Signs & Symptoms Flashcards
what is jaundice?
yellowing of the skin
what is the cause of jaundice
high levels of bilirubin in blood which happens due to an obstruction of the biliary tree
what is the pathophysiology of jaundice
bile backs up into liver so overspill into blood
3 corner stones of presenting symptoms of excess bile in blood…
jaundice, pale stools, dark urine, itch
investigations for jaundice
USS, CT
how is jaundice classified
in terms of site and type
site: pre-hepatic, hepatic, post-hepatic
type: conjugated and un-conjugate
what does pre-hepatic jaundice mean?
too much haem to break down (heamolysis of any cause)
what does hepatic jaundice mean?
acute liver failure, alcoholic hepatitis, cirrhosis, bile duct loss
what is post-hepatic jaundice
congenital biliary atresia, gallstones, strictures, tumours
main indicator of pre-hepatic jaundice?
reduced haemoglobin
main marker of hepatic jaundice
raised bilirubin, AST/ALT
what is the main marker of post-hepatic jaundice
raised bilirubin, ALP ad slightly raised AST/ALT
what is the definition of diarrhoea?
> 3 unformed stools per day
complications of diarrhoea?
metabolic acidosis, hypokalaemia, dehydration
tx for diarrhoea
rehydration therapy and antidiarrhoeal agents
what is malabsorption
defective mucosal absorption
causes of malabsorption
crohn’s, post-infectious, biliary obstruction, cirrhosis
types of malabsorption?
fats, proteins, vitamins, minerals
some signs of malabsorption?
flatulence, diarrhoea, abdominal pain, steatorrhea, distension, fever
ix for lactose malabsorption
lactose breath hydrogen test, oral lactose intolerant test
what is the name of the disease that involves colonisation of intestine by infectious agent and who’s treatment is tetracycline and folic acid
tropical sprue
what is whipple’s disease and tx for it
bacterial disease for which antimicrobials are given
what is parasitic infection usually due to and what is the tx
contaminated water & metronidazole
what are the main organisms for small bowel overgrowth and ix & tx for this
e-coli & bacteriodes
schilling test
tetracyclines
what is malnutrition
deficit of energy, minerals, vitamins, proteins which has an adverse effect on body
what are some consequences of malnutrition
impaired immune function, delayed healing, immobility, muscle weakness
what measurement is used to identify malnutrition
anthropometry (mid arm circumference), BMI
tx for malnutrition
oral supplements, enteral tube feeding, parenteral tube feeding
types of enteral tubes?
NG tube, NJ tube, PEG
what can be fatal as a consequence of malnutrition?
refeeding syndrome
what is the the FOODMAP diet a recommended tx for
IBS
IBD nutritional tx?
EEN
what are ulcers?
discontinuity of oral mucosa
what are the 3 types of ulcers?
solitary, multiple, recurrent, aphthous
what are solitary ulcers caused by?
trauma, malignancy, infective
what are multiple (Rau) ulcers caused by?
stress, haematenitic deficiency, GI disease
what do aphthous ulcers look like?
painful round ulcers with inflammatory halo
True/False…
aphthous ulcers are more common in females
True
cause of aphthous ulcers?
unknown- may be iron deficiency, infection, systemic disease
what are the 2 types of mouth lesions?
leukoplakia, erythoplakia
causes of mouth lesions?
bechets, anaemia, infection, malignancy
True/False…
leukoplakia is more common in people with cancer
False…
erythroplakia is more common in malignancy
what is an oral manifestation of crohn’s?
cobblestoning of mucosa, tissue polyps, linear ulceration, diffuse swelling
oral manifestations of UC?
oral ulceration
what are some oral manifestations of GI disease?
white patches, oral pigmentation, xerostomia (dry mouth), dental erosion
what is visceral pain like?
dull, poorly localised, perceived in middle
what is somato-parietal pain like?
sharp, localised, movement aggravates pain
other than visceral and somato-parietal pain what is the 3rd type of GI pain?
referred
what is epigastric pain usually associated with?
food intake
what is hypochondrial pain associated with?
gall bladder/ biliary tract
colonic pain is associated with…
left iliac fossa
appendicitis is associated with…
right iliac fossa
