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Gastrointestinal > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

name each component of the alimentary canal and what it does…

A

mouth & oropharynx: processes food
oesophagus: propels food into stomach
stomach: stores & churns
small intestine: digestion & absorption
large intestine: absorbs water and stores faeces
rectum & anus: expulsion

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2
Q

what are accessory structures of the alimentary canal

A

salivary glands, pancreas, liver & gall bladder

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3
Q

what are the 4 functions of the alimentary canal?

A

motility: muscle contraction
secretion: hormones, NTS
digestion: chemical breakdown
absorption: transfer of digestive products to blood or lymph

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4
Q

what are the pacemaker cells of the GI tract called?

A

interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs)

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5
Q

True/False…

ICC activity is in slow waves?

A

True

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6
Q

slow waves are…

A

the BER and vary in frequency

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7
Q

what is the force of contractions of the intestine muscle dependent upon?

A

the no of APs discharged

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8
Q

what are organs innervated with?

A

visceral afferents & autonomic and enteric nerves

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9
Q

what is the body wall innervated with?

A

somatic sensory, motor nerves, and ANS

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10
Q

parasympathetic nerves of the GI tract can be..

A

excitatory: inc secretions, blood flow, contraction
inhibitory: relaxation of some sphincters and stomach

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11
Q

how do parasympathetic nerves reach organs?

A

enter abdominal cavity on surface of oesophagus > reach periarterial plexuses around abdominal aorta and travel to organs

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12
Q

where does parasympathetic innervation reach in the GI tract?

A

up to transverse colon

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13
Q

sympathetic nerves can be…

A

excitatory: inc sphincter tone
inhibitory: dec motility, blood flow and secretions

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14
Q

how do sympathetic nerves reach organs?

A

leave spinal cord at T5 & L2 and enter sympathetic chain > exit via splanchnic nerve and synapse at anterior of aorta where major branches of abdominal aorta branch out> reach organs

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15
Q

where do visceral afferents for foregut travel back to?

A

T6-T9

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16
Q

where do visceral afferents for midgut travel back to?

A

T8-T12

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17
Q

where do visceral afferents for hindgut travel back to?

A

T10-L2

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18
Q

what do visceral afferents run along side with?

A

sympathetic nerves

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19
Q

what is the enteric nervous system?

A

mesh like system of neurones that governs GI tract

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20
Q

describe the 5 types of motility patterns in GI tract?

A

peristalsis: waves of relaxation & contraction
segmentation: contraction of circular muscle
colonic mass movement: sweeping contraction that pushes faeces to rectum
migrating motor complex: sweeping contraction from stomach to terminal ileum
tonic contractions: low & high pressure contractions

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21
Q

True/False…

low pressure contractions occur in sphincters

A

False..
low pressure occur in organs with storage function
high pressure occur in sphincters

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22
Q

how man sphincters are there in GI tract

A

6

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23
Q

what are sphincters?

A

acts as 1 way valves encircled by SM which contract and relax according to stimuli

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24
Q

what are the 3 closure muscles of the mouth

A

masseter, temporalis, medial pterygoid

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25
Q

what is the 1 open muscle of the mouth

A

lateral pterygoid

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26
Q

what are the names of the 3 salivary glands…

A

parotid, submandibular, sublingual

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27
Q

what 2 cranial nerves are responsible for the gag reflex

A

CN IX, CN X

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28
Q

what cranial nerve supplies tongue muscles

A

CN XII

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29
Q

what cranial nerve supplies pharyngeal muscles

A

innervated by CN X

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30
Q

what is the part of the body with an anatomical and physiological sphincter?

A

oesophagus

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31
Q

where does the oesophageal plexus terminate?

A

cardia of stomach

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32
Q

what is the physiological sphincter…

A

lower oesophageal sphincter and due to the oesophagus’s oblique entrance to cardia it creates sphincter effect

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33
Q

why is lower oesophageal sphincter important?

A

prevents reflux

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34
Q

what organs belong to foregut, midgut, hindgut?

A

Foregut : oesophagus, mid duodenum, liver, gall bladder, spleen, ½ pancreas
Midgut: mid duodenum to 2/3of transverse colon, ½ of pancreas
Hindgut: distal 1/3 of transverse colon, ½ of anal canal

35
Q

what are the layers of the abdominal wall?

A

rectus abdominus
external & internal oblique
transverse abdominus
parietal peritoneum

36
Q

what are the 2 layers of the peritoneum and its function

A

parietal peritoneum: body wall
visceral peritoneum (organs)
- secretes lubricant and has nerve supply

37
Q

what does retroperitoneal mean?

A

the visceral peritoneum is on anterior surface of organs

38
Q

what does in a mesentery mean?

A

visceral peritoneum covers organs entirely suspending them from posterior and anterior walls of abdomen

39
Q

what can peritoneum form?

A

pouches
1-males
2-females

40
Q

what is peritonitis?

A

inflammation of peritoneum

41
Q

what does the omentum do?

A

divides peritoneal cavity into greater and lesser sacs

42
Q

is bile alkaline or acidic?

A

alkaline

43
Q

what does bilirubin do?

A

provides bile with colour

44
Q

purpose of cholangiocytes?

A

modify 1y bile

45
Q

what cells produce bile and where does it go?

A

hepatocytes- flows via canaliculi into bile duct

46
Q

where does bilirubin originate

A

produced in break down of red blood cells which occurs in spleen

47
Q

why is bile important?

A

for digestion and absorption of fats

48
Q

what is the anatomical location of the spleen and what does it do?

A

left hypochondriac

breaks down red blood cells

49
Q

what is the blood supply of the spleen

A

cephalic trunk (1st of 3 branches of abdominal aorta)

50
Q

what does the cephalic trunk trifurcate into?

A

splenic, hepatic, left gastric arteries

51
Q

describe the location and and action of liver…

A

right upper quadrant

converts bilirubin to bile and synthesises cholesterol

52
Q

what are the segments of the liver?

A

right lobe
left lobe
caudate lobe
quadrate lobe

53
Q

what is an anatomical pathology of the liver?

A

contains hepatorenal and subphrenic recess which can become inflamed and infected

54
Q

what is the blood supply to the liver?

A

portal triad (hepatic artery, hepatic portal vein and common bile duct)

55
Q

what is the hepatic portal vein sub-comprised of?

A

splenic vein: drains blood from foregut to HPV
inferior mesenteric vein: drains blood from hindgut to splenic vein
superior mesenteric vein: drains blood from midgut to HPV

56
Q

where does the hepatic portal vein drain into?

A

Inferior vena cava where cleaned blood is returned to RA of heart

57
Q

location and function of gallbladder…

A

posterior to liver but anterior to duodenum- foregut

stores and concentrates bile

58
Q

segmentation of gall bladder

A

body and neck (neck narrows to form cystic duct)

59
Q

what is most common pathology of gallbladder

A

gallstones causing cholecystitis

60
Q

where does pain usually refer to?

A

pain often radiates to right shoulder

61
Q

what is the blood supply to the gallbladder?

A

cystic artery (branch of right hepatic artery)

62
Q

what is the bile duct made up of?

A

right & left hepatic ducts (common hepatic duct) & cystic duct

63
Q

where does bile duct usually join onto?

A

main pancreatic duct which drain into duodenum

64
Q

location and function of pancreas…

A

stomach lies anteriorly and duodenum surrounds head

- produces digestive enzymes, insulin and glucagon

65
Q

segments of pancreas?

A

head, neck, body, tail

66
Q

what is the blood supply of the pancreas?

A

splenic artery, gastroduodenal artery and superior mesenteric artery

67
Q

what are the 3 components of the small intestine?

A

duodenum, jejunum, ileum

68
Q

location and function of SI?

A

close to pancreas, starts at pyloric sphincter

- secretes peptide hormones

69
Q

True/False…

duodenum is highly folded

A

False…

jejunum and ileum are

70
Q

blood supply of SI?

A

superior mesenteric artery, jejunal and ileal arteries

superior mesenteric, jejunal, ileal veins

71
Q

where does GI tract lymph eventually drain into?

A

thoracic duct or right lymphatic duct and returns to venous system at venous angle

72
Q

which lymphatic drainage vessel drain into right venous angle?

A

right lymphatic duct

73
Q

what are the 4 lymph node groups of the GI tract?

A

celiac
superior mesenteric
inferior mesenteric
lumbar

74
Q

why do hernias typically occur?

A

structural weakness and inc pressure

75
Q

where does gut typically push through in inguinal herniation?

A

Hasselbach’s triangle

76
Q

True/False…

a DIRECT inguinal hernia will use pathway already created by body to gain inguinal access ie. testes pathway

A

False…
that is INDIRECT inguinal pathway
DIRECT inguinal pathway pushes directly through to access inguinal canal

77
Q

how to identify a direct inguinal hernia?

A

hernia lies parallel to spermatic cord

passes medial to inferior epigastric vessels

78
Q

how to identify an indirect hernia?

A

hernia lies within spermatic cord

passes laterally to inferior epigastric vessels to enter inguinal ring

79
Q

what are the 2 inguinal ligament attachments?

A 
Lateral= asis 
Medial= Pubic Tuberal
80
Q

how to clinically differentiate between direct and indirect inguinal hernias?

A

note 2 inguinal ligament attachements- deep inguinal ring is halfway between these. if protrusion there then = direct hernia

81
Q

other than Hasselbach’s triangle, what is a common area of weakness for abdominal hernias?

A

Myopectineal Orifice

82
Q

describe the 3 abdominal muscle appearances…

A

external oblique: hands in pockets fibres
internal oblique: hand on chest fibres
transversus abdominus: horizontal fibres

83
Q

what does the inguinal canal contain for women and men?

A

spermatic cord, round ligament of uterus, blood & lymph vessels, iliolinguinal nerve

Gastrointestinal (24 decks)

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