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Advanced Anatomy & Physiology > Module 19: Urinary System > Flashcards

Module 19: Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

Function of ureters

A

Transport urine from kidneys(renal pelvis) to the bladder

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2
Q

Function of bladder

A

Store urine

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3
Q

Function of urethra

A

External release of urine

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4
Q

How are kidneys positioned

A

Retroperitoneal

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5
Q

7 Functions of Urinary System

A
  • regulate electrolytes
  • regulates blood pH
  • maintains blood concentration (osmolarity)
  • regulates blood volume
  • regulates blood pressure
  • excretes wastes
  • produces and releases of hormones
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6
Q

Controls levels of various anions and cations

A

Regulation of electrolytes

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7
Q

Control of pH by secretion H+ into the urine and return of HCO3 back to blood

A

Regulation of pH

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8
Q

Control of blood concentration

A

Maintenance of blood osmolarity

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9
Q

Adjusts blood volume by conserving or eliminating urine

A

Regulation of blood volume

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10
Q

Adjusts blood pressure by conserving or eliminating Na+ and urine

A

Regulation of blood pressure

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11
Q

Excretion of ammonia, urea, bilirubin, creatinine, Utica acid, and other wastes

A

Excretion of wastes

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12
Q

Calcitriol (active vitamin D) to increase calcium levels; erythropoietin to increase RBD production

A

Production of hormones

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13
Q

Release of glucose, produced by gluconeogenesis, into the blood

A

Regulation of blood glucose level

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14
Q

From deep to superficial list the 3 layers of tissue in the kidney

A

Renal capsule
Adipose capsule
Renal fascia

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15
Q

Renal capsule

A

Protect and maintain shape of kidney

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16
Q

Adipose capsule

A

Protect and maintain position of kidney in abdominal cavity

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17
Q

Renal fascia

A

Anchors kidney to abdominal wall and neighboring structures

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18
Q

2 regions of of the kidney

A

Renal cortext

Medulla

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19
Q

Triangular structures within the medulla that appear striated due to the presence of the renal tubules and ducts

A

Renal pyramid

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20
Q

Is the renal pyramid striated or non-striated

A

Striated due to renal tubules and ducts

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21
Q

Outermost region & extends between the renal pyramids

A

Cortex

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22
Q

Renal pyramids
• renal papillae
• drain into the calyces

A

Medulla

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23
Q

Functional unit of the kidney (1 million per kidney)

A

Nephrons

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24
Q

Minor calyx(calyces)

A

8-18 per kidney

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25
Q

Major calyx(calyces)

A

2-3 per kidney

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26
Q

Each kidney has 2-3 major calyces which will drain into one large cavity called the ___________

A

Renal pelvis

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27
Q

Path of urine drainage in kidney

A

Collecting duct ➡️ papillary duct ➡️ minor calyx ➡️ major calyx ➡️ renal pelvis ➡️ ureter ➡️ urinary bladder

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28
Q

Path of Renal Blood Flow

A

Abdominal aorta ➡️ renal artery ➡️ segmental arteries ➡️ interlobar arteries ➡️ arcuate arteries ➡️ interlobular arteries ➡️ Afferent Arterioles ➡️ glomerular capillaries ➡️ efferent Arterioles ➡️ peritubular capillaries ➡️ interlobular veins ➡️ arcuate veins ➡️ interlobar veins ➡️ renal vein ➡️ inferior vena cava

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29
Q

2 unique vascular features of the kidneys

A
  1. Glomerular capillaries are positioned between two groups of Arterioles
  2. There are 2 sets of capillaries
    • glomerular capillaries
    • peritubular capillaries
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30
Q

Located in the cortex and is the structure of the nephron that filters the blood

A

Renal corpuscle

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31
Q

Because it isn’t blood anymore and it still isn’t urine yet, what is it called in the renal corpuscle

A

Glomerular filtrate

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32
Q

Receives fluid from the filtration process(glomerular filtrate)

A

Glomerular capsule

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33
Q

3 renal functions

A
  • glomerular filtration
  • tubular reabsorption
  • tubular secretion
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34
Q

Production of glomerular filtrate through the filtration of waste-laden blood by the glomerulus

A

Glomerular filtration

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35
Q

Process of returning important substances from the glomerular filtrate back to the bloodstream

A

Tubular reabsorption

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36
Q

Process of transporting substances from the bloodstream into the glomerular filtrate

A

Tubular secretion

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37
Q

Because it isn’t blood anymore and it still isn’t urine yet, what is it called in the renal corpuscle

A

Glomerular Filtrate

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38
Q

Receives fluid from the filtration process(glomerular filtrate)

A

Glomerular capsule

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39
Q

3 pressures that contribute to glomerular filtration

A

GBHP: Glomerular blood(capillary) hydrostatic pressure

CHO: capsular hydrostatic pressure

BCOP: blood colloid osmotic pressure

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40
Q

GBHP

A

Glomerular Blood(capillary) Hydrostatic Pressure

Cause by: blood pressure in capillaries
Action: favors filtration
mmHg: 55

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41
Q

CHP

A

Capsular hydrostatic pressure

Caused by: fluid present in capsular space
Action: opposes filtration
mmHg: 15

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42
Q

BCOP

A

Blood colloid osmotic pressure

Caused by: osmotic pressure from proteins remaining in the plasma
Action: opposes filtration
mmHg: 30

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43
Q

Net Filtration Pressure

A

GBHP - CHP - BCOP = NFP(Net Filtration Pressure)

55 - 15 - 30 = 10 mmHg

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44
Q

Blood minus the formed elements (cells) and the majority of the plasma proteins

A

Glomerular filtrate

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45
Q

Through filtration _______% of the plasma becomes part of the filtrate

A

16-20%

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46
Q

Process of returning important substances from the glomerular filtrate back to body

A

Tubular reabsorption

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47
Q

How much filtrate is reabsorbed

A

99%

65% water, 100% glucose, 50% urea

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48
Q

2 routes that a substance can be reabsorbed from

A
  1. Paracellular reabsorption: between renal tubule cells

2. Transecellular reabsorption: through renal tubule cells

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49
Q

The majority of solute and water reabsorption occurs in

A

The proximal convoluted tubule

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50
Q

To maximize reabsorption capacity, cells of the proximal convoluted tubule are ______________ with prominent ___________.

A

Cuboidal epithelium, Microvilli

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51
Q

Present on surfaces of cells to actively reabsorbed many of the solutes

A

Transport proteins

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52
Q

Each transport protein has a transport speed limit

A

Transport maximum

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53
Q

The presence of solute above the limit will result in

A

Excretion of the excess solute in the urine

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54
Q

Loss of glucose in the urine

A

Glucosuria

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55
Q
  • 90% water reabsorption
  • As go solutes, so goes water
  • water follows concentration gradient throughout most of the nephron
A

Obligatory reabsorption

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56
Q
  • 10% of water reabsorption
  • variable water random prion to adapt to specific needs
  • regulates by ADH in the renal tubules and collecting ducts
A

Facultative reabsorption

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57
Q

Transport of substances from the bloodstream to the glomerular filtrate

A

Tubular secretion

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58
Q

2 main functions of tubular secretion

A
  1. Secretion of H+ ions control pH

2. Hydrogen and Ammonium ions are secreted and bicarbonate conserved to maintain physiological pH

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59
Q

Where does tubular secretion occur

A

Throughout the nephrons

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60
Q

What substances are secreted in tubular secretion

A

H+, K+, NH4+, creatinine, and some drugs

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61
Q

Renal influence of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System

A

Stimulus: ⬇️ blood pressure = ⬇️ pressure in Afferent Arterioles = Juxtaglomerular cells secrete hormone renin = Renin converts angitensinogen to angiotensin l = angiotensin converting enzyme converts angiotensin l to angiotensin ll = angiotensin ll causes vasoconstriction of Afferent Arterioles, enhanced Na, Cl, and H20 reabsorption, and stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone = aldosterone signals cells in collecting ducts to reabsorbed more Na, Cl, and H20 and secrete more K+

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62
Q

Renal influence of ADH

A
  • osmotic rotors in hypothalamus detect ⬆️ blood solute in concentration
  • posterior pituitary secreted ADH
  • ADH stimulates insertion of H2O channel proteins(aquaporin-2) in cells of collecting duct
  • ⬆️ H2O permeability and reabsorption of water
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63
Q

_________ implies two fluids flowing in opposite directions

A

Countercurrent

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64
Q

2 countercurrent mechanisms

A
  • countercurrent multiplier

* countercurrent exchange

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65
Q

Countercurrent multiplier

A
  • interstitial fluid and glomerular filtrate become progressively more concentrated the deeper they are in the medulla (because H2O is reabsorbed from the filtrate as it flows down the descending limb)
  • ascending limb cells actively transport solutes into interstitial fluid (but limb is not permeable to water)…..solutes are leaving filtrate and water isn’t = becomes less concentrated as it flows up the ascending limb
  • water & urea are reabsorbed by collecting duct cells. Water diffuses into vasa recta. Urea recycling: exchange of urea between renal tubules and interstitial fluid

Summary:

  • as filtrate flows down descending limb it becomes more concentrated(water reabsorption)
  • as filtrate flows up ascending limb it becomes less concentrated (reabsorption of Na+ and Cl- by active transport)
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66
Q

Countercurrent exchange

A

Vasa recta & urea cycling

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67
Q

Vasa recta

A
  • supplies cells with oxygen and nutrients

- allows for easy water reabsorption

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68
Q

Urea cycling

A
  • water and urea reabsorbed from collecting duct
  • water diffuse into vasa recta
  • urea can diffuse into lower portions of nephron loop
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69
Q

Volume of normal urine

A

1-2 L per day

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70
Q

Color of normal urine

A

Variable shades of yellow

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71
Q

Turbidity of normal urine

A

Clear

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72
Q

Odor of normal urine

A

Variable ammonia-like odor

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73
Q

pH of normal urine

A

Variable: 4.5-8
Average: 5-6.5

74
Q

Specific gravity of urine

A

1.005-1.025

75
Q

Measures the nitrogen in the blood due to amount of urea present

A

Blood urea nitrogen(BUN)

76
Q

_______ is a waste product of muscle tissue

A

Creatinine

77
Q

Creatinine is a waste product of muscle tissue

A

Plasma creatinine

78
Q

Increased amounts in the blood commonly represent a ___________ glomerular filtration rate

A

Decreased

79
Q

2 lab tests to evaluate renal function

A

Blood urea nitrogen (BUN)

Plasma creatinine

80
Q

To provide an extra energy reserve in muscle, the body uses _______

A

Creatine

81
Q

What are the ureters lined with

A

Transitional epithelium

82
Q

What does secreted mucus in the ureters do

A

Protect the epithelium from coming into direct contact with urine(slightly acidic)

83
Q

What does transitional epithelium do for the ureters

A

Allows the ureter to stretch with variable volumes of urine

84
Q

How long are the ureters

A

25-30cm long

85
Q

3 ways that help ureters transport urine

A

Peristalsis
Hydrostatic pressure
Gravity

86
Q

Where do the ureters attach to bladder

A

Obliquely to the base

87
Q

Describe structure of bladder

A

Hollow, distensible organ

88
Q

How much does the bladder hold

A

700-800 ml

89
Q

Triangular-shaped area formed by openings of the ureters and urethra

A

Trigone

90
Q

Folds(Rugae) in mucous membrane lining of bladder allow _________.

A

Distension

91
Q

Contracts to assist in excreting urine

A

Detrusor muscle

92
Q

3 muscle fiber layers of detrusor muscle

A

Inner-longitudinal
Middle-circular
Outer-longitudinal

93
Q

Internal and external urethral sphincters

A

Internal: involuntary
External: voluntary

94
Q

Release of urine from the bladder, urination or voiding

A

Micturition

95
Q

Is Micturition voluntary or involuntary

A

Both

96
Q

Micturition reflex

A
  • stretch receptors stimulate when bladder = 200-400ml
  • parasympathetic response = detrusor muscle contracts and internal urethral sphincter relaxes
  • conscious..bladder full
  • voluntary inhibition of somatic neurons to external urethral sphincter
  • voiding
97
Q

How long is male urethra

A

20 cm (8in) long

98
Q

3 regions of male urethra

A

Prostatic
Membranous
Spongy

99
Q

How long are females urethra

A

4cm(1.5in)

100
Q

Where are females urethra located

A

Between clitoris and vaginal opening

101
Q

Shorter length of female urethras contribute to ________

A

Bladder infections

102
Q

T/F: the Males urethra is shared with the reproductive system

A

True

103
Q

The fluids in the body account for _____ of overall body mass

A

60%

104
Q

2/3 of the total fluid in the body is _________

A

Intracellular (fluid within cells)

105
Q

1/3 of total fluid in body is _______

A

Extra cellular (fluid outside cells)

106
Q

Fluid in the tissues that is “bathing” the cells

A

Interstitial fluid

107
Q

Is interstitial fluid part of the Intracellular or extracellular fluid

A

Extracellular

108
Q

Plasma, glomerular filtrate, lymph, CSF, GI, synovial, eats, eyes, pleural, pericardial, and peritoneal fluids are all part of which…the Intracellular of extra cellular

A

Extracellular

109
Q

The main extracellular space for fluid is the ___________________

A

Interstitial compartment

110
Q

A small volume of water is gained through ATP synthesis and is called ____________

A

Metabolic water

111
Q

Water gain and water loss are supposed to be ________

A

Equal

112
Q

Where is the thirst center located

A

Hypothalamus

113
Q

A condition that occurs when water loss exceeds water gain

A

Dehydration

114
Q

Function of thirst center

A

Detects increases in blood osmolarity

115
Q

2 things dehydration does

A

⬇️ blood pressure

⬆️ blood osmolarity

116
Q

Other receptors for dehydration include the kidneys, baroreceptors in the arteries, and neurons in the mouth that detect dryness

A

🙂

117
Q

2 mechanisms to regulate daily water gain

A

Thirst center

Dehydration

118
Q

Condition where there’s a decrease in interstitial concentration and water moves into the Intracellular space and cause cellular swelling, and if sever enough, cellular death

A

Water intoxication

119
Q

For cells not to shrink or swell, the ________ of both fluids has to be the same

A

Osmolarity

120
Q

Kidneys excrete water at a rate of ________

A

15 ml/min

121
Q

Distribution of anions and cations that are higher extracellular

A

Sodium
Chloride
Bicarbonate
Calcium

122
Q

Distribution of anions and cations that are higher Intracellularly

A 
Protein anions
Potassium
Magnesium
Phosphate
Sulfate
123
Q

Units to express electrolyte levels

A

Milliequivalents/Liter (mEg/L)

124
Q

Reflects the concentration of anions or cations in a given volume

A

Milliequivalents/Liter (mEq/L)

125
Q

One _______ is the positive or negative charges equal to the amount of charges in _______ of H+ ions

A

Equivalent, 1 mole

126
Q

A milliequivalent is

A

1/1000 of an equivalent

127
Q

Molecules that have the ability to bind to H+, this reducing the pH of the solution

A

Buffers

128
Q

Do buffers remove H+ from the body

A

No. They bind to them. The Hydrogen ions become Hydrogen atoms

129
Q

3 common buffering systems

A
  • Protein buffering system
  • Carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffering system
  • phosphate buffering system
130
Q

Hyperventilation _______ pH

A

Increases

131
Q

Hypoventilation _______ pH

A

Decreases

132
Q

An increase in ________ results in an increase in H+, so any condition causing the accumulation of _____ will result in lower pH

A

CO2, CO2

133
Q

T/F: changes in rate and depth of ventilation does not alter the blood pH

A

False! It does alter pH

134
Q

T/F: pH alterations can take place in a couple of minutes

A

True

135
Q

Metabolic reactions produce large amounts of _______

A

Acids

136
Q

The kidneys can secrete large amounts of ___

A

H+

137
Q

How can kidneys secrete large amounts of H+

A
  • H+ are exchanged for Na+ in proximal convoluted tubule

* proton pumps in collecting duct

138
Q

The collecting ducts can secrete ______ when the pH is low and _____ when the pH is high

A

H+, HCO3-

139
Q

Normal blood pH

A

7.35-7.45

140
Q

Blood pH below 7.35

A

Acidosis

141
Q

Blood pH above 7.45

A

Alkalosis

142
Q
  • urine dipstick test
  • 1-10 absorbent pads, each detecting a different chemical
    • protein, glucose, bilirubin, blood, evidence of white blood cells and bacteria
A

Biochemical UA test

143
Q
  • sediment from centrifuged urine sample is viewed using a light microscope
    • white blood cells, RBC’s, yeast, bacteria, etc.
A

Microscopic UA test

144
Q

Renal corpuscle consists of

A
  • glomerulus

- glomerular capsule

145
Q

Two groups of structures that makeup nephron

A

Renal corpuscle

Renal tubules

146
Q

Renal tubules consists of

A
  • proximal convoluted tubule
  • nephron loop
  • distal convoluted tubule
147
Q

Filtering structure of nephron

A

Renal corpuscle

148
Q

Tightly-coiled tubule attached directly to glomerulus

A

Proximal convoluted tubule

149
Q

Tightly-coiled tubules farther away from glomerulus

A

Distal convoluted tubule

150
Q

Several distal convoluted tubules come together to form a _________

A

Collecting duct

151
Q

Many collecting ducts merge to form ______

A

Papillary duct

152
Q

Two types of nephrons

A

Cortical

Justanedullary

153
Q

80-85% of nephrons

A

Cortical

154
Q

15-20% nephrons

A

Juxtamedullary

155
Q

Nephron loop extends only a short distance into medulla

A

Cortical nephron

156
Q

Nephron loop extends deep into medulla

A

Juxtamedullary nephron

157
Q
  • Densely-packed columnar cells in the ascending nephron loop
  • arranged next to the Afferent arteriole
A

Macula densa

158
Q

Specialized smooth muscle cells of the Afferent arteriole that control vessel in diameter

A

Juxtaglomerular cells

159
Q

Together, the macula densa and juxtaglomerular cells…

A

Control the blood pressure and filtration rate in kidneys

160
Q

3 layers of tissue that form the filtration membrane

A

Capillary endothelium
Basal lamina
Podocytes

161
Q

This contains fenestrated capillaries and limits passage of formed elements.

A

Capillary endothelium

162
Q

Connective tissue membrane and limits passage of large proteins

A

Basal lamina

163
Q

Specialized epithelium formed from the glomerular capsule.
• Pedicels form the slit membrane
• limits passage of small proteins

A

Podocytes

164
Q

Small spaces between pedicels

A

Filtration slits

165
Q

The amount of glomerular filtrate formed each minute

A

Glomerular filtration rate

166
Q

3 regulatory mechanisms to control GFR

A
  1. Renal autoregulation
  2. Neural regulation
  3. Hormonal regulation
167
Q

3 ways of renal autoregulation

A
  • Myogenic mechanism

- Tubuloglomerular feedback

168
Q

Constricting or dilating the Afferent and efferent Arterioles to control GFR

A

Myogenic mechanism

169
Q

Tubulomerular feedback

A
  • macula densa detects ⬆️ Na+, Cl- and water

- ⬇️ release of nitric oxide = vasoconstriction of Afferent Arterioles

170
Q

Neural regulation

A

⬆️ sympathetic control
• ⬆️ norepinephrine
• constriction of Afferent arteriole = ⬇️ GFR

171
Q

2 hormones that contribute to hormonal regulation

A

Angiotensin ll

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

172
Q

Angiotensin ll

A
  • vasoconstrictor

* ⬇️ GFR

173
Q

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

A
  • vasodilator

* ⬆️ GFR

174
Q

Milliosmole

A

Number of parts

175
Q

Milliequivalent

A

Number of charges

176
Q

Protein buffering system

A
  • most abundant buffering system in plasma and Intracellular fluid
  • carboxyl function group can bind H+
  • side chains on 7 of 20 amino acids can bind H+
177
Q

Carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffering system

A

Bicarbonate ion (weak base) can bind to H+ to form carbonic acid (weak acid)

178
Q

Phosphate buffering system

A

Monohydrogen phosphate(weak base) can bind H+ and form dihydrogen phosphate (weak acid)

179
Q

Respiratory acidosis

A

Changes: accumulation of excess CO2

Causes:

  • Hypoventilation
  • emphysema
  • overdose of respiratory-suppressive drugs
180
Q

Respiratory alkalosis

A

Changes: exhalation of too much CO2

Causes:

  • severe anxiety
  • oxygen deficiency
181
Q

Metabolic acidosis

A

Changes:

  • ⬇️ plasma HCO3
  • non-respiratory acid accumulation
  • failure of kidneys to secrete H+

Causes:

  • diarrhea
  • ketosis, lactic acidosis, etc
  • renal dysfunction
182
Q

Metabolic alkalosis

A

Changes:

  • non-respiratory acid loss
  • excessive HCO3

Causes:

  • vomiting
  • alkaline drugs (antacids)

Advanced Anatomy & Physiology (10 decks)

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