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Final Flashcards

1
Q

From deepest to superficial list the layers of the epidermis

A 
Stratum basale 
Stratum spinosum 
Stratum granulosum 
Stratum lucidum (only in thick skin)
Stratum corneum

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Ch. 8 Obj. 2

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2
Q

As cells are pushed superficially, they lose their nucleus and organelles and become dead bags of keratin

A

Corneocytes

Ch. 8 Obj. 2

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3
Q

When corneocytes are constantly shed from the surface of the stratum corneum the shed flakes are

A

Squames

Ch. 8 Obj. 2

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4
Q

Cells divide and grow in basale, then migrate upwards, losing their nuclei and becoming bags of keratin

A

Keratinocytes

Ch. 8 Obj. 2

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5
Q

Layers of epidermis:

“Horn-like”

A

Corneum

Ch. 8 Obj. 2

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6
Q

Layers of epidermis:

“Clear”

A

Lucidum

Ch. 8 Obj. 2

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7
Q

Layers of epidermis:

“Grainy”

A

Granulosum

Ch. 8 Obj. 2

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8
Q

Layers of epidermis:

“Spiny”

A

Spinosum

Ch. 8 Obj. 2

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9
Q

Layers of epidermis:

• layer from which all other regenerate

A

Basale

Ch. 8 Obj. 2

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10
Q

The skin is what kind of epithelium

A

Stratified squamous

Ch. 8 Obj. 2

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11
Q

A cell membrane surrounding the protein keratin and make up 90% of the cells of epidermis

A

Keratinocyte

Ch. 8 Obj. 4

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12
Q

Cells which produce and carry pigment granules that give the skin it’s color…about 8% of cells

A

Melanocytes

Ch. 8 Obj. 4

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13
Q

Cells which is the skin’s version of a type of immune cell(dendritic cell) - phagocytes

A

Langerhans cells

Ch. 8 Obj. 4

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14
Q

Light touch receptors

A

Merkel discs

Ch. 8 Obj. 4

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15
Q

_____ and ____ of the skin help make a waterproof deal between the moist tissues below and the dry outside world

A

Keratin and lipids

Ch. 8 Obj. 4

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16
Q

What vitamin has to do with skin

A

Vitamin D

Ch. 8 Obj. 4

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17
Q

____ cells found in stratum basale

  • full of intermediate filament protein keratin a
  • divide to regenerate skin keratinocytes
  • cells terminally differentiate as they move more superficially
  • eventually lose their nuclei and become just keratin surrounded by a membrane
  • secrete lipids that give skin waterproof and flexible properties
A

Stem cells

Ch. 8 Obj. 4

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18
Q

A connective tissue layer beneath the epidermis

A

Dermis

Ch. 8 Obj. 6

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19
Q

Two regions of the dermis

A

Papillary and reticular

Ch. 8 Obj. 6

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20
Q

Region about 1/5 of the thickness of the dermis. Ridges that penetrate into epidermis and contain blood vessels and meissner corpuscles(sensory structures)

A

Papillary region

Ch. 8 Obj. 6

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21
Q

4/5 of the dermis and the nerves and blood vessels run through this dermis region. Also hair roots and glands are found here.

A

Reticular region

Ch. 8 Obj. 6

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22
Q

What kind of tissue is the dermis

A

Dense connective

Ch. 8 Obj. 6

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23
Q

Medical name for “stretch marks” or tears in dermis

24
Q

Cellular components of bone:

• precursor to other bone-cell types

A

Osteogenic cell

Ch. 9 Obj. 2

25
Cellular components of bone: • forms bone
Osteoblasts (bone building blasts) *Ch. 9 Obj. 2*
26
Cellular components of bone: • maintains bone tissue
Osteocytes *Ch. 9 Obj. 2*
27
Cellular components of bone: • breaks down bone
Osteoclasts (bone chewing clasts) *Ch. 9 Obj. 2*
28
Disease when bone has too much mineral and becomes brittle and fractures easily
Osteogenesis imperfecta *Ch. 9 Obj. 2*
29
Condition where bone has too much collagen and bones are soft and pliable
Children: rickets Adults: osteomalacia *Ch. 9 Obj. 2*
30
A compound of calcium, phosphate and hydroxyl groups that primarily makes the inorganic portion of bone
Hydroxyapatite *Ch. 9 Obj. 2*
31
2 Extracellular components of bone
Inorganic Organic *Ch. 9 Obj. 2*
32
Extracellular components of bone: • portion mostly made up of hydroxyapatite
Inorganic
33
Extracellular components of bone: • portion mostly collagen
Organic *Ch. 9 Obj. 2*
34
Role of calcitonin in bone remodeling and blood Ca++ regulation
⬆️ osteoblasts ⬆️ bone formation ⬇️ osteoclasts ⬇️ blood Ca++ *Ch. 9 Obj. 9-10*
35
Role of PTH in bone remodeling and blood Ca++ regulation
⬆️ osteoclasts ⬆️ blood Ca++ ⬇️ osteoblasts ⬇️ bone formation *Ch. 9 Obj. 9-10*
36
Role of calictriol in blood Ca++ regulation
* hormonally-active vitamin D * not directly involved with bone * PTH stimulates kidneys to release it which ⬆️ absorption of Ca++ from food *Ch. 9 Obj. 9-10*
37
The point of contact between nervous and muscular system
Neuromuscular junction *Ch. 10 Obj. 11*
38
List, in order, the events which create the neuromuscular junction that result in an action potential in muscle
• motor neuron action potential arrives @ neuromuscular junction 1. Action potential triggers release of ACH 2. ACH diffuses across the space(synaptic cleft) between nerve and muscle cells ➡️ binds to ACH receptors ➡️ triggers a muscle cells action potential 3. Action potential travels along and into muscle cells to begin contraction cycle 4. ACH broke. Down by enzyme AChE(acetylcholinesterase) *Ch. 10 Obj. 12*
39
Describe sequence of events that link muscle cell action potential to release of Ca++ from sarcoplasmic reticulum
* muscle cell action potential travels along surface * penetrates into interior of muscle cell @ transverse tubules (T tubules) * remember T tubules are in a triad with two sacs of sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) * SR releases Ca++ *Ch. 10 Obj. 13*
40
Describe sequence from Ca++ release to contraction
* Ca++ released from SR * binds to troponin * moves tropomyosin aside = exposes binding sites for myosin on the actin of thin filament *Ch. 10 Obj. 14*
41
These cells receive, process, and transmit information
Neurons/nerve cells *Ch. 11 Obj. 6*
42
"Thinking" cells of the brain
Neurons *Ch. 11 Obj. 6*
43
Cells with major role in support and nutrition of the brain
Glia/glial cells *Ch. 11 Obj. 6*
44
Do glial cells manipulate info
No *Ch. 11 Obj. 6*
45
``` Cells that: • maintain the internal environment so that neurons can do their job • control borders • maintain chemical balance • insulate • provide immune defense • produce and circulate fluid ```
Glia/glial cells *Ch. 11 Obj. 6*
46
When firing an action potential is impossible
Absolute refractory period *Ch. 11 Obj. 16*
47
When firing an action potential is difficult, but not impossible
Relative Refractory period *Ch. 11 Obj. 16*
48
List sequence of action potential in terms of threshold, depolarization, repolarization, hyperpolarization, and absolute and refractory periods
• resting: - Na+ = rest - K+ = closed • depolarization to threshold ABSOLUTE REFRACTORY PERIOD: • Na+ = open • K+ = open Na+ = inactivating RELEATIVE REFRACTORY PERIOD: • K+ = open Na+ = rest *Ch. 11 Obj. 16*
49
List and describe, in order, the sequence of events at the synapse
1. Action potential arrives at end bulb 2. Ca++ enters presynaptic terminal 3. Ca++ interacts c synaptic vesicles = they move to and fuse c presynaptic membrane 4. Neurotransmitter is released from vesicles = binds to post-synaptic transmitter receptor 5. Receptor protein undergoes a change in shape (omega figure=allows ions to flow) 6. Ion flow = a post-synaptic potential - inhibitory (IPSP) - excitatory (EPSP) *Ch. 11 Obj. 20*
50
Origin of graded vs. action potentials
Graded: dendrites and cells body Action: trigger zones and propagate along axon *Ch. 11 Obj. 26*
51
Types of channels graded vs. action potentials
Graded: Ligand-gated or mechanically-gates Action: voltage-gated for Na+ and K+ *Ch. 11 Obj. 26*
52
Conduction for graded vs. action potentials
Graded: short distances Action: long distances *Ch. 11 Obj. 26*
53
Amplitude of graded vs. action potentials
Graded: varies (
54
Duration for graded vs. action potentials
Graded: longer Action: short *Ch. 11 Obj. 26*
55
Polarity of graded vs. action potentials
Graded: EPSP or IPSP Action: EPSP (always excitatory!) *Ch. 11 Obj. 26*
56
Refractory period for graded vs. action potentials
Graded: not present Action: present *Ch. 11 Obj. 26*

Advanced Anatomy & Physiology (10 decks)

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