produce sperm produce testosterone

encloses urethra as passageway for excretion of urine + urethra used to introduce semen into female coitus and ejaculation

produce oocytes produce progesterone, estrogens, inhibin, and relaxin

Module 20: Reproductive System Flashcards by Mirae Whiting

5 Anatomical features found in male

Testes
Ducts
Accessory sex glands
Urethra
Penis

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6 anatomical features found in female

Ovaries
Uterine tubes
Uterus
Cervix
Accessory sex glands
Vagina

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Function of testes

produce sperm

* produce testosterone

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Function of ducts

• transport, store, and assist in maturation of sperm

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Function of accessory sex glands in male

• secrete bulk of semen

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Function of penis

encloses urethra as passageway for excretion of urine

* + urethra used to introduce semen into female coitus and ejaculation

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Function of ovaries

produce oocytes

* produce progesterone, estrogens, inhibin, and relaxin

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Function of uterine tubes

transport oocyte to uterus

* site of fertilization

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Function of uterus

• site of implantation of fertilized ovum and supports fetal development

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Function of accessory sex glands in females

• secrete fluid during coitus (intercourse)

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Function of vagina

• receives penis during coitus

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Function of cervix and vagina

• passageway for childbirth

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The specialized cells that when combined, make another, unique human being

Gametes

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Gametes produced by male

Spermatozoa

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A single spermatozoa

Spermatozoon

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A canal enclosed by connective tissue that brings and takes rich blood supply to testes

Spermatic cord

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Ducts which carry sperm

Ductus deferens (vas deferens)

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Two muscles of the scrotum

Dartos

Cremaster

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Surrounds the scrotal sac subcutaneously, will cause wrinkles in sac when muscle contracts

Dartos

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Draws the testes higher in the scrotal sac to protect them and draw more body heat when necessary

Cremaster

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Spermatozoa are made by

Spermatogenic cells

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Function of sertoli (sustentacular) cells

Support spermatogensis

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Function of Leydig cells

Produce androgens

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Hormones which support male metabolism and secondary sex characteristics

Androgens

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Inside each testis, a series of tubules(_________________) lead to a central network which then lead into the ____________.

(Seminiferous tubules), epididymis

Functions of scrotum

* support and encloses testes and spermatozoa cord | * regulates temp of testes

Carries sperm from seminiferous tubules to prostate

Ductus deferens

______ and ______ add secretions and the mixture is dumped into urethra

Prostate and seminal vesicles

_________ glands add secretions just prior to ejaculation

Bulbourethral(Cowper's)

_________ _______ consists of sponge-like venous passages which fill up with congested blood to make penis erect

Erectile tissue

3 structures associated with erectile tissue

``` Corpora cavernosa (R & L) Corpus spongiosum ```

A midline structure that surrounds the urethras and also makes up the bulk of the glans penis

Corpus spongiosum

Uncircumcised men have _____ covering glans

Prepuce(foreskin)

Epididymis

Store and mature sperm

Protects sperm from the immune system

Blood-testes barrier

Stem cells that are found along basement membrane of seminiferous tubules, farthest from luminal surface

Spermatogonia

Sperm itinerary

1. Released into lumen of seminiferous tubules of testes 2. Mature in epididymis, wait for ejaculation 3. Upon sexual stimulation leading to ejaculation, travel via ductus deferens 4. Critical fluids from prostate and seminal vesicles are added 5. Ejaculated through urethra of erect penis

Spermatogensis 1

Spermatozoon is born: 1. Spermatogonia 2. Primary spermatocytes 3. Secondary spermatocytes 4. Early spermatids 5. Late spermatids 6. Spermatozoa

Spermatogenesis 2

The waiting room: 1. (Rete testes) after being produced in seminiferous tubules of testes, spermatozoa move to rete testes and cross imaginary border into epididymis 2. (Ductus pididymis) Pass through efferent ducts to ductus epididymis 3. (14 days)Ductus epididymis where sperm wait 14 days to mature 4. (Contract=expel) Smooth muscle layer surrounding epididymis responds to sexual arousal by contracting = expelling sperm

The only cells in human body with flagellae

Sperm...flagellae allows them to be motile

Spermatogenesis 3

The Tubes: 1. (Forced into deferens) upon leaving epididymis, spermatozoa forced into bad deferens 2. (Cowper's glands) bulbourethral glands secrete a small amt. of alkaline fluid to lubricate and buffer pH in urethra 3. (Meet) vas deferens meet urethra at prostate - secretions from seminal vesicles and prostrated added 4. (Semen) fluid officially semen

Spermatogenesis 4

Ejaculation: 1. (Sympathetic) Sympathetic reflex coordinated by lumbar spinal cord 2. (Internal closes) Internal urethral sphincter closes = prevent leakage of urine and backflow of sperm 3. (Peristaltic waves) Peristaltic waves occur in epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, ejaculatory ducts, and prostate 4. (Contractions) Contractions of muscles at root of penis - bulbosponglosus - ischiocavernosa - superficial transverse perineus 5. Emission and ejaculation

Is ejaculation sympathetic or parasympathetic

Sympathetic

Semen =

Sperm + fluid secretions

Seminal vesicles contribution to semen

pH, fructose, prostaglandins

The major unit which powers sperm motility

Fructose

Contribution to semen from prostate

Zinc, citrate, and enzyme acid phosphatase

______ give semen a milky quality

Prostatic secretion

One of the anti-clotting agents found in semen

Prostatic-specific antigen (PSA)

How much semen in average ejaculate

2.5-5mL

How much spermatozoa per mL

100 million

How much spermatozoa in semen to be defined as infertility

pH of semen

7.2-7.7 = neutralizes acidity of urethra and vagina

T/F: semen clots 5 minutes after ejaculation

True

Where are female gametes produced

Ovaries

If no fertilization occurs, or for some reason the embryo is unable to implant, then the uterine linings do ovum/embryo are flushed out of the uterus

Menstruation

Serves as an outlet for menstrual tissue, a channel for childbirth, and location of coitus

Vagina

The externally visible parts of the female reproductive system are collectively called

Vulva or pudendum

In younger women, a membranous structure that may partially or completely cover vaginal orifice

Hymen

3 parts of the vulva

External urethral orifice Labia minora Labia majora

Convey the female gamete from the ovaries to the uterus

Uterine tubes

T/F: there is no firm connection between the ovaries and uterine tubes

True

Condition where an oocyte may slip out of reproductive system and fertilize in peritoneum or other locations

Ectopic pregnancy

The removal of ovaries

Oophorsalpingohysterectomy | Or hysterectosalpingoopherectomy

* stores and matures eggs | * secreted estrogens and progesterone

Ovaries

* conduct egg from ovary to uterus | * usual site of conception

Uterine tubes

• site for embryo implantation

Uterus

* muscular tube to permit insertion of penis | * flexible channel for childbirth

Vagina

* external opening(introitus) for reproduction | * external urethral orifice allows urination

Vulva

The structure that encloses an oocyte and promotes its maturation is a

Follicle

The female reproductive years lie between

Menarche and menopause

First menstruation

Menarche

Last menstruation

Menopause

Precursors to the ova that undergo their last cell division before birth and remain in a quiescent state as ________ _______ until after menarche

Primary oocytes

What, in several concentric layers, surround a primary oocyte

Granulosa cells

What's the follicle called when granulosa cells surround the primary oocyte

Primary follicle

What's the follicle called when a fluid-filled pocket develops

Secondary follicle

What's the follicle called when the fluid predominates

Mature/graafian follicle

When a mature/Graafian follicle ruptures

Ovulation

Stimulates development of a follicle in the ovary

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

What releases FSH and LG

Anterior pituitary

Average female reproductive cycle

28 days

What's the oocyte called when the mature follicle ruptures releasing the oocyte

Secondary oocyte

In response to a surge of LH released from the pituitary once each month, the mature follicle ruptures and releases a secondary oocyte

Ovulation

The follicular cells of secondary and mature follicles secrete

Estrogens

after the follicle ruptures and the secondary oocyte is released, the follicle becomes filled with a yellowish, waxy substance called

Corpus luteum

The corpus luteum secretes ________ and ________ whose job it is to maintain the lining of the uterus and prepare woman's body for implantation

Progesterone & estrogens

After 14 days, the corpus luteum no longer secretes hormone and becomes a _______ ________, a knot of scar tissue with no endocrine function

Corpus albicans

a knot of scar tissue with no endocrine function

Corpus albicans

Follicular development in the ovary

1. Primordial follicle 2. Primary follicle 3. Secondary follicle 4. Mature follicle - about 2 cm in diameter 5. Ovulation ➡️ secondary oocyte expelled 6. Corpus luteum 7. Degenerating corpus luteum 8. Corpus albicans (scar tissue)

Which part of menstrual cycle secondary and mature follicles secrete estrogens

Days 1-14

What part of menstrual cycle corpus luteum secreted progesterone and estrogens

15-28

Path of secondary oocyte

Released from follicle, from ovary @ ovulation ➡️ fimbriae ➡️ uterine tubes(encounters sperm) ➡️ undergoes cell division = ovum ➡️ fertilize = zygote ➡️ embryo ➡️ out tubes to uterus & implantation

Female gamete

Ovum

Inner lining of the uterus

Endometrium

Muscular layer of uterus

Myometrium

Serosa layer of uterus(nearest pelvic cavity)

Perimetrium

What is sloughed off during menstrual cycle

Epithelium & stratum functionalis

More than 90% of the thickness of the uterus is the

Myometriun

Blood flow in uterus

Internal iliac arteries ➡️ uterine arteries ➡️ arcuate arteries ➡️ radial arteries ➡️ branch into spiral arteries (shed with stratum functionalis) and straight Arterioles (stratum basalis not shed) ➡️ uterine veins ➡️ internal iliac veins (IUARSSUI)

Muscular layer of uterus

Myometrium

Serosa layer of uterus(nearest pelvic cavity)

Perimetrium

What is sloughed off during menstrual cycle

Epithelium & stratum functionalis

More than 90% of the thickness of the uterus is the

Myometriun

Blood flow in uterus

3 layers of endometrium

* simple columnar epithelium * stratum functionalis * stratum basalis

T/F: stratum functionalis is shed during menstrual cycle

True

T/F: Arterioles and venules of stratum functionalis are shed with endometrium during menstruation, then regrow from stratum basalis during proliferative phase

True

Menorrhagia

>80 mL blood

How long does the ideal menstruation last of a 28 day cycle

7 days

Is there a complete or incomplete loss of stratum functionalis during menstruation

Complete

Stratum functionalis rebuilt during which phase

Proliferative

Which phase do glands of endometrium proliferate and endometrium becomes a secretory organ as well as "potting soil" for embryo

Secretory phase

2 phases of uterine cycle

Proliferative | Secretory

Average menstrual flow

37 mL per cycle

T/F: ovarian and uterine cycles are in sync

True

What is Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) from hypothalamus used for

To coordinate release of FSH and LH from anterior pituitary

What secretes estrogens to help maintain the growth and development of stratum functionalis of endometrium

Mature follicle

At the midpoint of the cycle, day 14, a burst of ___ and ___ triggers ovulation

FSH and LH

4 structures that secrete hormones used to coordinate ovarian and uterine cycles

Pituitary, follicle, corpus luteum, endometrial glands

A temporary endocrine organ that secretes progesterone and estrogens

Corpus luteum

Hormone that promotes development and maintenance of female reproductive structures, feminine secondary sex characteristics, & breasts

Estrogen

Hormone that ⬆️ protein anabolism

Estrogen

Hormone that ⬇️ blood cholesterol

Estrogen

Hormone that moderate levels inhibit release of GnRH, FSH, & LH

Estrogen

Hormone that works with estrogens to prepare endometrium for implantation

Progesterone

Hormone that prepares mammary glands to secrete milks

Progesterone

Hormone that inhibits release of GnRH & LH

Progesterone

Hormone that inhibits contractions of uterine smooth muscle

Relaxin

Hormone that during labor, increased flexibility of pubic symphysis and dilates uterine cervix

Relaxin

Hormone that inhibits release of FSH and, to a lesser extent, LH

Inhibin

Predominate estrogen in nonpregnant females

17B-estradiol

What is 17B-estradiol made from

Testosterone

Main estrogen form during menopause and later

Estrone

Main estrogen during pregnancy

Estriol

What makes estriol

Fetal liver

How long is normal gestation

40 weeks

All ___ week embryos start out as an indifferent gender(male and female appear exactly the same)

what gene on Y chromosome -> development of male gonads and genitalia

Sex-determining region Y (SRY)

Generic designation for female

Genetic designation for Male

If there is no ___ chromosome there is no SRY gene

If SRY is not present ______ gonads develop

Female

Intersex/hermaphrodites

Development of gonads is somewhere between SRY-on and SRY-off

Estimate of intersex incidence

Range 0.02-1.7%

Analogous gonads

Male: testes Female: ovaries

Analogous paramesoneohric ducts

Male: [degenerate] Female: uterine tubes, uterus, vagina

Analogous glans area of genital tubercle

Male: glans penis & corpora cavernosum Female: clitoris

Analogous urethral folds of genital tubercle

Male: penile urethra Female: labia minora

Analogous labioscrotal swellings of genital tubercle

Male: •penis, scrotum •Corpus spongiosum Female: • labia majora •Vestibular bulb, pubocervical fascia

Analogous to prostate

Paraurethral

Analogous to bulbourethral glands

Greater vestibular glands

The region surrounding the genitals and anus

Perineum

Two triangular regions or the perineum

Urogenital triangle | Anal triangle

Are the vestibular bulb and greater vestibular glands present in male or female

Female only

"Sitz bones" where our weight rests if we sit on a flat bench

Ischial tuberosities

Primary sex organs

Gonads

In both males and females, _____ from the hypothalamus directs the secretion of ____ or ____ from the anterior pituitary

GnRH, FSH, LH

T/F: males have follicles and a corpora lutea

FALSE! Instead, FSH acts as a stimulant to the spermatogenic cells and sustentacular(Sertoli) cells of the testes

What does FSH do in males

Act as a stimulant to the spermatogenic cells and Sertoli cells of testes

In males what does LH do

Acts on Leydig cells of testes

What can testosterone be converted to

Dihydrotestosterone

A hormone that alters and maintains secondary sexual characteristics in males

Dihydrotestosterone

A negative feedback loop controlled by __________ levels ensures that sperm are not over-produced

Inhibin

Most body cells are

Somatic cells

A process where the DNA content is doubles as and then divided equally between two daughter cells

Mitosis

The chromosome content of somatic cells

Ploidy

Somatic cells have 2 copies of every chromosome which makes them.....

Diploid

Are gametes haploid or diploid

Haploid

Meiosis is a ________ ________

Reduction division

Where DNA content is reduced

Reduction division

In meiosis are cells diploid or haploid

Both: start off diploid then are haploid after division

During what phase of mitosis is DNA content doubled

S phase

Where the two alleles from homologous chromosomes "swap places" on chromosomes during meiosis

Cross over

And important feature unique to meiosis is

Crossing over

What phase of meiosis does genetic recombination occur

Prophase of Meiosis 1

Mitosis or Meiosis: a cell division where the DNA of the daughter cells is exactly the same sequence in the same order as that of the parent cell

Mitosis

Mitosis or Meiosis: involves tetrad formation and crossing over

Meiosis

Mitosis or Meiosis: a reduction division

Meiosis

Mitosis or Meiosis: preserves the ploidy and n number of the cell.

Mitosis

Multiplication of the n number in mitosis occurs during what phase

S phase

Diploid or haploid: precursors of gametes

Diploid Resulting cell = haploid

Diploid or haploid: When 2 haploid gametes meet, and the Nucleu combine, the resulting cell is

Diploid

Fertilized ovum

Zygote

Zygo turns into...

Divided mitotically into an embryo, then fetus

T/F: mitosis is a cyclical process

True

Mitosis or Meiosis: once cells become gametes, they can't ever produce new cells except by joining another gamer in fertilization

Meiosis

All cells of the body except germ cells

Somatic cells

Do spermatogonia undergo mitosis or meiosis

Mitosis

As long as spermatogonia stay near the basement membrane, they remain a ________________ and divide by ___________

Stem cell, mitosis

If spermatogonia leave the basement membrane that begin a process of ____________

Differentiation

What happens when spermatogonia go through differentiation

They become a primary spermatocyte (diploid)

Primary spermatocytes undergo _____________ to become ____________

Meiosis 1, secondary spermatocyte(haploid)

What happens when secondary spermatocytes undergo meiosis 2

They split up their DNA into individual chromatids = haploid spermatids

T/F: spermatids undergo further differentiation after meiosis 2, but have no further changes in DNA content

True....so they end up haploid (1n spermatozoa)

Which are euploid • haploid • diploid • polyploid

All

Euploid: 23 X 1 =

Haploid

Euploid: 23 X 2 =

Diploid

Euploid: 23 X anything > 2 =

Polyploid

When does meiosis 1 begin in female gametes

After oogonia undergo their last mitotic division in female fetus

Female gametes undergo meiosis 1 =

Primary oocyte

How long do oocytes stay suspended halfway through meiosis 1

10-50 years

How many primary oocytes respond to the hormonal signals from the pituitary after menarche

5-12

How many of the 5-12 primary oocytes generally progress all the way meiosis 1 and to form what

1 to form secondary oocyte

Remaining genetic material, of primary oocyte after changing into secondary oocyte, is disposed of by the body forming....

The first polar body

Does the secondary oocyte complete meiosis 2

No, unless sperm penetrates

When secondary oocyte completes meiosis 2 it becomes an

Ovum

After becoming an ovum, the genetic material is again disposed to form

Second polar body

For a time, female DNA and male DNA remain separate, as female and male _____

Pronuclei

After male and female DNA pronuclei they eventually fuse to form ______________

The diploid zygote (2n)

The fusion of pronuclei to form a zygote is _____________ of embryonic development

Time zero

Primary sex characteristics in males

Penis, scrotum, and associated glands

Primary Sex characteristics in females

Vulva, ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, and associated glands

Male secondary sex characteristics

* Body hair in pubic region, arms, and legs * deeper voice * more prominent Adam's apple * more muscular and skeletal growth

Female secondary sex characteristics

* body hair in public region, arms, and legs * larger breasts * wider hips

__________ ands _________ change structure of the embryonic and newborn brain

Androgens and estrogens

During puberty, a burst of ____ from the hypothalamus leads to _ ____ and _ ___ which in turn _ ___ and _ ___

GnRH, ⬆️ LH, ⬆️ FSH, ⬆️ androgens, ⬆️ estrogens

Puberty is triggered by _________ _________

Complex interactions

T/F: ⬆️ obesity does not affect onset of puberty

False: it is a factor responsible for change. It acts on and endocrine organ and may alter the developmental clock

Which is a gradual process...menarche or menopause

Menopause

Average age of menarche

Just over 12

Relatively sudden....menarche or menopause

Menarche

Theories of ongoing decline in average age of menarche: - decline over last few centuries due to better nutrition, health - decline in last few decades due to childhood obesity? Other factors?

🙂

An instrument for measuring penile erection

Penile plesmythograph

An instrument for measuring penile erection

Penile plesmythograph

Sexual response is easier to study in males or females

Males

Incoming sensory information from structures which produce sexual arousal comes into spinal cord at ________

S2-S4

Nerves of sexual arousal: Outgoing striated motor and parasympathetic autonomic

S2-S4

Nerves of Sexual Arousal: Outgoing sympathetic autonomic (motor) at

T10-L2

T/F: the brain does not influence the basic sexual arousal reflex pathway

False! It does influence!!

Penile erection results from

Congestion in the corpora cavernosa

The processes that work together to cause penile erection

1. Relaxation of smooth muscle in corpora cavernosa 2. Vasodilation ⬆️ arterial blood flow to penis 3. Restricted flow of blood out of the penis due to compression of dorsal veins

What promotes dilation of blood vessels throughout the body

Nitric oxide

Increased ___ promotes penile erection by stimulating all of the the processes

NO (nitric oxide)

_____ ______ is a neurotransmitter that causes vasodilation

Nitric oxide

Mouse eNOS mutants:

Unable to make NO = ⬆️ arterial blood pressure than "normal" mice

Why is nitroglycerine used in angina(heart pain from decreases blood flow to heart)

Because NO causes vasodilation

As blood vessels dilate in corpora cavernosa....

Penile erection occurs

Mechanism of Action of Viagra: Normally, the signaling molecule involved is inactivates by an enzyme called ____

PDE5

________ block PDE5 and prolongs smooth muscle relaxation

Sildenafil (Viagra)

Can NO cause erection of the clitoris

Yes, because it's still a dilation of vasculature

Is the erection of the clitoris enough to cause a sexual response in females

____ and _____ _____ are the only structure which demonstrate ⬆️ blood flow during sexual arousal

Clitoris & vaginal bulb

An area surrounding the female introitus

Vestibular bulb

Entrance to the vagina

Introitus

The _______ ____, the _______ ______, and the ______ ______ embedded in nearby tissue, are also homologous to the corpus spongiosum penis in males, so that embryonic origin is consistent with a similar role in female sexual arousal

Vestibular bulb, pubocervical fascia (Halban's fascia), paraurethral glands(skenes glands)

A location in the vaginal wall near the position of the pubocervical fascia

Grafenberg spot (G-spot)

The vestibular glands have been implicated in providing the _______ that accompanies sexual arousal in females

Lubrication

Is the lubrication from the vestibular glands in females sufficient for sex purposes

Four stages of sexual arousal in the Masters and Johnson Model of female response

1. Excitement 2. Plateau 3. Orgasm 4. Resolution

What kind of response is the focus in the Masters and Johnson Model

Physiological

Stages of the Kaplan model of female sexual arousal

1. Desire (psychological) 2. Excitement 3. Orgasm (physiological)

Basson model of female sexual response posits that _________________________________ is the primary motivator for sexual activity

Emotional intimacy

Model of female sexual response that is based on "male", hydraulic model of sexual arousal

Masters and Johnson

Model of female sexual arousal that is a motivation model

Kaplan

Model of female sexual arousal that states women engage in sexual intercourse because of desire for emotional closeness (sexual neutrality)

Basson

How long can some survive after ejaculation

3 days

How long does an unfertilized secondary oocyte survive

2 days after ovulation

Where does conception(fertilization) take place

Uterine tubes

What is the name of the head of sperm

Acrosome

What is the unpolymerized actin in the acrosome of the spermatozoon

Profilacin

Profilactin is converted to actin in the _______ ________

Acrosomal reaction

This process helps the spermatozoon penetrate the secondary oocyte

Acrosomal reaction

About how many sperm are released to begin journey in the female reproductive tract

300 Million

T/F: thousands of spermatozoa reach the uterine tube

False! Only a few hundred

T/F: some sperm can complete the journey to the uterine tubes within a few minutes

True

Occurs when a single spermatozoon penetrates the secondary oocyte, causing it to develop an ovum

Fertilization

What kind of twins occur when two oocytes are shed

Dizygotic (fraternal)

What kind of twins occur when the zygote splits into two embryos in an early division

Monozygotic (identical)

Can fertilization occur if > 1 spermatozoon penetrates a single oocyte

2 block to polyspermy

Fast & Slow

What forms when granulosa cells from the follicle partially surround the ovulated secondary oocyte

Corona radiata (radiant crown)

A thick, clear layer, that also surrounds the oocyte

Zona pellucida

In what reaction does the penetration of oocyte by the first spermatozoon cause calcium ions to be released from cortical granules in the oocyte

Cortical reaction

In the cortical reaction, the penetration of the oocyte by the first spermatozoon causes calcium ions to be released from what in the oocyte

Cortical granules

Two layers that surround occyte

Corona radiata | Zona pellucida

What is lifted in result of the cortical reaction

Zona pellucida

Can sperm penetrate the oocyte membrane when contact between Zona pellucida and oocyte is lost

Where do sperm undergo capacitation

Uterine tubes

- flagella beat more vigorously - plasma membrane of spermatozoa prepared to fuse with plasma membrane of secondary oocyte ~ cholesterol, glycoproteins, and proteins scrubbed off spermatozoon's membrane

Sperm capacitation

A two symmetrical, equal cell

Two-cell embryo

A two symmetrical, equal cell

Two-cell embryo

5 steps of fertilization to implantation in first week

1. Fertilization (12-34 hrs after ovulation) 2. Cleavage (30 hrs after fertilization) 3. Morula (3-4 days) 4. Blastocyst (4.5-5 days) 5. Implantation (6 days)

When sperm and egg unite it forms a

Diploid zygote | And starts our developmental "clock"

Stages of embryo in first week of fertilization and implantation

* two-cell * four-cell * morula * blastocyst

Occurs within uterine tube within 12-24 hrs after ovulation

Fertilization

First one is completed about 30 ha after fertilization

Cleavage

3-4 days after fertilization

Morula

4.5-5 days after fertilization

Blastocyst

Occurs about 6 days after fertilization

Implantation

The point of contact between the blastocyst and the endometrium, under the influence of chemical factors released by the uterus, begins to develop into what

Inner cell mass

* blastocyst makes contact with the endometrial wall * inner cell mass develops * problem: embryo is "foreign" tissue * implantation involved evading mother's defense mechanism

Day 6: implantation

Three layers that the blastocyst develop

* Trophoblast * Inner cell mass -> embryonic disc * yolk sac

* upon implantation, the blastocyst divides into three parts | * the endometrial lining becomes the decidua

Days 8-12: implantation

A folding process that creates three germ layers in the embryo

Gastrulation

Three germ layers created from gastrulation

1. Ectoderm 2. Mesoderm 3. Endoderm

Becomes skin and nervous system

Ectoderm

Becomes connective tissue, muscles, and bones

Mesoderm

Becomes gut tube

Endoderm

_________ is necessary for organogenesis to begin

Gastrulation

Cancer coming from ectoderm

Carcinomata

Cancer coming from the mesoderm

Sarcomata

3 things the placenta provides

- food to embryo - oxygenated blood to embryo - protection for the embryo from invaders with antibodies

Placenta =

1/2 embryonic tissue | 1/2 maternal tissue

Embryonic tissue formed loops of blood vessels

Chorionic villi

Circular "wall" around the entire embryonic project area

Chorion

One of the most common abnormalities detected by chorionic villus biopsy

Down syndrome (Trisomy 21)

What does development of extraembryonic membrane begin with

Lacunae (open spaces)

When can chorionic villus sampling(biopsy) be done

As early as 8 weeks

Researchers estimate 50% of spontaneous abortions are from what

Nondisjuction syndromes (like Down syndrome)

Trisomy 21 or other chromosomal abnormalities result from what

Nondisjunction

Failure to separate chromosomes

Nondisjunction

In meiosis, all four chromatids of 21 are supposed to arrive where

In different gametes

How heavy is the placenta by the time of birth

500g

Oxygenated blood flowing from mother to child flows through what

Umbilical vein

Blood flow through structure of placenta

1. Maternal circulation 2. Maternal endometrial arteriole 3. Fetal blood vessels is chorionic villi 4. Umbilical vein 5. Embryo 6. Umbilical artery 7. Fetal blood vessels in chorionic villi 8. Maternal endometrial Venule (more mothers fight until embryo unties father & mother)

What's the tissue of the mother that form around the embryo

Decidua

When does embryonic folding organogenesis begin

Days 20-28

A prominent feature of the dorsal surface of the Embryo, forming a distinct groove

Neural folds

The fetal brain form from what

Neural tube

Substances which cause birth defects can strongly influence development

Teratogens

The time when systems are sensitive

Critical period

Rubella, cytomegalovirus, toxoplasma, radiation, and some other chemicals are examples of what

Teratogens

A fertilization to 8 weeks

Embryonic period

9 weeks to birth

Fetal period

Which period is there growth and development of fetus, but most involved the organs carrying out a development plan set out during the embryonic period

Fetal period

Normal gestation is

40 wks

Four hormones released by placenta

* human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) * relaxin * human chorionic somatomammotropin (hCS) * corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)

- maintains corpus luteum - corpus luteum continues to secrete progesterone, estrogens - basis for home pregnancy testing

Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

- increases flexibility of pubic symphysis and AIDS in cervical dilation

Relaxin

- alters maternal metabolism

Human chorionic somatomammotropin (hCS)

- control timing of birth | - ⬆️ secretion of cortisol

Corticotropin-releasing hormon (CRH)

Spike of hCG is earliest

Peak between 8-10 wks

Physiological changes of pregnancy in cardiovascular system (7)

- ⬆️ blood flow to placenta - ⬆️ stroke volume - ⬆️ cardiac output - heart rate - blood volume - compression of inferior vena cava = edema in legs and varicose veins - compression of renal artery = renal hypertension

Physiological changes of pregnancy in respiratory system (5)

* ⬆️ tidal volume * ⬆️ ventilation * ⬆️ total oxygen consumption * ⬇️ expiratory reserve volume (ERV) * dyspnea possible

Physiological changes of pregnancy in GI system

* ⬆️ appetite | * ⬇️ bowel motility

Physiological changes of pregnancy in Urinary system

* pressure on urinary bladder | * ⬆️ Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)

Three stages of labor

Dilation Expulsion Placental

* onset of labor to dilation of cervix * about 6-12 hrs * regular contractions * usually rupturing of amniotic sac (breaking water) * ends with complex dilation of cervix

Dilation stage

- 10 minutes to several hrs | - ends with delivery of the baby

Expulsion stage

- 5-30 min - ends with expulsion of placenta - powerful uterine contractions expel placenta and help control bleeding

Placental stage

Is labor (parturition) a neg or pos feedback loop

Positive

Homeostatic control of labor: Input: stretching of cervix sends sensory info to brain Processing and output: brain interprets signal, releases OXYTOCIN from POSTERIOR PITUITARY • oxytocin causes uterus to contract more forcefully • delivery of baby stops pos feedback loop • synthetic oxytocin can be used to stimulate this homeostatic loop

🙂

Is milk let-down reflex a pos or neg feedback loop

Positive

Suckling Input: baby sucks nipple Processing and output: hypothalamus and posterior pituitary - releases oxytocin which stimulates "Milk let-down reflex" • cycle continues until baby stops suckling

🙂

What kind of glands are mammary glands

Modified suderiferous (sweat) glands

Embedded in adipose tissue of mammary glands is a set of

Alveolar glands

The alveolar glands in mammary glands are surrounded by

Myoepithelial cells

Contract in response to oxytocin in mammary glands

Myoepithelial cells

The nipple is surrounded by a pigmented tissue

Areola

Structure of breast is maintained by ligaments

Suspensory ligaments

Lobes separated by adipose tissue have (2)

Lobules & alveoli

Travel of milk in mammary glands

1. Alveoli 2. Mammary ducts 3. Lactiferous sinuses 4. Lactiferous ducts 5. Nipple

Probability of pregnancy from a single, unprotected act of intercourse

2-4%

Peak of probability of pregnancy from a single, unprotected act of coitus

8% (days 12-14)

Lowest probability of pregnancy from a single unprotected act of coitus

0% (days 1-2)

Ductus deferens is isolated and resected - sometimes causes nerve damage - may not be reversible

Vasectomy

Uterine tubes cut and tied off - complicated, invasive, expensive surgery - not reversible

Tubal ligation

Only true reliable method of birth control

Abstinence

2nd best in terms of efficient birth control

Surgical methods - vasectomy - tubal ligation

Are female hormonal control methods of birth control highly effective

Yes, if used properly

Purpose of Intrauterine device (IUD)

Prevent implantation of embryo

Failure rate of male condom used properly

Failure rate of an improperly used condom

14%

What type of birth control? Protection rate(high, middle, low) * oral contraceptive * non-oral contraceptives

Hormonal methods, middle-high

What type of birth control? Protection rate(high, middle, low) • intrauterine devices

Intrauterine device, middle

What type of birth control? Protection rate(high, middle, low) • spermicides (alone)

Spermicides (alone), middle-low

What type of birth control? Protection rate(high, middle, low) * male condom * vaginal pouch * diaphragm * cervical cap

Barrier methods, low

What type of birth control? Protection rate(high, middle, low) * rhythm method * sympto-thermal method (STM)

Periodic abstinence, lower

What type of birth control? Protection rate(high, middle, low) • no method

No method, lowest

What type of birth control? Protection rate(high, middle, low) •complete abstinence

Complete abstinence, highest

What type of birth control? Protection rate(high, middle, low) * vasectomy * tubal ligation

Surgical sterilization, higher

What type of birth control? Protection rate(high, middle, low) • non-incisional sterilization

Non-incisional sterilization, high