Module 17: Respiratory System Flashcards
1
Q
List the functions of the respiratory system (6)
A
- provides for gas exchange
- helps regulate blood pH
- contains smell receptors
- filters incoming air
- produces vocal sounds
- excretes water and heat
2
Q
Name the four respiratory processes (4)
A
- pulmonary ventilation
- external respiration
- transport of respiratory gases to the tissues
- internal respiration
3
Q
moving air into and out of the lungs is defined as
A
pulmonary ventilation
4
Q
exchange of gases at the alveoli of the lungs is defined as
A
external respiration
5
Q
exchange of gases between blood and tissue is defined as
A
internal respiration
6
Q
part of the respiratory system (zone) that brings air into or out of the lung is defined as
A
conducting zone
7
Q
the part of the respiratory system (zone) where gas exchange takes place
A
respiratory zone
8
Q
what structures make up the conducting zone?
A
- nose
- pharynx
- larynx
- trachea
- bronchi
- bronchioles
- terminal bronchioles
9
Q
what is the function of the conducting zone?
A
to filter, warm, moisten and conduct air to the lungs
10
Q
what structures make up the respiratory zone?
A
- respiratory bronchioles
- alveolar ducts
- alveolar sacs
- alveoli
11
Q
the respiratory tract is also divided into _____ and _____ portions
A
upper, lower
12
Q
upper respiratory tract includes:
A
- nasal cavity
- oral cavity
- pharynx
- larynx (views differ but for this text know its classified in the upper respiratory tract)
13
Q
lower respiratory tract includes:
A
- trachea
- ALL components of the lungs
14
Q
the upper respiratory tract is full of _____ ______
A
endogenous (normal) flora, (full of microorganisms)
15
Q
the lower respiratory tract should be ______
A
sterile
16
Q
sputum:
A
abnormal, thick mucus (spit mixed with respiratory secretions)
17
Q
the _____ is often cultured if a physician suspects pneumonia.
A
sputum
18
Q
Function of nose and paranasal sinuses
A
Moisturize, warm, & filter
19
Q
Serves as a passageway for air and food, is a resonating chamber for sound, and house the tonsils
A
Pharynx
20
Q
3 zones of pharynx
A
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx
21
Q
Lies between the internal mates and has sourest respiratory function
• Eustachian tubes
• houses the pharyngeal tonsils(adenoids)
A
Nasopharynx
22
Q
Lies between the moth with both reparatory and digestive functions
•houses the palatine tonsils and the lingual tonsils
A
Oropharynx
23
Q
Lies inferior to the oropharynx and opens into the larynx and esophagus
• respiratory and digestive functions
A
Laryngopharynx
24
Q
Floating, u-shaped bone in anterior neck
A
Hyoid bone
25
"Sorting paddle" that detects and responds to material entering the oropharynx
Epiglottis
26
Opening of the larynx
Glottis
27
How is sound produced
By vibrations as air passes the vocal chords
28
- Connects the laryngopharynx with the trachea.
Larynx
29
The greater the _____ the louder the sound
Pressure
30
Single cartilage
Thyroid
Epiglottis
Cricoid
31
Paired cartilage
Arytenoid
| Corniculation & cuneiform
32
Forms the anterior surface of the larynx
Thyroid
33
Leaf shaped piece of byline cartilage that closes over the larynx when food or liquids are swallowed. Also allows gases, O2, through the larynx into the trachea
Epiglottis
34
A ring of hyaline cartilage that forms the inferior portion of the larynx
Cricoid
35
Influences change in position and tension of the vocal folds
Arytenoid
36
Support the vocal folds and the epiglottis
Corniculate & cuneiform
37
- A semi-rigid passageway for air that's about 12 cm long.
- 16-20 c-shaped rings of cartilage
- posterior surface shared with esophagus
Trachea
38
Pathway of air
1. Outside worlds
2. Mouth or nose
3. Pharynx
4. Larynx
5. Trachea
6. Left or Right primary Broncos
7. Secondary bronchus
8. Tertiary bronchus
9. Bronchioles
10. Terminal bronchioles
11. Respiratory bronchioles
12. Alveoli
13. Bloodstream
39
Bronchioles end in the basic unit of the lung, the _____
Lobule
40
Each lobule contains...(4)
Lymph vessel
Arteriole
Venule
Terminal bronchiole
41
Grape-like clusters at the end of the respiratory bronchioles where has exchange occurs
Alveoli
42
Which primary bronchus extends more vertically, is wider, and shorter...an aspirated object is more likely to lodge in this side.
Right
43
An internal ridge where the trachea divides into the right and left bronchi and is used as a landmark when performing a bronchoscopy or visual examination of the bronchi. FYI: it's a very sensitive area for triggering the cough reflex
Carina (Latin: boat prow)
44
How many lives in the right lung
3
45
How many loves in the left lung
2
46
FYI: there's 1 secondary bronchus for each love of the lung
🤓
47
Apex
Superior part of lung
48
Base
Inferior part of lung
49
An opening on the medial surface of each lung that lets the primary bronchi, blood vessels, lymph vessels, and nerves enter
Hilum
50
Visceral pleura
Adheres to lung
51
Parietal pleura
Adheres to chest wall
52
Pleural fluid
- reduces frictions
- allows easy movement as the lungs expand and contract
- allows the visceral and parietal pleura because of the surface tension it creates
53
What is pleurisy
Membrane becomes inflamed
54
What's pleural effusion
Excess fluid in the pleural cavity
55
- Muscle that forms the floor of the thoracic cavity.
- most important muscle to power breathing
- responsible for ~75% of the air that enters the lungs during quiet breathing
The diaphragm
56
Make up the intermediate layer of the intercostal space. Help decrease the size of the thoracic cavity during forced exhalation.
Internal intercostal muscles
57
Distributed over the superior surface of diaphragm and causes contraction of the diaphragm muscles
Phrenic nerve
58
Where does the phrenic nerve originate from
C3-5
59
Sympathetic
Dilation of bronchial smooth muscle
Cells & Nerves:
• preganglionic cells bodies in intermediate horn of T1-T4 spinal cord
• postganglionic cell bodies in sympathetic chain ganglia
• nerves form pulmonary plexus in hilum of lung
60
Parasympathetic
* Innervation via CN X (vagus nerve)
* release ACH
* causes mucus secretion and construction of bronchial smooth muscle
61
- movement of air into the lungs
| - an active process and requires muscle action
Inspiration/Inhalation
62
- movement of air out of the lungs
- usually a passive process due to quiet breathing due to elasticity of lung
- active muscle help during vigorous exercise or certain disease conditions causing difficulty (COPD)
Expiration/Exhalation
63
The process of gas exchange in the body
Respiration
64
Apply Boyle's Law to inspiration
Contraction of diaphragm and external intercostals =
⬆️ Volume
⬇️ Pressure
65
Accessory muscles (3)
- Sternocleidomastoid: elevates sternum
- scalene muscles
- pectoral is minor: elevate ribs
66
Muscles produce two movements in chest
- "pump handle" action of sternum
| - "bucket handle" action of ribs
67
Apply Boyle's Law to exhalation
Elastic recoil of chest wall & lungs =
⬇️ Volume
⬆️ Pressure
68
Apply Boyle's Law to forced exhalation
Abdominal muscles and internal intercostals contract further =
⬇️⬇️⬇️⬇️ Volume
⬆️⬆️⬆️⬆️ Pressure
69
What measures the volume of air exchange during breathing and the respiratory rate
Spirometer
70
Record of spirometer
Spirogram
71
Volume of air inspired or expired during normal quiet breathing
Tidal Volume (Vt)
72
All of the air that you can breathe in form the top of tidal volume (during a very deep inhalation)
Inspiration Reserve Volume
73
All of the air that you can breath out from the bottom of tidal volume during a forced exhalation
Exploratory Reserve Volume
74
Air still present in the lung tissue after maximal exhalation. It is what keeps the lungs open even after we have breathed out all that we can
Residual Volume
75
Combination of specific lung volumes
Respiratory capacities
76
The sum of tidal volume and inspiration reserve volume
Inspiratory capacity
77
The sun of residual volume and expiratory reserve volume
Functional residual capacity
78
The sum of inspiratory reserve volume, tidal volume, and expiratory reserve volume
Vital capacity
79
Sum of vital capacity and residual volume
Total lung capacity
80
Where does external respiration occur
The alveolar-capillary membrane
81
In order for a molecule of gas to pass from the alveolar space into the blood, it must cross these layers:
1. Across the membrane and cytoplasm of the very thin type 1 alveolar cell
2. Through the basement membrane of the type 1 alveolar cell
3. Through the basement membrane of the endothelial cell
4. Across the membrane and cytoplasm of the very thin endothelial cell lining the capillary
82
Process of external respiration
1. Deoxygenated blood is carried from the heart to the lungs by the pulmonary arteries and arterioles
2. Gas exchange takes place at the capillaries covering the alveoli
3. Oxygenated blood is carried from the lungs to the heart by the pulmonary veins and venules
83
Where does internal respiration occur
Capillaries
84
Process of internal respiration
- O2 is delivered to the body's tissues
| - CO2 is picked up and carried back to the lungs for excretion
85
What has the highest Po2 (106mmHg) for internal respiration oxygen
Alveolar air
86
What has the lowest Po2 (40mmHg) for internal respiration oxygen
Tissue
87
________ picks up O2 where the concentration (partial pressure) is highest and releases O2 where it's partial pressure is lowest
Hemoglobin
88
Most of the carbon dioxide is carried as __________________
Bicarbonate ion (HCO3-)
89
What has the highest Pco2 (45 mmHg) for internal respiration carbon dioxide
Tissue
90
What has the lowest pco2 for internal respiration carbon dioxide
Alveolar air
91
In the O2-hemoglobin saturation curve, the higher the PO2 the ____ oxygen is bound to Hb
More
92
Where is PO2 highest (97%)
Alveolar air and arterial blood
93
Where is Po2 the lowest (~or
Tissues
94
Do tissues need more or else O2 during exercise
More
95
True/False: actively working tissues generate acids as waste, highering the pH
False: it lowers the pH
96
What does pH have to do with the O2-hemoglobin saturation curve
A drop in pH shifts the curve to the right = more O2 to be released at the tissues
97
Normal blood pH
7.4
98
Higher PCO2 levels shifts the O2-Hb saturation curve to the _____ and _____ O2 is delivered to the tissues
Right, more
99
What happens in the O2-Hb Saturation Curve if it's shifted to the Right
- less O2 bound at lung
| - more O2 delivered at tissues
100
What happens when the O2-Hb Saturation Curve shifts to the left
- more O2 at lungs
| - less O2 at tissues
101
Do higher temperatures shift the O2-Hb Saturation Curve to the right or left
Right
102
How does fever help deliverance of O2
When we're sick and have a fever, more O2 is delivered to the tissues helping them fight infection
103
Fetal Hb has a ________ affinity for O2 than adult Hb
Higher
104
When PO2 is low, fetal Hb can carry up to ____ more O2 than maternal Hb
30%
105
4 things that affect O3-Hb Saturation Curve
- pH
- Effect of Pco2
- temperature
- pregnancy
106
What is the most important buffer system in human biology?
Carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system
107
Equation for carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system
H2O + CO2 H2CO3 H+ + HCO3
108
Does H+ ⬆️ or ⬇️ when pH is low. What happens?
⬆️ this pushes reaction to the left and more H2P and CO2 are made
109
Does H+ ⬆️ or ⬇️ when pH is high? What's happens?
⬇️ this pushes the reaction to the right and more H+ are released
110
Function of medulla rhythmic its area
Control basic rhythm of respiration
111
Inspiratory center
- stimulate diaphragm by phrenic nerve
| - stimulates external intercostals by intercostal nerves
112
Expiratory center
* inactive during quiet breathing
| * stimulates internal intercostals and abdominal muscles to contract during forced exhalation
113
Limits duration of inspiration to prevent lungs from getting fully
Pneumotaxic center
114
Coordinates transition between inhalation and exhalation
Apneustic center
115
Emotions
Affect breathing
116
Hypercapnia, low O2, or acidosis
Stimulate more rapid breathing
117
Bronchial stretch receptors (Hering-Breuer reflex)
Sense overinflation, arrest breathing temporarily
118
Hypothalamus
Sense fever, increase breathing
119
Moderate pain
Increase breathing
120
Severe pain
Causes apnea--a temporary cessation of breathing
121
When do the lungs begin to develop in a fetus
4th week
122
When do lungs become highly vascular and respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and some primitive alveoli begin to develop in fetus
16-26 weeks
123
When do alveoli develop in fetus
26+ weeks
124
Fetal primary and secondary bronchi visible at
5th week
125
Fetal tertiary bronchi visible at
6th week
126
Fetal lives of lung evident at
End of 8th week
127
Earliest viable premature babies are
26 weeks down, 23 weeks to go
128
Alveoli must overcome _______ to inflate
Surface tension (the reason a glass doesn't overflow over the brim when you pore water in it)
129
Surfactants
The reduce surface tension in water. One end likes grease, the other likes water
Ex. Detergents
130
______ is necessary to prevent the collapse of alveoli on exhalation
Surfactant
131
When is enough surfactant sufficient enough to permit survival of a premature infant
Produced at 26-28 weeks of gestation
132
Infant Respiratory Distress Syndrome (IRDS)
Failure to make sufficient surfactant at birth can lead to this
- 2/3 infants
133
Surfactants used for neonates
```
Exosurf (synthetic)
Survanta (minced cow lung)
Infasurf (calf lung)
Curosurf (pig lung)
Surfaxin (synthetic)
```
