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Gastrointestinal > Signs & Symptoms > Flashcards

Signs & Symptoms Flashcards

1
Q

what is jaundice?

A

yellowing of the skin

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2
Q

what is the cause of jaundice

A

high levels of bilirubin in blood which happens due to an obstruction of the biliary tree

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3
Q

what is the pathophysiology of jaundice

A

bile backs up into liver so overspill into blood

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4
Q

3 corner stones of presenting symptoms of excess bile in blood…

A

jaundice, pale stools, dark urine, itch

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5
Q

investigations for jaundice

A

USS, CT

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6
Q

how is jaundice classified

A

in terms of site and type

site: pre-hepatic, hepatic, post-hepatic
type: conjugated and un-conjugate

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7
Q

what does pre-hepatic jaundice mean?

A

too much haem to break down (heamolysis of any cause)

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8
Q

what does hepatic jaundice mean?

A

acute liver failure, alcoholic hepatitis, cirrhosis, bile duct loss

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9
Q

what is post-hepatic jaundice

A

congenital biliary atresia, gallstones, strictures, tumours

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10
Q

main indicator of pre-hepatic jaundice?

A

reduced haemoglobin

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11
Q

main marker of hepatic jaundice

A

raised bilirubin, AST/ALT

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12
Q

what is the main marker of post-hepatic jaundice

A

raised bilirubin, ALP ad slightly raised AST/ALT

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13
Q

what is the definition of diarrhoea?

A

> 3 unformed stools per day

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14
Q

complications of diarrhoea?

A

metabolic acidosis, hypokalaemia, dehydration

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15
Q

tx for diarrhoea

A

rehydration therapy and antidiarrhoeal agents

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16
Q

what is malabsorption

A

defective mucosal absorption

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17
Q

causes of malabsorption

A

crohn’s, post-infectious, biliary obstruction, cirrhosis

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18
Q

types of malabsorption?

A

fats, proteins, vitamins, minerals

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19
Q

some signs of malabsorption?

A

flatulence, diarrhoea, abdominal pain, steatorrhea, distension, fever

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20
Q

ix for lactose malabsorption

A

lactose breath hydrogen test, oral lactose intolerant test

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21
Q

what is the name of the disease that involves colonisation of intestine by infectious agent and who’s treatment is tetracycline and folic acid

A

tropical sprue

22
Q

what is whipple’s disease and tx for it

A

bacterial disease for which antimicrobials are given

23
Q

what is parasitic infection usually due to and what is the tx

A

contaminated water & metronidazole

24
Q

what are the main organisms for small bowel overgrowth and ix & tx for this

A

e-coli & bacteriodes
schilling test
tetracyclines

25
Q

what is malnutrition

A

deficit of energy, minerals, vitamins, proteins which has an adverse effect on body

26
Q

what are some consequences of malnutrition

A

impaired immune function, delayed healing, immobility, muscle weakness

27
Q

what measurement is used to identify malnutrition

A

anthropometry (mid arm circumference), BMI

28
Q

tx for malnutrition

A

oral supplements, enteral tube feeding, parenteral tube feeding

29
Q

types of enteral tubes?

A

NG tube, NJ tube, PEG

30
Q

what can be fatal as a consequence of malnutrition?

A

refeeding syndrome

31
Q

what is the the FOODMAP diet a recommended tx for

A

IBS

32
Q

IBD nutritional tx?

A

EEN

33
Q

what are ulcers?

A

discontinuity of oral mucosa

34
Q

what are the 3 types of ulcers?

A

solitary, multiple, recurrent, aphthous

35
Q

what are solitary ulcers caused by?

A

trauma, malignancy, infective

36
Q

what are multiple (Rau) ulcers caused by?

A

stress, haematenitic deficiency, GI disease

37
Q

what do aphthous ulcers look like?

A

painful round ulcers with inflammatory halo

38
Q

True/False…

aphthous ulcers are more common in females

A

True

39
Q

cause of aphthous ulcers?

A

unknown- may be iron deficiency, infection, systemic disease

40
Q

what are the 2 types of mouth lesions?

A

leukoplakia, erythoplakia

41
Q

causes of mouth lesions?

A

bechets, anaemia, infection, malignancy

42
Q

True/False…

leukoplakia is more common in people with cancer

A

False…

erythroplakia is more common in malignancy

43
Q

what is an oral manifestation of crohn’s?

A

cobblestoning of mucosa, tissue polyps, linear ulceration, diffuse swelling

44
Q

oral manifestations of UC?

A

oral ulceration

45
Q

what are some oral manifestations of GI disease?

A

white patches, oral pigmentation, xerostomia (dry mouth), dental erosion

46
Q

what is visceral pain like?

A

dull, poorly localised, perceived in middle

47
Q

what is somato-parietal pain like?

A

sharp, localised, movement aggravates pain

48
Q

other than visceral and somato-parietal pain what is the 3rd type of GI pain?

A

referred

49
Q

what is epigastric pain usually associated with?

A

food intake

50
Q

what is hypochondrial pain associated with?

A

gall bladder/ biliary tract

51
Q

colonic pain is associated with…

A

left iliac fossa

52
Q

appendicitis is associated with…

A

right iliac fossa

Gastrointestinal (24 decks)

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