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Advanced Anatomy & Physiology > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

From deepest to superficial list the layers of the epidermis

A 
Stratum basale 
Stratum spinosum 
Stratum granulosum 
Stratum lucidum (only in thick skin)
Stratum corneum

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Ch. 8 Obj. 2

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2
Q

As cells are pushed superficially, they lose their nucleus and organelles and become dead bags of keratin

A

Corneocytes

Ch. 8 Obj. 2

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3
Q

When corneocytes are constantly shed from the surface of the stratum corneum the shed flakes are

A

Squames

Ch. 8 Obj. 2

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4
Q

Cells divide and grow in basale, then migrate upwards, losing their nuclei and becoming bags of keratin

A

Keratinocytes

Ch. 8 Obj. 2

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5
Q

Layers of epidermis:

“Horn-like”

A

Corneum

Ch. 8 Obj. 2

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6
Q

Layers of epidermis:

“Clear”

A

Lucidum

Ch. 8 Obj. 2

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7
Q

Layers of epidermis:

“Grainy”

A

Granulosum

Ch. 8 Obj. 2

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8
Q

Layers of epidermis:

“Spiny”

A

Spinosum

Ch. 8 Obj. 2

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9
Q

Layers of epidermis:

• layer from which all other regenerate

A

Basale

Ch. 8 Obj. 2

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10
Q

The skin is what kind of epithelium

A

Stratified squamous

Ch. 8 Obj. 2

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11
Q

A cell membrane surrounding the protein keratin and make up 90% of the cells of epidermis

A

Keratinocyte

Ch. 8 Obj. 4

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12
Q

Cells which produce and carry pigment granules that give the skin it’s color…about 8% of cells

A

Melanocytes

Ch. 8 Obj. 4

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13
Q

Cells which is the skin’s version of a type of immune cell(dendritic cell) - phagocytes

A

Langerhans cells

Ch. 8 Obj. 4

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14
Q

Light touch receptors

A

Merkel discs

Ch. 8 Obj. 4

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15
Q

_____ and ____ of the skin help make a waterproof deal between the moist tissues below and the dry outside world

A

Keratin and lipids

Ch. 8 Obj. 4

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16
Q

What vitamin has to do with skin

A

Vitamin D

Ch. 8 Obj. 4

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17
Q

____ cells found in stratum basale

  • full of intermediate filament protein keratin a
  • divide to regenerate skin keratinocytes
  • cells terminally differentiate as they move more superficially
  • eventually lose their nuclei and become just keratin surrounded by a membrane
  • secrete lipids that give skin waterproof and flexible properties
A

Stem cells

Ch. 8 Obj. 4

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18
Q

A connective tissue layer beneath the epidermis

A

Dermis

Ch. 8 Obj. 6

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19
Q

Two regions of the dermis

A

Papillary and reticular

Ch. 8 Obj. 6

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20
Q

Region about 1/5 of the thickness of the dermis. Ridges that penetrate into epidermis and contain blood vessels and meissner corpuscles(sensory structures)

A

Papillary region

Ch. 8 Obj. 6

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21
Q

4/5 of the dermis and the nerves and blood vessels run through this dermis region. Also hair roots and glands are found here.

A

Reticular region

Ch. 8 Obj. 6

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22
Q

What kind of tissue is the dermis

A

Dense connective

Ch. 8 Obj. 6

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23
Q

Medical name for “stretch marks” or tears in dermis

24
Q

Cellular components of bone:

• precursor to other bone-cell types

A

Osteogenic cell

Ch. 9 Obj. 2

25
Q

Cellular components of bone:

• forms bone

A

Osteoblasts (bone building blasts)

Ch. 9 Obj. 2

26
Q

Cellular components of bone:

• maintains bone tissue

A

Osteocytes

Ch. 9 Obj. 2

27
Q

Cellular components of bone:

• breaks down bone

A

Osteoclasts (bone chewing clasts)

Ch. 9 Obj. 2

28
Q

Disease when bone has too much mineral and becomes brittle and fractures easily

A

Osteogenesis imperfecta

Ch. 9 Obj. 2

29
Q

Condition where bone has too much collagen and bones are soft and pliable

A

Children: rickets
Adults: osteomalacia

Ch. 9 Obj. 2

30
Q

A compound of calcium, phosphate and hydroxyl groups that primarily makes the inorganic portion of bone

A

Hydroxyapatite

Ch. 9 Obj. 2

31
Q

2 Extracellular components of bone

A

Inorganic
Organic

Ch. 9 Obj. 2

32
Q

Extracellular components of bone:

• portion mostly made up of hydroxyapatite

33
Q

Extracellular components of bone:

• portion mostly collagen

A

Organic

Ch. 9 Obj. 2

34
Q

Role of calcitonin in bone remodeling and blood Ca++ regulation

A

⬆️ osteoblasts
⬆️ bone formation
⬇️ osteoclasts
⬇️ blood Ca++

Ch. 9 Obj. 9-10

35
Q

Role of PTH in bone remodeling and blood Ca++ regulation

A

⬆️ osteoclasts
⬆️ blood Ca++
⬇️ osteoblasts
⬇️ bone formation

Ch. 9 Obj. 9-10

36
Q

Role of calictriol in blood Ca++ regulation

A
  • hormonally-active vitamin D
  • not directly involved with bone
  • PTH stimulates kidneys to release it which ⬆️ absorption of Ca++ from food

Ch. 9 Obj. 9-10

37
Q

The point of contact between nervous and muscular system

A

Neuromuscular junction

Ch. 10 Obj. 11

38
Q

List, in order, the events which create the neuromuscular junction that result in an action potential in muscle

A

• motor neuron action potential arrives @ neuromuscular junction

  1. Action potential triggers release of ACH
  2. ACH diffuses across the space(synaptic cleft) between nerve and muscle cells ➡️ binds to ACH receptors ➡️ triggers a muscle cells action potential
  3. Action potential travels along and into muscle cells to begin contraction cycle
  4. ACH broke. Down by enzyme AChE(acetylcholinesterase)

Ch. 10 Obj. 12

39
Q

Describe sequence of events that link muscle cell action potential to release of Ca++ from sarcoplasmic reticulum

A
  • muscle cell action potential travels along surface
  • penetrates into interior of muscle cell @ transverse tubules (T tubules)
  • remember T tubules are in a triad with two sacs of sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)
  • SR releases Ca++

Ch. 10 Obj. 13

40
Q

Describe sequence from Ca++ release to contraction

A
  • Ca++ released from SR
  • binds to troponin
  • moves tropomyosin aside = exposes binding sites for myosin on the actin of thin filament

Ch. 10 Obj. 14

41
Q

These cells receive, process, and transmit information

A

Neurons/nerve cells

Ch. 11 Obj. 6

42
Q

“Thinking” cells of the brain

A

Neurons

Ch. 11 Obj. 6

43
Q

Cells with major role in support and nutrition of the brain

A

Glia/glial cells

Ch. 11 Obj. 6

44
Q

Do glial cells manipulate info

A

No

Ch. 11 Obj. 6

45
Q 
Cells that:
• maintain the internal environment so that neurons can do their job
• control borders
• maintain chemical balance
• insulate
• provide immune defense
• produce and circulate fluid
A

Glia/glial cells

Ch. 11 Obj. 6

46
Q

When firing an action potential is impossible

A

Absolute refractory period

Ch. 11 Obj. 16

47
Q

When firing an action potential is difficult, but not impossible

A

Relative Refractory period

Ch. 11 Obj. 16

48
Q

List sequence of action potential in terms of threshold, depolarization, repolarization, hyperpolarization, and absolute and refractory periods

A

• resting:
- Na+ = rest
- K+ = closed
• depolarization to threshold

ABSOLUTE REFRACTORY PERIOD:
• Na+ = open
• K+ = open
Na+ = inactivating

RELEATIVE REFRACTORY PERIOD:
• K+ = open
Na+ = rest

Ch. 11 Obj. 16

49
Q

List and describe, in order, the sequence of events at the synapse

A
  1. Action potential arrives at end bulb
  2. Ca++ enters presynaptic terminal
  3. Ca++ interacts c synaptic vesicles = they move to and fuse c presynaptic membrane
  4. Neurotransmitter is released from vesicles = binds to post-synaptic transmitter receptor
  5. Receptor protein undergoes a change in shape (omega figure=allows ions to flow)
  6. Ion flow = a post-synaptic potential
    • inhibitory (IPSP)
    • excitatory (EPSP)

Ch. 11 Obj. 20

50
Q

Origin of graded vs. action potentials

A

Graded: dendrites and cells body

Action: trigger zones and propagate along axon

Ch. 11 Obj. 26

51
Q

Types of channels graded vs. action potentials

A

Graded: Ligand-gated or mechanically-gates

Action: voltage-gated for Na+ and K+

Ch. 11 Obj. 26

52
Q

Conduction for graded vs. action potentials

A

Graded: short distances
Action: long distances

Ch. 11 Obj. 26

53
Q

Amplitude of graded vs. action potentials

A

Graded: varies (

54
Q

Duration for graded vs. action potentials

A

Graded: longer
Action: short

Ch. 11 Obj. 26

55
Q

Polarity of graded vs. action potentials

A

Graded: EPSP or IPSP
Action: EPSP (always excitatory!)

Ch. 11 Obj. 26

56
Q

Refractory period for graded vs. action potentials

A

Graded: not present
Action: present

Ch. 11 Obj. 26

Advanced Anatomy & Physiology (10 decks)

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