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Advanced Anatomy & Physiology > Module 17: Respiratory System > Flashcards

Module 17: Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

List the functions of the respiratory system (6)

A
  • provides for gas exchange
  • helps regulate blood pH
  • contains smell receptors
  • filters incoming air
  • produces vocal sounds
  • excretes water and heat
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2
Q

Name the four respiratory processes (4)

A
  • pulmonary ventilation
  • external respiration
  • transport of respiratory gases to the tissues
  • internal respiration
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3
Q

moving air into and out of the lungs is defined as

A

pulmonary ventilation

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4
Q

exchange of gases at the alveoli of the lungs is defined as

A

external respiration

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5
Q

exchange of gases between blood and tissue is defined as

A

internal respiration

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6
Q

part of the respiratory system (zone) that brings air into or out of the lung is defined as

A

conducting zone

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7
Q

the part of the respiratory system (zone) where gas exchange takes place

A

respiratory zone

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8
Q

what structures make up the conducting zone?

A
  • nose
  • pharynx
  • larynx
  • trachea
  • bronchi
  • bronchioles
  • terminal bronchioles
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9
Q

what is the function of the conducting zone?

A

to filter, warm, moisten and conduct air to the lungs

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10
Q

what structures make up the respiratory zone?

A
  • respiratory bronchioles
  • alveolar ducts
  • alveolar sacs
  • alveoli
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11
Q

the respiratory tract is also divided into _____ and _____ portions

A

upper, lower

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12
Q

upper respiratory tract includes:

A
  • nasal cavity
  • oral cavity
  • pharynx
  • larynx (views differ but for this text know its classified in the upper respiratory tract)
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13
Q

lower respiratory tract includes:

A
  • trachea

- ALL components of the lungs

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14
Q

the upper respiratory tract is full of _____ ______

A

endogenous (normal) flora, (full of microorganisms)

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15
Q

the lower respiratory tract should be ______

A

sterile

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16
Q

sputum:

A

abnormal, thick mucus (spit mixed with respiratory secretions)

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17
Q

the _____ is often cultured if a physician suspects pneumonia.

A

sputum

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18
Q

Function of nose and paranasal sinuses

A

Moisturize, warm, & filter

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19
Q

Serves as a passageway for air and food, is a resonating chamber for sound, and house the tonsils

A

Pharynx

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20
Q

3 zones of pharynx

A

Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx

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21
Q

Lies between the internal mates and has sourest respiratory function
• Eustachian tubes
• houses the pharyngeal tonsils(adenoids)

A

Nasopharynx

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22
Q

Lies between the moth with both reparatory and digestive functions
•houses the palatine tonsils and the lingual tonsils

A

Oropharynx

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23
Q

Lies inferior to the oropharynx and opens into the larynx and esophagus
• respiratory and digestive functions

A

Laryngopharynx

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24
Q

Floating, u-shaped bone in anterior neck

A

Hyoid bone

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25
Q

“Sorting paddle” that detects and responds to material entering the oropharynx

A

Epiglottis

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26
Q

Opening of the larynx

A

Glottis

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27
Q

How is sound produced

A

By vibrations as air passes the vocal chords

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28
Q
  • Connects the laryngopharynx with the trachea.
A

Larynx

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29
Q

The greater the _____ the louder the sound

A

Pressure

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30
Q

Single cartilage

A

Thyroid
Epiglottis
Cricoid

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31
Q

Paired cartilage

A

Arytenoid

Corniculation & cuneiform

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32
Q

Forms the anterior surface of the larynx

A

Thyroid

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33
Q

Leaf shaped piece of byline cartilage that closes over the larynx when food or liquids are swallowed. Also allows gases, O2, through the larynx into the trachea

A

Epiglottis

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34
Q

A ring of hyaline cartilage that forms the inferior portion of the larynx

A

Cricoid

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35
Q

Influences change in position and tension of the vocal folds

A

Arytenoid

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36
Q

Support the vocal folds and the epiglottis

A

Corniculate & cuneiform

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37
Q
  • A semi-rigid passageway for air that’s about 12 cm long.
  • 16-20 c-shaped rings of cartilage
  • posterior surface shared with esophagus
A

Trachea

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38
Q

Pathway of air

A
  1. Outside worlds
  2. Mouth or nose
  3. Pharynx
  4. Larynx
  5. Trachea
  6. Left or Right primary Broncos
  7. Secondary bronchus
  8. Tertiary bronchus
  9. Bronchioles
  10. Terminal bronchioles
  11. Respiratory bronchioles
  12. Alveoli
  13. Bloodstream
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39
Q

Bronchioles end in the basic unit of the lung, the _____

A

Lobule

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40
Q

Each lobule contains…(4)

A

Lymph vessel
Arteriole
Venule
Terminal bronchiole

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41
Q

Grape-like clusters at the end of the respiratory bronchioles where has exchange occurs

A

Alveoli

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42
Q

Which primary bronchus extends more vertically, is wider, and shorter…an aspirated object is more likely to lodge in this side.

A

Right

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43
Q

An internal ridge where the trachea divides into the right and left bronchi and is used as a landmark when performing a bronchoscopy or visual examination of the bronchi. FYI: it’s a very sensitive area for triggering the cough reflex

A

Carina (Latin: boat prow)

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44
Q

How many lives in the right lung

A

3

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45
Q

How many loves in the left lung

A

2

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46
Q

FYI: there’s 1 secondary bronchus for each love of the lung

A

🤓

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47
Q

Apex

A

Superior part of lung

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48
Q

Base

A

Inferior part of lung

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49
Q

An opening on the medial surface of each lung that lets the primary bronchi, blood vessels, lymph vessels, and nerves enter

A

Hilum

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50
Q

Visceral pleura

A

Adheres to lung

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51
Q

Parietal pleura

A

Adheres to chest wall

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52
Q

Pleural fluid

A
  • reduces frictions
  • allows easy movement as the lungs expand and contract
  • allows the visceral and parietal pleura because of the surface tension it creates
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53
Q

What is pleurisy

A

Membrane becomes inflamed

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54
Q

What’s pleural effusion

A

Excess fluid in the pleural cavity

55
Q
  • Muscle that forms the floor of the thoracic cavity.
  • most important muscle to power breathing
  • responsible for ~75% of the air that enters the lungs during quiet breathing
A

The diaphragm

56
Q

Make up the intermediate layer of the intercostal space. Help decrease the size of the thoracic cavity during forced exhalation.

A

Internal intercostal muscles

57
Q

Distributed over the superior surface of diaphragm and causes contraction of the diaphragm muscles

A

Phrenic nerve

58
Q

Where does the phrenic nerve originate from

59
Q

Sympathetic

A

Dilation of bronchial smooth muscle

Cells & Nerves:
• preganglionic cells bodies in intermediate horn of T1-T4 spinal cord
• postganglionic cell bodies in sympathetic chain ganglia
• nerves form pulmonary plexus in hilum of lung

60
Q

Parasympathetic

A
  • Innervation via CN X (vagus nerve)
  • release ACH
  • causes mucus secretion and construction of bronchial smooth muscle
61
Q
  • movement of air into the lungs

- an active process and requires muscle action

A

Inspiration/Inhalation

62
Q
  • movement of air out of the lungs
  • usually a passive process due to quiet breathing due to elasticity of lung
  • active muscle help during vigorous exercise or certain disease conditions causing difficulty (COPD)
A

Expiration/Exhalation

63
Q

The process of gas exchange in the body

A

Respiration

64
Q

Apply Boyle’s Law to inspiration

A

Contraction of diaphragm and external intercostals =
⬆️ Volume
⬇️ Pressure

65
Q

Accessory muscles (3)

A
  • Sternocleidomastoid: elevates sternum
  • scalene muscles
  • pectoral is minor: elevate ribs
66
Q

Muscles produce two movements in chest

A
  • “pump handle” action of sternum

- “bucket handle” action of ribs

67
Q

Apply Boyle’s Law to exhalation

A

Elastic recoil of chest wall & lungs =
⬇️ Volume
⬆️ Pressure

68
Q

Apply Boyle’s Law to forced exhalation

A

Abdominal muscles and internal intercostals contract further =
⬇️⬇️⬇️⬇️ Volume
⬆️⬆️⬆️⬆️ Pressure

69
Q

What measures the volume of air exchange during breathing and the respiratory rate

A

Spirometer

70
Q

Record of spirometer

71
Q

Volume of air inspired or expired during normal quiet breathing

A

Tidal Volume (Vt)

72
Q

All of the air that you can breathe in form the top of tidal volume (during a very deep inhalation)

A

Inspiration Reserve Volume

73
Q

All of the air that you can breath out from the bottom of tidal volume during a forced exhalation

A

Exploratory Reserve Volume

74
Q

Air still present in the lung tissue after maximal exhalation. It is what keeps the lungs open even after we have breathed out all that we can

A

Residual Volume

75
Q

Combination of specific lung volumes

A

Respiratory capacities

76
Q

The sum of tidal volume and inspiration reserve volume

A

Inspiratory capacity

77
Q

The sun of residual volume and expiratory reserve volume

A

Functional residual capacity

78
Q

The sum of inspiratory reserve volume, tidal volume, and expiratory reserve volume

A

Vital capacity

79
Q

Sum of vital capacity and residual volume

A

Total lung capacity

80
Q

Where does external respiration occur

A

The alveolar-capillary membrane

81
Q

In order for a molecule of gas to pass from the alveolar space into the blood, it must cross these layers:

A
  1. Across the membrane and cytoplasm of the very thin type 1 alveolar cell
  2. Through the basement membrane of the type 1 alveolar cell
  3. Through the basement membrane of the endothelial cell
  4. Across the membrane and cytoplasm of the very thin endothelial cell lining the capillary
82
Q

Process of external respiration

A
  1. Deoxygenated blood is carried from the heart to the lungs by the pulmonary arteries and arterioles
  2. Gas exchange takes place at the capillaries covering the alveoli
  3. Oxygenated blood is carried from the lungs to the heart by the pulmonary veins and venules
83
Q

Where does internal respiration occur

A

Capillaries

84
Q

Process of internal respiration

A
  • O2 is delivered to the body’s tissues

- CO2 is picked up and carried back to the lungs for excretion

85
Q

What has the highest Po2 (106mmHg) for internal respiration oxygen

A

Alveolar air

86
Q

What has the lowest Po2 (40mmHg) for internal respiration oxygen

87
Q

________ picks up O2 where the concentration (partial pressure) is highest and releases O2 where it’s partial pressure is lowest

A

Hemoglobin

88
Q

Most of the carbon dioxide is carried as __________________

A

Bicarbonate ion (HCO3-)

89
Q

What has the highest Pco2 (45 mmHg) for internal respiration carbon dioxide

90
Q

What has the lowest pco2 for internal respiration carbon dioxide

A

Alveolar air

91
Q

In the O2-hemoglobin saturation curve, the higher the PO2 the ____ oxygen is bound to Hb

92
Q

Where is PO2 highest (97%)

A

Alveolar air and arterial blood

93
Q

Where is Po2 the lowest (~or

94
Q

Do tissues need more or else O2 during exercise

95
Q

True/False: actively working tissues generate acids as waste, highering the pH

A

False: it lowers the pH

96
Q

What does pH have to do with the O2-hemoglobin saturation curve

A

A drop in pH shifts the curve to the right = more O2 to be released at the tissues

97
Q

Normal blood pH

98
Q

Higher PCO2 levels shifts the O2-Hb saturation curve to the _____ and _____ O2 is delivered to the tissues

A

Right, more

99
Q

What happens in the O2-Hb Saturation Curve if it’s shifted to the Right

A
  • less O2 bound at lung

- more O2 delivered at tissues

100
Q

What happens when the O2-Hb Saturation Curve shifts to the left

A
  • more O2 at lungs

- less O2 at tissues

101
Q

Do higher temperatures shift the O2-Hb Saturation Curve to the right or left

102
Q

How does fever help deliverance of O2

A

When we’re sick and have a fever, more O2 is delivered to the tissues helping them fight infection

103
Q

Fetal Hb has a ________ affinity for O2 than adult Hb

104
Q

When PO2 is low, fetal Hb can carry up to ____ more O2 than maternal Hb

105
Q

4 things that affect O3-Hb Saturation Curve

A
  • pH
  • Effect of Pco2
  • temperature
  • pregnancy
106
Q

What is the most important buffer system in human biology?

A

Carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system

107
Q

Equation for carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system

A

H2O + CO2 H2CO3 H+ + HCO3

108
Q

Does H+ ⬆️ or ⬇️ when pH is low. What happens?

A

⬆️ this pushes reaction to the left and more H2P and CO2 are made

109
Q

Does H+ ⬆️ or ⬇️ when pH is high? What’s happens?

A

⬇️ this pushes the reaction to the right and more H+ are released

110
Q

Function of medulla rhythmic its area

A

Control basic rhythm of respiration

111
Q

Inspiratory center

A
  • stimulate diaphragm by phrenic nerve

- stimulates external intercostals by intercostal nerves

112
Q

Expiratory center

A
  • inactive during quiet breathing

* stimulates internal intercostals and abdominal muscles to contract during forced exhalation

113
Q

Limits duration of inspiration to prevent lungs from getting fully

A

Pneumotaxic center

114
Q

Coordinates transition between inhalation and exhalation

A

Apneustic center

115
Q

Emotions

A

Affect breathing

116
Q

Hypercapnia, low O2, or acidosis

A

Stimulate more rapid breathing

117
Q

Bronchial stretch receptors (Hering-Breuer reflex)

A

Sense overinflation, arrest breathing temporarily

118
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Sense fever, increase breathing

119
Q

Moderate pain

A

Increase breathing

120
Q

Severe pain

A

Causes apnea–a temporary cessation of breathing

121
Q

When do the lungs begin to develop in a fetus

122
Q

When do lungs become highly vascular and respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and some primitive alveoli begin to develop in fetus

A

16-26 weeks

123
Q

When do alveoli develop in fetus

124
Q

Fetal primary and secondary bronchi visible at

125
Q

Fetal tertiary bronchi visible at

126
Q

Fetal lives of lung evident at

A

End of 8th week

127
Q

Earliest viable premature babies are

A

26 weeks down, 23 weeks to go

128
Q

Alveoli must overcome _______ to inflate

A

Surface tension (the reason a glass doesn’t overflow over the brim when you pore water in it)

129
Q

Surfactants

A

The reduce surface tension in water. One end likes grease, the other likes water
Ex. Detergents

130
Q

______ is necessary to prevent the collapse of alveoli on exhalation

A

Surfactant

131
Q

When is enough surfactant sufficient enough to permit survival of a premature infant

A

Produced at 26-28 weeks of gestation

132
Q

Infant Respiratory Distress Syndrome (IRDS)

A

Failure to make sufficient surfactant at birth can lead to this
- 2/3 infants

133
Q

Surfactants used for neonates

A 
Exosurf (synthetic)
Survanta (minced cow lung)
Infasurf (calf lung)
Curosurf (pig lung)
Surfaxin (synthetic)

Advanced Anatomy & Physiology (10 decks)

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