q

This structure of the pharynx joins the nasal cavity and oral cavity to the gut tube and trachea

A

Oropharynx

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30
Q

In this structure of the pharynx the epiglottis covers the trachea when swallowing food or drink, and covers the esophagus when breathing

A

Laryngopharynx

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31
Q

The process that moves food in the GI tract

A

Peristalsis

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32
Q

3 phases of swallowing

A

Voluntary

Pharyngeal: bolus is in the oro- and laryngo-. The stage where food and water are kept out of trachea

Esophageal: upper esophageal sphincter open, and the autonomic process of peristalsis begins

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33
Q

An elastic flap that covers the esophagus when breathing and covers the trachea when swallowing

A

Epiglottis

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34
Q

Function of carbonic anhydrase

A

Turn CO2 and H2O in the stomach into carbonic acid(H2CO3)

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35
Q

HCL Secretion by Parietal Cells of the stomach

A
  • secrete HCL acid to aid in digestion and protect from invaders
  • making H+ ions
  • making Cl- ions
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36
Q

Failure of the pancreas to make bicarbonate =

A

Duodenal ulcers

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37
Q

Function of proton-pump inhibitors

A

Reduce the secretion of H+CL- by parietal cells and can reduce symptoms of GERD

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38
Q

Neurotransmitters/hormones that up-regulate HCL secretion

A
  • ACH from parasympathetic stimulation (vagus nerve)
  • gastrin from G cells
  • histamine from mast cells in lamina propria (via H2 receptors)
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39
Q

Absorption of nutrients of sugars/carbohydrates

A
  1. Enzymes convert di and polysaccharides to glucose, galactose, and fructose
  2. Glucose, galactose pumped into intestinal cell cytoplasm; fructose moves into intestinal cell cytoplasm
  3. From intestinal cell to bloodstream by facilitated diffusion
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40
Q

How does glucose and galactose get into cell cytoplasm

A

Secondary active transport

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41
Q

How does fructose get into cell cytoplasm

A

Facilitated diffusion

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42
Q

Absorption of nutrients of proteins

A
  1. Enzymes convert proteins to amino acids, di-, tripeptides
  2. These pumped into intestinal cell cytoplasm by secondary active transport
  3. From intestinal cell to bloodstream by simples diffusion
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43
Q

Absorption of nutrients of short-chain fatty acids

A

Simples diffusion from lumen to intestinal cell cytoplasm to bloodstream

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44
Q

Absorption of nutrients of long-chain fatty acids and monoglycerides

A
  1. Insoluble in water: carried in bloodstream in balls called micelles
  2. Move into intestinal cell cytoplasm by simple diffusion
  3. Bile emulsifies fat and intestinal cell forms it into triglycerides, which are packaged in chylomicrons and dumped into lacteals(lymph vessel in core of villus)
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45
Q

Equation for lactose

A

Glucose + galactose

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46
Q

Equation sucrose

A

Glucose + fructose

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47
Q

Function of ileocecal sphincter

A

Allows material to pass from ileum of small intestine to cecum of large intestine

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48
Q

Cells types of the large intestine

A

Absorptive(absorbs water)

Goblet(secretes mucus)

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49
Q

Function of internal anal sphincter

A

Involuntary

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50
Q

Function of external anal sphincter

A

Voluntary

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51
Q

Which lobes of the liver can you see from an anterior view

A

Right and Left

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52
Q

Which lobes of the liver can you see from the posterior view

A

Caudate and quadrate

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53
Q

3 connective tissue(ligaments) that hold the liver in place

A

Falciform ligament
Coronary ligament
Round ligament

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54
Q

Hepatocytes

A

Inactive toxins

Produce bile and a variety of blood proteins

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55
Q

Kupffer cells

A

Macrophages of liver

Destroy RBCs and invaders

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56
Q

Bile canaliculi

A

Bile travels in these tiny vessels to join at the bile duct

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57
Q

The portal triad

A

Branch of hepatic portal vein
Branch of hepatic artery
Bile duct

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58
Q

What is the real functional unit of the liver (as so we think)

A

Hepatic acinus(2 1/6 slices of the lobule working together)

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59
Q

What’s the histological unit of the liver

A

Hepatic lobule (hexagon)

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60
Q

Pathway for Bile

A

Secreted by hepatocytes ➡️ flows into bile canaliculi ➡️ bile duct ➡️ R lobe into R hepatic duct, L lobe into L hepatic duct ➡️ common hepatic duct ➡️ cystic duct ➡️ gallbladder(stored here) ➡️ out cystic duct(again) ➡️ common bile duct(to join pancreatic juices) ➡️ duodenum(sphincter of the hepatopancreatic ampulla)

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61
Q

Pathway for unconjugated bilirubin

A

Spleen uses enzyme heme oxygenase to convert heme to biliverdin ➡️ converts to bilirubin ➡️ gloms onto blood protein albumin and carried to liver (insoluble in blood)

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62
Q

Pathway for conjugated bilirubin

A

In liver ➡️ conjugated to small molecule glucoronic acid (water-soluble) ➡️ makes up major portion of bile ➡️ intestines where intestinal bacteria remove glucoronic acid ➡️ converts to urobilinogen ➡️ some reabsorbed back into circulation, rest further broken down by bacteria = stercobilin = gives feces brown color

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63
Q

3 phases of digestion

A

Cephalic
Gastric
Intestinal

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64
Q

Phases of Cephalic phase

A

Stimulation: smell, taste, sight, thought of food

Action: brain prepares body for meal

Result: CN VII, CN IX stimulate salivation; CN X(Vagus) stimulate stomach acid secretion

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65
Q

Phases of gastric phase

A

Stimulus: stomach wall stretches or pH increases

Action: increase gastric motility and secretion of HCL

Result: stomach empties into duodenum as food is digested

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66
Q

Phases of intestinal phase

A

Stimulus: chyme in duodenum

Action: activation of enterogastric reflex

Result:
- starch receptors in duodenal wall signal medulla
- medulla inhibits parasympathetic ACh release from vagus
- ⬇️ gastric motility, ⬆️ tone in pyloric sphincter
• more chyme stays in stomach, less enters duodenum(long reflex)

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67
Q

Gastrin

A

Made by: G cells

Acts on: stomach

Action: promote secretion of gastric juices

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68
Q

Cholecystokinin

A

Made by: enteroendocrine cells of small intestine

Acts on: gallbladder, pancreas, brains

Action: 
 • ejection of bile
 • opening of sphincter of hepatopancreatic ampulla
 • more pancreatic juice
 • feel full
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69
Q

Secretin

A

Made by: enteroendocrine cells (S cells) of duodenum

Acts on: pancreas

Action: more bicarb in pancreatic juice

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70
Q

Glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP)

A

Made by: enteroendocrine cells (K cells) of duodenum and jejunum

Act on: beta cells of pancreatic islets

Action: ⬆️ insulin secretion

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71
Q

Histamine

A

Made by: mast cells of lamina propria

Act on: parietal smells of stomach

Action: ⬆️ acid secretion

72
Q

Somatostatin

A

Made by: hypothalamus

Acts on: many digestive organs

Action:
• ⬇️ exocrine pancreas
• ⬇️ many hormones
• slows gastric emptying

73
Q

Motilin

A

Made by: enteroendocrine cells (M cells) of duodenum and jejunum

Action:
• ⬆️ migrating myoelectric complex
• ⬆️ pepsin
• ⬆️ bowel motility

74
Q

By coordinating peristalsis, the GI tract keeps things moving through the large intestine to anus

A

Mass peristalsis

75
Q

The alternating contraction and relaxation

A

Segmentation

76
Q

Controls motor neurons innervation the longitudinal and circular muscle layers of the muscularis and sends axons to the submucosal plexus, where motor neurons innervate small, weak muscles that give the mucosal epithelium its wrinkles

A

Myenteric plexus

77
Q

Peristalsis

A
  • A traveling wave of contraction

* results in mass movement

78
Q

If scientists record the electrical activity of the muscles at a single point in the bowel wall, they see waves of contraction and relaxation. If they observe electrical activity along a length of bowel wall, each of these waves appears to move forward in the GI Tract. This is called ________.

A

Migrating myoelelectric complex

79
Q

Laxatives

A

Increase GI motility

80
Q

3 factors that can increase bowel motility

A

Chyme volume
Chemical composition
Osmolarity

81
Q

Chyme volume

A

Increase in chyme volume = increases motility

82
Q

Chemical composition

A

Chemicals that increase electrical activity increase motility

83
Q

Osmolarity

A

If non-absorbable chemicals are >300mOsm/kg, water is “drawn” into lumen

84
Q

If the intestines fail to absorb water _____ results

85
Q

Is the intestines absorb too much water ______ results

A

Constipation

86
Q

Includes all the mixing, moving, churning, matching, and ripping forces

A

Mechanical digestion

87
Q

Chemicals and enzymes acting on food

A

Chemical digestion

88
Q

Role of oral cavity in mechanical digestion

A
  • chews food, tongue and cheeks move tongue

- swallowing mixes food

89
Q

Role of oral cavity in chemical digestion

A
  • salivary glands secrete enzymes that break down starches and fats
90
Q

Esophagus in mechanical digestion

A
  • peristalsis mixes food
91
Q

Esophagus in chemical digestion

92
Q

Stomach in mechanical digestion

A
  • contractions of stomach mix food

- Rugae help with mixing

93
Q

Stomach in chemical digestion

A
  • HCL breaks down foods
  • pepsin breaks down proteins
  • gastric lipase breaks down fats
94
Q

Small intestine in mechanical digestion

A
  • peristalsis mixes food

- plicae ciculares aid in mixing

95
Q

Small intestine in chemical digestion

A
  • pancreas releases bicarbonate to neutralize acid + enzymes to break down food
  • bile salts from liver emulsify fats
  • wide variety of enzymes
96
Q

Large intestine in mechanical digestion

A
  • peristalsis mixes food

- haustra aid in mixing (haustra live churchinf)

97
Q

Large intestine in chemical digestion

A
  • beneficial bacteria make vitamin K, digest cellulose (fiber), make methane
98
Q

What’s the brush border

A

Where carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids (intestinal enzymes) are found

99
Q

Salivary amylase

A

Starches

Secreted by salivary glands

100
Q

Pepsin

A

Proteins

Secreted by stomach

101
Q

Lipase

A

Triglycerides (fats & oils)

Secreted by stomach

102
Q

Amylase

A

Starches

Secreted by pancreas

103
Q

Trypsin, Chymptrypsin, Elstase

A

Proteins

Secreted by pancreas

104
Q

Carboxypeptidase

A

Amino acids at carboxyl end of proteins

Secreted by pancreas

105
Q

Maltase, sucrase, lactase

A

Maltose, sucrose, lactose

Found in small intestinal brush border

106
Q

Amino peptidase

A

Amino acid at amino end of proteins

Found in small intestinal brush border

107
Q

Nucleosidases and phosphatases

A

Nucleotides

Found in small intestinal brush border

108
Q

Alpha cells

109
Q

Beta cells

110
Q

Delta cells

A

Somatostatin

111
Q

F cells

A

Pancreatic polypeptide

112
Q

Epsilon cells

113
Q

Deciduous teeth

A

Primary/Baby - 20

114
Q

Permanent teeth

A

Adult - 32

115
Q

How to number permanent teeth

A

1 starts on most distal maxillary molar on patient’s R (refer to objective 3) and continue around the upper jaw until most distal left maxillary molar, then continue on L side on bottom to most R molar 32

116
Q

How to number primary teeth

A

A-T in same design as permanent teeth

117
Q

Incisors

A

Sharp cutting teeth

118
Q

Cuspids

A

Canine - Point, spear

119
Q

Bicuspids

120
Q

Molars

A

Grindstones

121
Q

The part of the tooth above the gum line and visible

122
Q

The part of the tooth just below the gumline

123
Q

The part of tooth that attaches to the periodontal ligaments and then to the jawbone

124
Q

The outer part of the tooth, forming the occlusal surface, and all four sides of the tooth

125
Q

Deep to the enamel-makes up majority of tooth

126
Q

Denton contains ______ which allow fluid to move

A

Dentinal tubules

127
Q

The dentin of the root is covered by ______ and is connected to bone by a series of _______, a dense fibrous connective tissue

A

Cementum, periodontal ligaments

128
Q

The pain fibers and blood vessels of tooth are enclose in the

A

Pulp cavity

129
Q

Three outlets of in the tooth

A

Apical foramina

130
Q

The pain signals carted by the nerve fibers in tooth are carried on which cranial nerve

A

V: trigeminal

131
Q

The largest gland

A

Parotid gland

132
Q

Salivary gland beneath the tongue

A

Sublingual gland

133
Q

Salivary gland on the floor of the mouth medial and inferior to the mandible

A

Submandibular gland

134
Q

3 salivary glands

A

Parotid
Sublingual
Submandibular

135
Q

Mucus acini

A

Make mucus

136
Q

Serous acini

A

Make enzymes in a watery fluid

137
Q

3 enzymes in saliva

A

Lysozyme: break invading microbes

IgA: immunoglobulin in body secretions

Salivary amylase: break starches into sugars

138
Q

From most water to most mucusy list the salivary glands

A

Parotid
Submandibular
Sublingual

139
Q

A muscular tube in the mediastinum of the thorax

140
Q

2 layers in the muscularis of the esophagus

A

Circular: closes off lumen when contracted

Longitudinal: contracts in waves(peristalsis) to move things along

141
Q

The “valve” that allows substances to pass from the pharynx to esophagus

A

Upper esophageal sphincter

142
Q

The “valve” between the esophagus and stomach

A

Lower esophageal sphincter(cardiac sphincter)

143
Q

What kind of muscle is the superior 1/3 of the esophagus

A

Striated voluntary

144
Q

What kind of muscle is lower 2/3 of esophagus

A

Smooth involuntary

145
Q

Food and liquid leaving the esophagus pass through the _________________ as they enter the stomach. Sometimes it fails to tightly close, causing a condition called _______________.

A

Lower esophageal/cardiac sphincter, gastro-esophageal reflux disease (GERD)

146
Q

Represents the end of the stomach and outlet for stomach contents. It open into the duodenum.

A

Pyloric sphincter

147
Q

What are gastric pits

A

The form of the specialization after the mucosa layer digests food

148
Q

What are gastric glands

A

The glandular cells in the bottom half of each gastric pit

149
Q

Surface mucous cell

A

Secreted mucus

150
Q

Mucous neck cell

A

Secreted mucus

151
Q

Parietal cell

A

Secreted HCL acid and intrinsic factor

152
Q

Why is intrinsic factor critical

A

For absorption of vitamin B12(needed for RBC production)

153
Q

Decreased production of intrinsic factor leads to _________

A

Pernicious anemia

154
Q

Chief cells

A

Secretes pepsinogen and gastric lipase

155
Q

G cells

A

Secrete hormone gastrin

156
Q

What is the enteroendocrine system

A

A kind of hormonal system in GI tract

157
Q

Oblique muscle layer

A
  • “Extra” layer in thick muscularis.
  • Aids in stomach’s ability to churn substances
  • speed digestion
158
Q

“Circular folds” of the lumen in small intestine

A

Plicae circularis

159
Q

Finger-like projections in small intestines for absorption and increase in surface area

160
Q

Coats villi’s epithelial cells, small version of villi

A

Microvilli

161
Q

Absorptive cell of small intestine

A

Absorbs nutrients

162
Q

Goblet cells of small intestine

A

Secreted mucus

163
Q

Enteroendocrine cell of small intestine

A

Secreted the hormones secretin, CKK, or GIP

164
Q

Paneth cell of small intestine

A

Secreted lysozyme, and is capable of phagocytosis

165
Q

Cells of the stomach

A 
Surface mucous
Mucous neck
Parietal
Chief
G
166
Q

Cells of small intestine

A

Absorptive
Goblet
Enteroendocrine
Paneth

167
Q

Absorbed directly by stomach and intestines

A

Water-soluble

168
Q

Absorbed with help of intrinsic factor secreted by parietal cells of stomach

A

Water-soluble vitamin B12

169
Q

Made by bacteria in large intestine, aids in blood clotting

A

Fat-soluble vitamin K

170
Q

Defecation reflex is triggered by _______ of the rectum

A

Distension(enlargement)

Example: enema to trigger defecation

171
Q

A group of techniques that increase intra-abdominal pressure

A

Valsalva maneuver

172
Q

Phases of valsalva maneuver in defecation

A
  1. Straining = ⬆️ systolic arterial pressure (transient)
  2. Continued straining = ⬇️ arterial pressure, ⬆️ heart rate
  3. As strain is released = ⬇️ arterial pressure, ⬆️ heart rate to maximum
  4. ⬇️ heart rate “overshoots” before return to normal heart rate and blood pressure
173
Q

Oxygenated blood to liver from

A

Heart through hepatic artery

174
Q

Deoxygenated blood with absorbed nutrients to liver from

A

Digestive organs through hepatic portal vein

175
Q

Blood minus toxins plus proteins made by liver is dumped into the

A

Hepatic vein –> inferior vena cava

Advanced Anatomy & Physiology (10 decks)

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